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dumb brain > 1 - Nervous System > Flashcards

1 - Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

what’s the CNS made up of

A

brain spinal cord S/M/R neurons

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2
Q

what does the brain do w sensory info

A

receives and processes

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3
Q

what is the spinal cord responsible for

A

reflexes as they bypass the brain, and signal co-ord to and from the brain

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4
Q

how is the peripheral ns different to the autonomic aand somatic

A

it has motor and sensory neurons whereas the other two only have motor

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5
Q

somatic ns is different to the autonomic branches

A

it’s voluntary but autonomic is automatic

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6
Q

name the body orientation

A

caudal - bottom of body
dorsal - back
rostral - top
ventral - bottom

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7
Q

define lateral

A

towards the sides of the body

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8
Q

define medial

A

towards the middle of the body

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9
Q

define ipsilateral

A

the same side of the body

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10
Q

define contralateral

A

opposite sides

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11
Q

how is the spinal cord divided

A

C1-8 - top: head, neck, hands, arms
T1-12 - middle: chest/abdomen
L1-5 - near the bottom: legs
S1-5 - properly bottom: excretion/egestion/sex

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12
Q

label the brain orientation

A

caudal - back
dorsal - top
rostral - towards nose
ventral - bottom

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13
Q

what are horizontal, frontal, and saggital slices

A

h: parallel to ground
f: parallel to forehead
s: e.g. between hemispheres

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14
Q

what does the forebrain contain

A

telenephalon and diencephalon

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15
Q

what ventricles are the telencephalon and diencephalon

A

t: lateral
d: third

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16
Q

what does the diencephalon contain

A

thalamus and hypothalamus

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17
Q

role of the diencephalon

A

sensory integration and relay
homeostasis
emotion
attention

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18
Q

what does the midbrain contain

A

tegmentum

optic tecta

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19
Q

roles of the midbrain

A

posture
alertness
AV relay

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20
Q

what does the hindbrain contain

A

cerebellum
pons
medulla

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21
Q

what ventricle is the hindbrain

A

fourth ventricle

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22
Q

role of the cerebellum

A

motor coordination
balance
muscle tone

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23
Q

role of the pons and medulla

A

involuntary body functions

cognitive motor skills

24
Q

role of the basal ganglia

A

voluntary, learnt emotion

25
Q

role of frontal lobe

A

motor control

exec functions

26
Q

role of parietal lobe

A

bodily sensations

spatial relationships

27
Q

what are broddman’s areas and how many of them are there

A

regions of cerebral cortex

47

28
Q

how are the brain and spinal cord physically protected

A

skull; vebretal column

29
Q

define meninges

A

protective sheaths of tough connective fibre surrounding the CNS

30
Q

what are the 3 layers of the meninges

A

dura mater, arachnoid membrane, pia mate

31
Q

what is dura mater

A

tough, flexible

32
Q

what is arachnoid mater

A

soft, spongy

33
Q

what does the pia mater contain

A

brain and spinal cord’s blood vessels

34
Q

what meninges layers does the PNS have

A

only pia and dura mater

35
Q

functions of the meninges

A

protect CNS from mechanical injury
provide skull and hemispheres w good blood supply
provide space for CSF

36
Q

what are the functions of the CNS

A

reduce brain weight and shock to CNS by sudden head movement

37
Q

where is the CSF

A

subarachnoid space and in ventricles

38
Q

how are the ventricles connected

A

lateral connected to third which, through the cerebral aqueduct, connects to the fourth

39
Q

what produces CSF and where does it flow

A

choroid plexus in fourth ventricle

subarachnoid spaces, then same spaces around CNS, then abosrbed into blood

40
Q

what similarity is there with the medulla oblongata in species

A

most caudal region in the hindbrain and joins brain w spinal cord

41
Q

how is nervous system formation similar across species

A

structures derive from neural tube’s ectoderm

42
Q

what cranial nerves do species share

A

terminal, olfactory (I), optic (II), auditory (VIII), somatosensory, (V), and others

43
Q

how are species’ midbrains similar

A

midbrain roof has superior and inferior colliculi

44
Q

how is dopamine production similar

A

all dopamine cells in ventral tegmentum

45
Q

how is the CNS formed

A

ectoderm forms neural plate and plate ridges curl together longitudinally and fuse to form a neural tube, then forming the brain and spinal cord

46
Q

what does the rostral end of the neural tube form

A

3 chambers for the fore mid hind brains

47
Q

what does the forebrain divide into

A

lateral and third ventricles

48
Q

what does the midbrain chamber form

A

cerebral aqueduct

49
Q

what does the hindbrain form

A

metencephalon and myelencephalon

50
Q

how does the cerebral cortex develop

A

surrounds cerebral hemispheres and deepest of the 6 layers develops from stem cells first

51
Q

what do progenitor cells in the ventricular zone outside the neural tube do

A

symmetrical division: divide into 2 more of these cells to enlarge the ventricular zone

52
Q

when do progenitor cells start assymetrical division

A

after 7 weeks

53
Q

what does asymmetrical division lead to

A

produces radial glia in ventricular zone which extend outwards and attach to pia mater

54
Q

what happens after asymm division

A

progenitor cells and some radial glia undergo apoptosis where cells’ killer genes activated

55
Q

how is the body mapped onto the brain

A

dendrites and groups of axons develop systematically so synaptic connections form

56
Q

define neurogenesis

A

stem cells dividing to produce new neurons

dumb brain (9 decks)

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