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dumb brain > 6 - Memory > Flashcards

6 - Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

define acquisition

A

gaining new info and placing into memory, and what we learn depends on what we already know

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2
Q

define working memory

A

active store using attention and manipulating and organising thoughts whilst maintaining LTM items related to the current task

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3
Q

what does the STM do

A

pays attention to info in sensory stores

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4
Q

studies on KF found what

A

verbal STM poor visual fine, LTM unaffected so STM isn’t one unit and STM and LTM have different neural structures

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5
Q

what is LTM encoding

A

creating memory representations semantically

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6
Q

what is LTM consolidation

A

making memory representations stable through elaborative rehearsal

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7
Q

define retrieval

A

reactivating stored and stable memory traces

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8
Q

what are features of working memory

A

active, limited in size, easy to get info in/out, contents displaced easily when thinking of new topic

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9
Q

what is working memory’s capacity

A

7 +/-2 but uses phonological loop and central executive

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10
Q

what is working memory operation span

A

measuring working memory when it’s active through reading span which is # of sentences the last words of can be recalled

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11
Q

what are concurrent articulation tasks

A

repeating sounds aloud, preventing speech production including subvocalisation

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12
Q

what happens in concurrent articulation tasks

A

only phonological loop used and span drops to 3-4

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13
Q

what lobe is responsible for artic loop

A

left parietal

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14
Q

what lobe is responsible for the phon loop

A

left frontal

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15
Q

what does the artic loop involve

A

rehearsing in our head what we want to say

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16
Q

what is the phonological similarity effect

A

recall of characters is harder if there is more phonological similarity

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17
Q

what is a phonological store

A

passive storage for holding a representation/internal echo of recently heard and self produced sounds which lasts for 1-2 secs

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18
Q

what is subvocalization’s role in the phon store

A

silent speech maintaining auditory image

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19
Q

describe the visuo-spatial sketchpad

A

visual cache, inner scribe recreating spatial relationships and creating mental images of new images or items from LTM

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20
Q

what is the episodic buffer’s role

A

helping central executive organise ingo chronologically

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21
Q

what does the central executive do with info in each stores

A

organises info into correct stores and determines what’s done with each stores info

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22
Q

how is the central exec linked to LTM

A

brings items from LTM into consciousness

23
Q

list 4 other roles of the central exec

A

cog control
online manipulations
decision making and reasoning
making/implementing plans to reach goals

24
Q

what did Robbins et al find out about when people were playing chess at the same time as other stuff

A

random # gen using central exec had worse quality
tapping clockwise using VSS - worse quality
repeating see-saw - no diff compared to control

25
Q

in the primacy effect, why are we more likely to remember info we’re first exposed to

A

use rehearsal so transferred to LTM but as more info arrives, attention is split to memorise so so later info rehearsed less

26
Q

what increases the primacy effect

A

familiar and common words

27
Q

why do we remember things better with the recency effect

A

because it’s already in working memory and are thinking about it

28
Q

why is information in working memory readily available

A

no more info incoming to displace it

29
Q

how do nonsense trigrams reflect the serial position effect

A

backwards counting eliminates recency effect so found that earliest words had highest recall when counting and earli/latest words had highest recall when not counting

30
Q

what effect would slowing down the list of presentation have

A

WM unaffected as it’s about capacity not duration so words exposed to earlier are recalled less

31
Q

3 types of memory

A

episodic, semantic, implicit

32
Q

4 types of implicit memory

A

procedural, priming, perceptual learning, classical conditioning

33
Q

what is perceptual learning

A

perceptual systems recalibrating due to new experiences

34
Q

what is priming

A

changes in perceptions and belief due to previous experiences

35
Q

describe lexical-decision task

A

being shown words then given string of letters to decide if word or not
RT faster if related to previously presented words, showing memorisation without awareness

36
Q

describe what HM’s memory was like

A

normal WM but couldn’t make new episodic/semantic memories but could learn new implicit ones

37
Q

how is Corsi block tapping used to measure visuo-spatial memory

A

repeating sequence of taps of blocks without numbers

normal span 5-7

38
Q

describe mirror drawing and HM

A

reduced errors over days he practiced when doing drawing only being able to see hand in mirror reflection

39
Q

describe fragmented pictures and HM

A

fragmented pictures recognised better after practice and made few errors for each block but remembered task done before

40
Q

what is dysexecutive syndrome

A

damage to PFC leading to cog control and central exec processing abilities to be lost

41
Q

what regions are responsible for encoding as shown by a study

A

medial temporal lobes, including hippocampi/amygdale as more activity for remembered words at encoding

42
Q

what study was used to test consolidation

A

presenting famous faces from recent to old decades found more neural activity in MTL for recent decade faces as less consolidated

43
Q

what is the hippocampus important for

A

holding spatial/temporal context for episodic memories

44
Q

in amnesiacs, what type of memory is damaged

A

explicit as hippocampus damaged since patients feared blue light associated w loud sound as felt fear but couldn’t recall the light’s colour

45
Q

what brain structure is important for implicit memory

A

amygdala as patients with this damage had no fear response to blue light but recalled light’s colour

46
Q

results from visuo-spatial sketchpad research where a probe appeared after a delay and parts asked if it was in the same place as the target

A

visual cortex activity during delay and early visual activity enhanced when holding location in spatial WM on brain side corresponding to the side

47
Q

define amnesia

A

specific loss/impairment in LTM without loss in general intelligence or other cog function, usually after a stroke, accident, or neurological disease

48
Q

what type of amnesia is most common

A

anterograde w varying degrees of retrograde

49
Q

what does brain damage affect

A

learning/encoding of some memory types but not others

50
Q

in anterograde amnesia, what is affected

A

explicit not implicit

51
Q

what is the temporal gradient of retrograde amnesia

A

most recent memories most easily forgotten, and this is measured using famous faces task

52
Q

focal retrograde amnesia is what

A

retrograde amnesia without anterograde amnesia

53
Q

what happened to KC’s memory

A

had antero and retro but confined to episodic memories shown by learning new terminology but not remembering people or events during the time learning it

54
Q

why is there a distinction between the episodic and semantic memory typrs

A

different processes for learning these memory types which we know isn’t due to time and exposure

dumb brain (9 decks)

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