1 - Nervous System Flashcards by Ramnique Bains

what’s the CNS made up of

brain spinal cord S/M/R neurons

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what does the brain do w sensory info

receives and processes

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what is the spinal cord responsible for

reflexes as they bypass the brain, and signal co-ord to and from the brain

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how is the peripheral ns different to the autonomic aand somatic

it has motor and sensory neurons whereas the other two only have motor

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somatic ns is different to the autonomic branches

it’s voluntary but autonomic is automatic

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name the body orientation

caudal - bottom of body
dorsal - back
rostral - top
ventral - bottom

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define lateral

towards the sides of the body

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define medial

towards the middle of the body

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define ipsilateral

the same side of the body

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define contralateral

opposite sides

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how is the spinal cord divided

C1-8 - top: head, neck, hands, arms
T1-12 - middle: chest/abdomen
L1-5 - near the bottom: legs
S1-5 - properly bottom: excretion/egestion/sex

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label the brain orientation

caudal - back
dorsal - top
rostral - towards nose
ventral - bottom

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what are horizontal, frontal, and saggital slices

h: parallel to ground
f: parallel to forehead
s: e.g. between hemispheres

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what does the forebrain contain

telenephalon and diencephalon

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what ventricles are the telencephalon and diencephalon

t: lateral
d: third

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what does the diencephalon contain

thalamus and hypothalamus

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role of the diencephalon

sensory integration and relay
homeostasis
emotion
attention

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what does the midbrain contain

tegmentum

optic tecta

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roles of the midbrain

posture
alertness
AV relay

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what does the hindbrain contain

cerebellum
pons
medulla

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what ventricle is the hindbrain

fourth ventricle

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role of the cerebellum

motor coordination
balance
muscle tone

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role of the pons and medulla

involuntary body functions

cognitive motor skills

role of the basal ganglia

voluntary, learnt emotion

role of frontal lobe

motor control | exec functions

role of parietal lobe

bodily sensations | spatial relationships

what are broddman's areas and how many of them are there

regions of cerebral cortex | 47

how are the brain and spinal cord physically protected

skull; vebretal column

define meninges

protective sheaths of tough connective fibre surrounding the CNS

what are the 3 layers of the meninges

dura mater, arachnoid membrane, pia mate

what is dura mater

tough, flexible

what is arachnoid mater

soft, spongy

what does the pia mater contain

brain and spinal cord's blood vessels

what meninges layers does the PNS have

only pia and dura mater

functions of the meninges

protect CNS from mechanical injury provide skull and hemispheres w good blood supply provide space for CSF

what are the functions of the CNS

reduce brain weight and shock to CNS by sudden head movement

where is the CSF

subarachnoid space and in ventricles

how are the ventricles connected

lateral connected to third which, through the cerebral aqueduct, connects to the fourth

what produces CSF and where does it flow

choroid plexus in fourth ventricle | subarachnoid spaces, then same spaces around CNS, then abosrbed into blood

what similarity is there with the medulla oblongata in species

most caudal region in the hindbrain and joins brain w spinal cord

how is nervous system formation similar across species

structures derive from neural tube's ectoderm

what cranial nerves do species share

terminal, olfactory (I), optic (II), auditory (VIII), somatosensory, (V), and others

how are species' midbrains similar

midbrain roof has superior and inferior colliculi

how is dopamine production similar

all dopamine cells in ventral tegmentum

how is the CNS formed

ectoderm forms neural plate and plate ridges curl together longitudinally and fuse to form a neural tube, then forming the brain and spinal cord

what does the rostral end of the neural tube form

3 chambers for the fore mid hind brains

what does the forebrain divide into

lateral and third ventricles

what does the midbrain chamber form

cerebral aqueduct

what does the hindbrain form

metencephalon and myelencephalon

how does the cerebral cortex develop

surrounds cerebral hemispheres and deepest of the 6 layers develops from stem cells first

what do progenitor cells in the ventricular zone outside the neural tube do

symmetrical division: divide into 2 more of these cells to enlarge the ventricular zone

when do progenitor cells start assymetrical division

after 7 weeks

what does asymmetrical division lead to

produces radial glia in ventricular zone which extend outwards and attach to pia mater

what happens after asymm division

progenitor cells and some radial glia undergo apoptosis where cells' killer genes activated

how is the body mapped onto the brain

dendrites and groups of axons develop systematically so synaptic connections form

define neurogenesis

stem cells dividing to produce new neurons