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dumb brain > 5 - Attention and Perception > Flashcards

5 - Attention and Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

define attention

A

selecting sensory inputs, increasing their importance by focusing on them, and processing them further

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2
Q

define selective attention

A

mechanism to focus mental processing on a limited number of events/stimuli

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3
Q

define spatial attention

A

mechanism to focus on a particular position in space

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4
Q

what did James describe attention as

A

taking possession of the mind in vivid forms one out of what seems several simultaneous possible objects or thought streams

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5
Q

what is selective attention

A

focusing, filtering, awareness

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6
Q

difference between overt and covert attention

A

attention and gaze direction are different in covert but same in overt

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7
Q

define shifting attention

A

going from focusing on and processing one stimuli to another

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8
Q

what is focusing

A

enabling detailed processing of important sensory inputs

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9
Q

what is awareness

A

paying attention to what we’re conscious of

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10
Q

what is dichotic listening

A

one ear’s input channel is attended and the other is unattended

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11
Q

what’s shadowing

A

repeating what’s said

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12
Q

is information spoken in the unattended channel noticed

A

no but can report physical attributes like speaker’s gender and words with personal importance catch attention

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13
Q

define filter

A

nervous system inhibiting certain responses so distractor info isn’t let through but promotes processing of desired info

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14
Q

what’s exogenous selection and how is it tested

A

attention shifting to loud, bright, sudden stimuli

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15
Q

how do cueing paradigms work

A

fixation point in middle of screen, cue appears reflecting likely stimulus appearance

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16
Q

results from exogenous selectionb

A

valid had faster response than neutral and invalid, so eyes don’t need to move for attention shift

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17
Q

in exogenous cuing which neurons fire

A

ones corresponding to space where attentional cue is

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18
Q

define endogenous selection

A

controlled by own intentions and interest, guided by internal voluntary processes

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19
Q

what happens when thes stimulus is made more salient in endogenous selection

A

importance of it increases so more aware of that sensory info than others

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20
Q

how does paying attention to whole objects work

A

superimposed stimulus on top of others

focus on one object despite many being in same space

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21
Q

how does spatial selection work

A

directing attention to particular location enhances responses in corresponding neurons

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22
Q

how does attention to features work

A

we look for things w a combination of features

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23
Q

what is a parallel search

A

single feature difference can be distracting so target is easy to find
reaction time is the same regardless of # of distractors

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24
Q

what is a serial search

A

more feature differences/distractors make it harder to find the target

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25
Q

why is the reaction time longer in a serial search with more distractors

A

need to allocate more attention resources to distractors

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26
Q

define info bottleneck

A

channel of information processing has limited capacity and data volume is too much

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27
Q

describe the response selection model

A

selection occurs late in processing but before the response occurs

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28
Q

in the response selection mode, what happens after all signals get through

A

not all consciously experienced and unattended signals get through and processed late in information evaluation

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29
Q

describe the perceptual load model

A

task difficulty determines if selection is early or late and attention is selective when capacity is full

30
Q

in the perceptual load model, when can the brain process information outside of attention

A

when we have spare capacity

31
Q

in the perceptual load mode, when does late selection occur

A

if tasks have a light cog load

32
Q

why do complex tasks have early selection, as stated in the perceptual load model

A

it shows us the difficulty of the task

33
Q

describe the study which shows that a low load task had a stronger signal than a high load due to higher processing (perceptual load model)

A

moving dots in background to see V5 activity which deals w motion in 2 conditions: high and low effort when words presented

34
Q

what is the spotlight metaphor and what type of attention does it refer to

A

spatial area being prepared and moved around

sustained visual attention, NOT eye movement

35
Q

with spotlights, what do we focus on and why

A

visually prominent, interesting, important things

based on context, beliefs about the scene, expectations

36
Q

define consciousness

A

interface between mental processes and world’s sequential demands to prevent us being overwhelmed and track unconscious processes

37
Q

define inattentional blindness

A

a usually obvious stimulus occurring when attention is distracted and not selected it as important, so don’t ‘see’ it even when looking at it

38
Q

why does inattentional blindness occur

A

eyes see the obvious event but attention hasn’t so experience but don’t remember the change

39
Q

define change blindness

A

when a change occurs in the environment we’re looking at but remainds unseen

40
Q

define early selection

A

attended info selected and processed from the start, unattended info barely analysed

41
Q

what has been found out about the brain in terms of early selection

A

electrical activity distinguishable between un/attended info after stimulus presented
lateral geniculate nucleus activity affected

42
Q

what’s been found about nervous system activity in early selection

A

attention changes signals within the nervous system before they reach the brain

43
Q

what is late selection

A

selection occurs after all input info is analysed

44
Q

in late selection, can distractors still be perceived

A

yes

45
Q

in late selection, when does selection occur

A

either before stimuli reach consciousness or after but only selected are remembered

46
Q

define priming

A

preparing self for perception by activating detectors we believe we’ll need to perceive the stimulus

47
Q

how does priming explain inattentional blindness

A

stimulus falls on unprimed detectors which don’t fire so goes unnoticed

48
Q

how does priming allow selective listening

A

unattended output ignored so detectors are unprimed and there’s no perception

49
Q

define repetition priming

A

no resources needed for priming as activation level is high as already primed since we encounter the stimulus often

50
Q

how does priming explain the cocktail party effect

A

detectors primed to fire when stimulus encountered often occurs even in unattended channels

51
Q

define expectation-driven priming

A

deliberately priming detectors for expected stimulus only when prime allows prediction of what’s coming

52
Q

how does expectation-driven priming explain there being no difference between invalid and neutral cues in the exogenous cuing paradigm

A

priming wrong detector takes nothing away from needed detectors which so they’re the same

53
Q

the valid cues produced what compared to invalid cues

A

warm up effect and expectation effect compared to just warm-up

54
Q

what is a limited capacity system in priming

A

priming the wrong detector takes away from others so less prepared for other targets

55
Q

which brain pathways are involved

A

dorsal (spatial, where)

ventral (non-spatial, what)

56
Q

modulation by attention affects processing where

A

early visual cortex, V5, left frontal language regions, fusiform face area

57
Q

where does modulation come from

A

right parietal cortex

58
Q

where does spatial selection occur in the brain

A

retinotopic maps in EVC

59
Q

what cortex is responsible for sustained attention

A

right frontal cortex

60
Q

keychain for orienting system

A

frontal/parietal cortices, superior colliculus listens, thalamus pays attention

61
Q

brain areas responsible for the control system

A

visual areas in occipital cortex analyse incoming info, control signals amplify/inhibit signals to promote/inhibit processing

62
Q

define unilateral visual neglect

A

failing to attend to or notice stimuli on side contralateral to hemisphere with lesion due to dorsal pathway and RP lobe damage

63
Q

in unilateral visual neglect, what is there a failure to do

A

disengage attention from the target in the field contralateral to the unaffected hemisphere

64
Q

what type of task is used to study unilateral visual neglect and why

A

line bisection as shows patients unconsciously aware of total line length through bisection

65
Q

what do line bisection tasks show about awareness

A

neglected side unconsciously processes but conscious awareness can’t reach this

66
Q

why is UVN not blindness

A

no visual cortex lesions and light can be detected on contralesional side

67
Q

what does the barbell study show

A

when red circle in unaffected visual field then rotated so it’s on contralesional left side, attention still paid

68
Q

what does the barbell study mean about the type of attention affected in UVN

A

target defines attention focus so object not spatially based

69
Q

define object-based neglect

A

inability to process contralesional side of individual objects

70
Q

what is Balint’s syndrome

A

inability to shift visual attention to new locations due to damage to both brain sides so can’t focus on objects outside spotlight even if looking at them

71
Q

what is blindsight

A

residual vision in absence of cortical processing so consciously unaware of what’s seen and can detect but not describe stimuli

dumb brain (9 decks)

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