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3 - Signals and Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

3 definitions of sensation

A

detection of stimulus’s signal
physical feeling due to body contact with something
different modalities

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2
Q

define transduction

A

converting sensory signal to electrical one at sensory receptors to be carried to the spinal cord (and brain)

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3
Q

what is sensory transduction

A

sensory stimuli converted to receptor potentials

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4
Q

what does not enough exposure to sensations do during nervous system development

A

leads to smaller brain and larger ventricles

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5
Q

perception depends on what two things

A

previous experience

attention

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6
Q

key chain of perception

A 
sensory signal 
sensory receptor
brain/spinal cord
perception
perceptual understanding
behavioural response
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7
Q

what is sensation-perception

A

brain interprets a stimulus and perception of this stimulus can change

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8
Q

3 dimensions of sound

A

pitch/frequency
loudness
timbre

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9
Q

define loudness

A

degree to which condensations and refractions differ from each other

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10
Q

3 components of the outer ear

A

pinna concha and meatus/auditory canal

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11
Q

how does the outer ear provide protection

A 
skin cells move outwards
acidic
earwax is antibacterial/fungal
oily
outward hairs preventing insects
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12
Q

what about the auditory canal protects the tympanic membrane

A

shape
depth
rigidity

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13
Q

how are signals close to human speech amplified

A

closed tube resonator which is a space for sound waves to echo and is open at the anti-node and closed to the tymp mem

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14
Q

4 components of the middle ear

A

tympanic membrane
ossicles
malleus
stapes

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15
Q

role of the ossicles

A

bones to join eardrum to cochlea for energy transmission

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16
Q

role of the malleus

A

a hammer transmitting vibrations through the incus and stapes to the cochlea

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17
Q

what is the cochlea and what does it do

A

inner ear part filled with fluid and connects receptors

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18
Q

how does the cochlea increase the signal’s amplification

A

less area from the tymp mem to the cochlea, increasing pressure

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19
Q

where is perilymph and endolymph

A

perilymph in outer corridor of cochlea

endolymph in Organ of Corti in the cochlea

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20
Q

what 3 things does the Organ of Corti have

A

tectorial membrane
auditory hair cells on the
basilar membrane

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21
Q

where are the stereocilia and what happens when there are sound waves

A

endolymph

tectorial and basal membrane move so stereocilia bend towards the tallest hair

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22
Q

what happens after the stereocilia bend

A

mechanically-gated Na+ channels open, Na+ moves in, depolarisation, Ca2+ channels open, Ca2+ enters, glutamate released by exocytosis

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23
Q

what happens when glutamate is released in the Organ of Corti

A

binds to AMPA receptors in the auditory nerve, producing an action potential

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24
Q

how is there protection in the inner

A

tensor tympani and stapedius muscles contract if there’s a loud sound so ossicles lock preventing sound transmission

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25
Q

how are the ears responsible for balance

A

balance info combined with cochlea info in the vestibulocochlear nerve

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26
Q

how are signals received by the inner ear enhanced

A

contractile proteins shorten and lengthen to amplify vibrations of the basilar membrane

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27
Q

define light and state its 3 dimensions

A

wave-particle duality involving hue, saturation, and brightness/intensity

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28
Q

define dioptric apparatus

A

focusing and refracting light onto the right place

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29
Q

what is accommodarion

A

changing the lens shape to focus on the near or distant

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30
Q

what is sclera

A

tough, white opaquer outer coat that extraocular muscles attach to

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31
Q

what are the conjunctiva

A

mucous membranes lining eyelid and folding back to attach to the eye

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32
Q

cornea is what

A

transparent layer on outer part which lets light in

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33
Q

pupil is what

A

opening in iris regulating amount of light let in

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34
Q

lens is what

A

behind the iris with ciliary muscles attached to the outer edge contracting/relaxing to change lens shape

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35
Q

what is the retina

A

interior lining of back of the eye with rods and cones photoreceptors

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36
Q

what does light pass through after it goes through the lens

A

the vitreous humour then retina

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37
Q

what is the fovea

A

retina’s central region consisting of only cones to mediate sharpness/acuity

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38
Q

what is the optic disk

A

axons with visual info leaving the optic nerve which produces a blind spot since it has no photoreceptors

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39
Q

describe cones

A

colour vision as differentiates wavelengths
good acuity
bad in the dark
work w moderate-high light levels

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40
Q

describe rods

A

light-sensitive so work in dark
poor acuity as greater area
monochromatic
peripheral retina

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41
Q

similarities between roads and cones

A

synaptic terminals
inner segment
nucleus and other organelles
outer segment with photopigments

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42
Q

what are photopigments

A

made up of opsin and retinal for transduction

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43
Q

what happens after the light hits and rhodopsin is activated in visual transduction

A

cGMP levels drop so cation channels close, hyperpolarisation, less nt in synapse with bipolar cells, and photoreceptors altered so bipolar and ganglion cell firing rates change

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44
Q

which cells carry info into the dorsal alteral geniculate nucleus

A

retinal ganglion cells

45
Q

what is the geniculostriate pathway

A

LGN has 2 central magnocellular layers, 4 outer parvocellular layers, and ventral koniocellular neurons

46
Q

role of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus

A

processing information and projecting it to the primary visual cortex aka striate cortex and maybe superior colliculus

47
Q

the right hemisphere receives which visual fields

A

left visual fields of both eyes

48
Q

keychain of the geniculostriate pathway of the LGN

A 
nasal/temporal retina
optic nerve
optic chiasma
optic tract
LG body
optic radiations
primary visual cortex
49
Q

hearing pathway keychain starting from spiral ganglion from cochlea through the 8th cranial nerve

A 
to cochlear nuclear complex
superior olivary complex
inferior colliculus
medial geniculate nucleus/thalamus
auditory complex
secondary auditory cortex
50
Q

how are pitch and frequency coded

A

place

temporal/rate

51
Q

how does place code work

A

using activated basilar membrane hair cells and stimulated afferent neuron

52
Q

which coding can only be used for above 3000 hertx

A

place code

53
Q

describe how temporal code works

A

locking the release of nt and firing in afferent neuron in time with the basilar membrane’s pulse frequency

54
Q

what does temporal code not work for

A

prolonged sounds as fire less frequently

55
Q

how is intensity of sounds determined

A

the overall number of firing neurons and higher firing rate means more intense

56
Q

how does verticle (height) location coding work

A

angle sound waves reflect off pinna folds/ridges enhances or attenuates them and intensity differs with location due to reflections

57
Q

how does horizontal coding (distance) work by using the speech of which sound pressure waves reach the ears

A

olive neurons detect arrival time differences and they use auditory neuron info which fire when eardrums out of phase to detect sound source

58
Q

what happens if the source is on one side of the head

A

one ear drum is pulled and the other is pushed

59
Q

which stream and cortex determine what the sound source is

A

anterior auditory cortex and ventral stream in the temporal lobe

60
Q

which stream and cortex determine where the sond is

A

posterior auditory cortex and dorsal stream in the parietal lobe

61
Q

what are the 4 sub-modalities of the striate cortex for vision

A

colour
motion
retinal disparity
spatial frequency

62
Q

what are the 3 code types’ wavelengths

A

red - long
green - medium
blue - short

63
Q

which are excitatory and inhibitory in the red-green channel

A

red - exc

green - inhib

64
Q

which are exc and inhib in the luminance channel

A

red and green both exc

65
Q

what does the blue-yellow channel contain and which are exc and inhib

A

luminance channel - inhib

blue cone - exc

66
Q

how does opponent processing work

A

neurons respond to primary colour pairs (rg/by) and each cone has different opsonins to absorb different wavelengths

67
Q

in opponent processing coding what happens when red-green is coded

A

transmitted from parvocellular layers to cytochrome oxidase blobs in primary visual cortex

68
Q

in opponent processing what happens if blue is coded

A

transmitted from koniocellular LGN layers to cytochrome oxidase blobs in primary visual cortex

69
Q

how does a simple cell’s neurons work in visual motion

A

in primary visual cortex and is exc if line is in a certain orientation in the centre and inhibitory if off

70
Q

how does a complex cell’s neuron work in visual motion

A

responds to presence of a line segment if in a particular orientation within the receptive field

71
Q

how does a hypercomplex cells’ neurons work in visual motion

A

responds to presence of line and has an inhibitory region at the end to detect ends of lines

72
Q

how does spatial frequency work

A

neurons in PVS respond to specific spatial frequencies and sine-wave gratings

73
Q

if frequency is low in a visual field what happens

A

photo receptor turns off and vice versa to produce and image

74
Q

why are low spatial frequencies neede

A

to make out what objects are

75
Q

define retinal disparity

A

stimulus produces same image on different parts of retina in each eye through stereopsis to indicate differences in object’s distance

76
Q

what do the binocular (respond to each eye) neurons in the striate cortex do

A

contribute to depth perception esp ones responding to the LGN’s magnocellular layer in the periphery

77
Q

what is the bottom up Bayesian Framework

A

collects data combined from all modalities

78
Q

what is the top-down Bayesian Framework

A

what is expected and combines from all previous knowledge and estimate of the two frameworks is combined and somewhere in the middle

79
Q

how are the visual fields received

A

nasal retinal halves cross through optic chiasma to contralateral hemisphere and retinal ganglion cell axons of outer retinal halves stay on ipsilateral hemisphere

80
Q

where are the cytochrome oxidase blobs in the modules of the PVC

A

a blob in each module halve with neurons sensitive to colour, low frequencies, and small brightness changes, coming in and out

81
Q

neurons outside blobs are sensitive to what

A

all sub-modalities but colour

further away blob is, higher freq it’s sensitive to

82
Q

how does the PVC create binocular vision

A

neural circuitry combines inputs of each eye into one module halve

83
Q

what does V5 receive input from

A

striate, extrastriate, superior colliculus

84
Q

how does the visual association cortex work

A

striate cortex axons project to extrastriate cortex regions which analyse info from region beneath then pass on

85
Q

how does the dorsal stream work

A

terminates in posterior parietal lobe and receives magnocellular input which is colour-blind but detects small brightness changes

86
Q

how does the ventral stream work

A

terminates in inferior temporal cortex
detects what object in lateral occipital cortex
receives info from parvo/koniocellular
analyses CO blob neuron opp-proc

87
Q

define colour constancy

A

object colour stays the same regardless of surrounding environment’s wavelength as visual system compensates if too long/short

88
Q

how does perception of form work

A

orientation and spatial frequency sensitive neurons in PVC send info to V2 then VAC in ventral stream

89
Q

define conductive hearing loss

A

can’t transmit signal to receptors from outer to middle ear, affecting threshold only

90
Q

define noise induced hearing loss

A

threshold and ability to discriminate frequencies affected in both ears due to damaged stereocilia which can be prevented through education but has no treatment

91
Q

define glue ear

A

hearing loss due to middle canal filling up with fluid

92
Q

glue ear risk factors

A 
dummy after 11 months
passive smoking
genes
day-care
immune suppression
allergies inflame structuring connecting throat to ear
93
Q

impacts of glue ear

A

isolation
sleeping disturbance due to pressure
shouting as can’t hear

94
Q

glue ear treatments

A

do nothing

insert grommet to drain but can scar tymp mem

95
Q

define sensorineural loss

A

retrocochlear (after inner ear) cochlear (inner ear) affects discrimination as signal distorted

96
Q

gradients of hearing loss

A

mild - moderate (ha) - severe (lr, bsl, ha) - profound (lr, bsl)

97
Q

what is genetic colour blindness

A

being unable to see certain colours depending on the affected cone

98
Q

what ir protanopia or incomplete achromatopsia

A

rec cones have the green code opsin so red and green are confused, males more at risk and don’t see fulls spectrum

99
Q

what is deuteranopia or achromatopsia

A

green codes have the red cone opsin

100
Q

what is tritanopia

A

retinas lack of have faulty blue cones so confuse short wavelengths and can’t discriminate them so have reduced visual acuity

101
Q

how can gene therapy trwat genetic colour blindness

A

insert gene for missing cone opsin into the photoreceptors

102
Q

what is acquired colourblindess

A

(neurotoxins) affecting all cones in different ratios which is treated by removing toxin exposure or stop taking drugs causing damag

103
Q

risks for acquired colour blindness

A

MS
diabetes
ocular diseases
neurotoxin exposure

104
Q

define cerebral achromatopsia

A

VAC damage leading to colour vision loss, usually to V8 which is assoc w memories of objects’ colours

105
Q

what is the pulfrich effect

A

different amounts of light entering each eye from a moving object producing a false percept as image’s difference unresolved

106
Q

why does the pulfrich effect occur

A

photopigments in one eye bleached faster than the other so one image older so two positions for same object

107
Q

pulfrich effect risk factors

A

MS
cataracts
optic neuritis
retinal neuritis

108
Q

pulfrich can be treated how

A

use glasses with filters so light hits retinas at the same time

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