3: Cognition 101 Flashcards
What are 5 forces that shape cognitive rehabilition?
1) neuroplasticity
2) advances in technology
3) empowerment
4) changes in healthcare
5) focus on function
What is success of cognitive rehab dependent on?
1) understanding client’s premorbid lifestyle
2) partnership between therapist, client, and family/caregivers (education + awareness)
Treatment should be __________ and _____-oriented, to _________ and __________ for cognitive and behavioral things.
structured and goal-oriented
improve and compensate for
What is cognition?
The process of knowing (how we acquire, store, manipulate, and retrieve information through thought, experience, and the sense)
What are 5 big components of cognition?
1) awareness
2) executive function
3) attention
4) language
5) memory
What are the 4 central principles of attention?
1) defined in relation to a stimulus (external, internal, or both)
2) characteristics
3) capacity limitation
4) selection
What are 4 characteristics of attention?
1) reflexive
2) voluntary
3) disengagement/shifting
4) capacity to be responsive
What are 3 theories/models of attention?
1) capacity limitation
2) selection
3) delineation of different subtypes of attention
What is the limited capacity theory?
attention has a limit, only so much can be processed at once
What are the 2 models of limited capacity?
1) resource allocation theory
2) central bottleneck theory
Which theory says that humans are able to flexibly allocate resources from a single cognitive pool to various cognitive tasks?
resource allocation theory
Which model says that cognitive resources are sequentially allocated to specific tasks vs simultaneously allocated to multiple tasks (switching back and forth)?
central bottleneck model
What are 2 factors that are found to have an impact on selective attention?
1) spatial separation between target and masker
2) degree of linguistic similarity
What are the 3 theories of selective attention?
1) early filter theory
2) filter attention theory
3) late filter attention
Which theory of selective attention says that all stimuli receive preliminary analysis, but unattended stimuli are filtered out early?
early filter theory
Which selective attention theory says that relevant theory are selected early on, but unattended stimuli are attenuated?
filter attention theory
Which theory of selective attention says that all stimuli are analyzed early, but focus is determined based on “importance weighting”?
later filter attention
Which selective attention theory is the most supported to date?
filter attention theory
What was the main early model of attention?
Alerting, Orienting, and Target Selection (Posner & Peterson)
What is alerting?
ability to prepare for and sustain alertness to relevant stimuli
What is orienting?
direction of attention toward a specific location of stimuli (requires disengaging, shifting, and engaging in new stimuli)
What are the 2 types of orienting you can do?
1) goal oriented (top down)
2) stimulus directed (bottom up)
What is target selection (aka executive control)?
effortful control of attention, error detection, resolving conflict
What is the clinical based model of attention subtypes by?
Sohlberg & Mateer
What is focused attention (Sohlberg & Mateer)?
ability to orient and respond to stimuli at a basic level
What is sustained attention (Sohlberg & Mateer)?
ability to maintain attention to an ongoing, repetitive task for a period of time
What are the 2 components of sustained attention (Sohlberg & Mateer)?
1) vigilance
2) working memory
What is selective attention (Sohlberg & Mateer)?
ability to sustain attention to a target in presence of competing stimuli
Are people walking by and person next to you chewing loudly examples of external or internal distractions?
external
Are hunger and headaches examples of internal or external distractions?
inernal
What is alternating attention (Sohlberg & Mateer)?
ability to flexibly switch back and forth between 2 different tasks and instructions (mental flexibility)
What is divided attention (Sohlberg & Mateer)?
ability to engage in multiple tasks simultaneously
What is the Sohlberg & Mateer clinical taxonomy of attention?
- sustained attention
- executive control of attention
a. selective
b. alternating
c. suppression
d. working memory
What are 3 other considerations for attention?
1) auditory versus visual
2) time based variability
3) attention and effort
What is memory?
complex, interdependent process of retaining information
What 3 things is memory essential for?
1) acquiring language
2) reasoning
3) effective decision making
What 2 things facilitate memory retention?
1) attention
2) executive function
memory is ____ and ________ dependent
time and content
What are the 5 stages of retaining information?
1) attention
2) encoding
3) consolidation
4) storage
5) retrieval
What role does attention play in memory?
allows the system to access/gain information
What role does encoding play in memory?
early processing of the material required in order to be learned
How well information is stored and retrieved is highly dependent on what?
How well it is encoded
What are 4 different processed by which information is successfully encoded?
1) repetition
2) rehearsal
3) association
4) grouping/chunking
What role does consolidation play in memory?
how recently encoded information transferred into permanent storage
During consolidation what are the 2 types of interference it is susceptible to?
1) proactive interference
2) retroactive interference
What is proactive interference?
when recall of previously learned material makes it harder to recall new material
What is retroactive interference?
competing information hampers the storage and recall of recently or previously learned information
What lobe and section is important for consolidation?
medial temporal lobe
What are the different storages for memory?
1) short term
2) long term
Long term storage is vulnerable to _____, so there is a need for ____________
time
rehearsal
What two areas are important for storage?
1) hippocampus
2) medial temporal lobes
What role does retrieval play in memory?
act of pulling information from storage
What lobe is important to memory?
frontal lobe (strategy formation, memory for temporal order, self-monitoring, and initiating retrieval)
What does retrieval strengthen?
representation in long-term storage
What are 2 delayed recall paradigms?
1) free recall
2) recognition
What are the 2 types of memory (____ dependent)
1) time
2) content
What is the duration and capacity of STM?
duration: seconds to minutes
capacity: 7 units +/-2
What is the duration and capacity limits for LTM?
duration: days, weeks, lifetime
capacity: endless
Which memory length is content dependent?
LTM
What is declarative (explicit) memory?
what we know about things/facts based on memories
What are the 2 types of declarative memory?
1) episodic
2) semantic
What is episodic memory?
recall of personal events tagged in time/place
What is semantic memory?
general/book knowledge (facts/meanings/dates/etc)
What type of memory is most vulnerable to ABI/TBI
episodic memory
What is non-declarative (implicit) memory?
unconscious, non-intentional learning
What are the 2 types of non-declarative (implicit) memory?
1) procedural
2) priming
What is procedural memory?
motor and cognitive skills
What is priming memory?
cues can prompt recall without person being aware
What are the 2 types of long-term memory?
1) prospective memory
2) metamemory
What is prospective memory?
remembering to carry out future tasks
What is metamemory?
awareness about one’s own memory functioning
What is the capacity/limit of working memory?
information decays in few seconds unless rehearsed
Mental math or organizing a list of words are examples of what type of memory?
working memory
What is the Baddley et al model of working memory?
3 part system:
1) phonological loop
2) visuospatial sketch pad
3) executive control (attention)
What is the phonological loop in the working memory model?
temporary storage for sounds/speech to keep in conscious awareness
What is the visuospatial sketch pad (in the model of working memory)?
temporary storage of visual, spatial, and tactile information
What is the executive control/attention part of the model of workign memeory?
connection between workign memeory and LTM, important for reasoning
What are 5 executive functioning skills?
1) goal setting
2) self-monitoring
3) working memory
4) organizing and prioritizing
5) flexible thinking
What are the 6 primary categories of executive functions based on clinical research from Sohlberg & Mateer?
1) initiation and drive
2) response inhibition
3) task persistence
4) organization
5) generative thinking
6) awareness
What is initiation and drive?
starting and action/behavior
What are 2 related impairements of initiation and drive?
1) apathy
2) inability to initiate without prompts
What is response inhibition?
stopping beahviors/not saying everyhing that comes to mind
What are 5 related impairments of response inhibition?
1) impulsivity
2) overresponding to environmental stimuli
3) cant maintain topic
4) saying inappropriate things
5) poor turn taking
What is task persistence?
staying with a task until complete
What does task persistence rely on (2)?
1) working memeory
2) response inhibition
What are 2 related impairments of task persistence?
1) lost interest in convo
2) poor topic maintenance
What is organization?
indentifying goals, planning, and time sense
What are 4 related impairments of organization?
1) tangetial
2) decreases sense of time/efficiency
3) jumps from topic to topic
4) beating around the bush/talk around subject/can’t get to the point
What is generative thinking?
creativity, flexibility, genreating multiple solutions
What are 4 related impairemnts of generative thinking?
1) rigid problem approach
2) can’t see others perspectives
3) can’t generate novel ideas
4) difficuly with open ended questions
Each cognitive task requires a different:
amount of resources
What are the 2 types of cognitive control/processing?
1) automatic
2) conscious
What is automatic control?
rapid and effortless, unconscious
What is conscious control?
slow, effortful, completely conscious
Brain injury can do what to previosuly automatic tasks?
make them require more conscious control
What 2 parts of the brain are involved in declarative/explicit memory?
1) medial temporal lobe
2) hippocampus
What 3 parts of the brain are involved in non-declarative/implicit memory?
1) basal ganglia
2) motor cortex
3) stimulus dependent sensory areas (occipital, temporal)
What part of the brain is highly involved in working memory?
prefrontal cortex
What is the mostly highly interconnected region of the brain? And where does it have reciprocal connections to? (5-7)
frontal lobes
1) parietal cortex
2) occipital cortex
3) temporal cortex
4) limbic structures (hippocampus and amygdala)
5) subcortical structures (basal ganglia and thalamus)
What does the executive branch of the frontal lobes control?
function of the subservient neural systems involved in goal directed behavior
What are 2 perplexities with the frontal lobe function and subsequent damage?
1) can have opposite symptoms in same person (e.g., decreased initiation and increased impulsivity)
2) many non-injured people have frontal lobe symptoms
The frontal lobes are susceptible to damage in _________ _____ ________ and in ________ and are in part supplied by the:
closed head injury
stroke
MCA
What Brodmann’s area is the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (pfc)?
9.10, and 46
What does the dorsolateral pfc do?
monitors and adjusts behaviors using working memory and executive function
What are 3 consequences of dorsolateral pfc damage?
1) executive dysfunction
2) disinterest
3) decreased attention to relevant stimuli
What 4 things does the ventrolateral pfc do?
1) response inhibition
2) goal appropriate response selection
3) attention control
4) vigilance
What Brodmann’s areas is the ventrolateral pfc in?
44 and 45
What are 2 consequences of damage to the ventrolateral pfc?
1) emotional dysregulation
2) poor attention/vigilance
What Brodmann’s areas is the orbitofrontal pfc in?
11 and 12
What 4 things does the orbitofrontal pfc do?
1) personality
2) emotional input
3) social behavior
4) social innapropriateness
What 4 consequences does damage to the PFC do?
1) emotional lability
2) disinhibition
3) distractibility
4) social inappropriateness
What brodmanns area is the dorsomedial pfc in?
32
What 3 things is the dorsomedial pfc in charge of?
1) arousal
2) motivation
3) initiation of activity
What 3 consequences are caused by damage to the dorsomedial pfc?
1) apathy
2) decreased drive/awareness
3) mutism
What brodmanns areas is the ventromedial pfc in?
24, 25
What is the ventromedial pfc in charge of?
emotional control and empathy
What are the 2 consequences of damage to the ventromedial pfc?
1) impaired judgement
2) inappropriate social behavior
