7: Hypoxia Flashcards
What is hypoxia?
deficient amount of oxygen to tissues of the body
and therefore altered/insufficient cardiac or respiratory function
What is hypoxemia?
deficient amount of oxygen in the blood
What is anoxia?
lack of oxygen
How long does it take for anoxia to cause damage?
a few minutes
What are 5 medical conditions or situations that can result in hypoxia?
1) COPD
2) Obstructive sleep apnea
3) acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
4) high altitude
5) COVID
What does COPD lung damage look like? (3)
1) hard to exhale
2) air gets trapped in the lungs
3) thick mucus causing chronic cough
How many pts with mild hypoxemia due to COPD have some degree of cognitive impairment?
27%
How many pts with severe hypoxemia due to COPD have some degree of cognitive impairment?
61%
What are 6 brain damage issues that can result from hypoxemia due to COPD?
1) encoding/retrieval memory
2) problem solving
3) verbal fluency
4) working memory
5) psychomotor speed
6) simple motor skills
What is OSA?
obstructive sleep apnea: repeated obstruction of upper airway during sleep
What are 2 symptoms of OSA?
1) periodic oxygen desaturations
2) sleep fragmentations (frequent awakenings)
What percent of older people have OSA?
56-70%
What are 8 negative side effects/deficits of sleep apnea in adults?
1) sustained/selective attention
2) psychomotor speed/fine motor coordination
3) planning
4) initiation
5) mental flexibility
6) working memory
7) verbal fluency
8) learning/memory
Neuroimaging on sleep apnea pts shows what?
reductions in prefrontal cortex, subcortical gray matter, hippocampus, and white matter
What is CPAP?
continuous positive airway pressure
Use of CPAP for sleep apnea after 3 weeks showed what? (3)
improvements in verbal memory, cognitive flexibility, and processing speed
What percent of pts with COVID exhibited neurologic manifestations at the outset?
36-40%
What percent of pts with COVID who were hospitalized showed cognitive and motor deficits upon discharge?
1/3
What are the neurologic consequences of COVID?
mild but real brain damage due to encephalitis, strokes, and systemic inflammation
What is encephalitis?
acute inflammation of the brain
What is the cause of encephalitis?
viral infections
Stroke in individuals for people 70+ years old is ___x more likely than in young people.
7
What neurological damage does a stroke cause?
damage to white matter connections
Systemic inflammation is associated with ____________ decline with ______________/_____________ affects.
cognitive
ongoing/lasting
Systemic inflammation of the brain leads to an increase in _______________ ____________, which are associate with _________ _________
proinflammatory cytokines
hippocampal atrophy
