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Neuro Cognitive Disorders > 3: Cognition 101 > Flashcards

3: Cognition 101 Flashcards

1
Q

What are 5 forces that shape cognitive rehabilition?

A

1) neuroplasticity
2) advances in technology
3) empowerment
4) changes in healthcare
5) focus on function

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2
Q

What is success of cognitive rehab dependent on?

A

1) understanding client’s premorbid lifestyle

2) partnership between therapist, client, and family/caregivers (education + awareness)

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3
Q

Treatment should be __________ and _____-oriented, to _________ and __________ for cognitive and behavioral things.

A

structured and goal-oriented

improve and compensate for

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4
Q

What is cognition?

A

The process of knowing (how we acquire, store, manipulate, and retrieve information through thought, experience, and the sense)

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5
Q

What are 5 big components of cognition?

A

1) awareness
2) executive function
3) attention
4) language
5) memory

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6
Q

What are the 4 central principles of attention?

A

1) defined in relation to a stimulus (external, internal, or both)
2) characteristics
3) capacity limitation
4) selection

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7
Q

What are 4 characteristics of attention?

A

1) reflexive
2) voluntary
3) disengagement/shifting
4) capacity to be responsive

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8
Q

What are 3 theories/models of attention?

A

1) capacity limitation
2) selection
3) delineation of different subtypes of attention

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9
Q

What is the limited capacity theory?

A

attention has a limit, only so much can be processed at once

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10
Q

What are the 2 models of limited capacity?

A

1) resource allocation theory

2) central bottleneck theory

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11
Q

Which theory says that humans are able to flexibly allocate resources from a single cognitive pool to various cognitive tasks?

A

resource allocation theory

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12
Q

Which model says that cognitive resources are sequentially allocated to specific tasks vs simultaneously allocated to multiple tasks (switching back and forth)?

A

central bottleneck model

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13
Q

What are 2 factors that are found to have an impact on selective attention?

A

1) spatial separation between target and masker

2) degree of linguistic similarity

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14
Q

What are the 3 theories of selective attention?

A

1) early filter theory
2) filter attention theory
3) late filter attention

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15
Q

Which theory of selective attention says that all stimuli receive preliminary analysis, but unattended stimuli are filtered out early?

A

early filter theory

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16
Q

Which selective attention theory says that relevant theory are selected early on, but unattended stimuli are attenuated?

A

filter attention theory

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17
Q

Which theory of selective attention says that all stimuli are analyzed early, but focus is determined based on “importance weighting”?

A

later filter attention

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18
Q

Which selective attention theory is the most supported to date?

A

filter attention theory

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19
Q

What was the main early model of attention?

A

Alerting, Orienting, and Target Selection (Posner & Peterson)

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20
Q

What is alerting?

A

ability to prepare for and sustain alertness to relevant stimuli

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21
Q

What is orienting?

A

direction of attention toward a specific location of stimuli (requires disengaging, shifting, and engaging in new stimuli)

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22
Q

What are the 2 types of orienting you can do?

A

1) goal oriented (top down)

2) stimulus directed (bottom up)

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23
Q

What is target selection (aka executive control)?

A

effortful control of attention, error detection, resolving conflict

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24
Q

What is the clinical based model of attention subtypes by?

A

Sohlberg & Mateer

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25
Q

What is focused attention (Sohlberg & Mateer)?

A

ability to orient and respond to stimuli at a basic level

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26
Q

What is sustained attention (Sohlberg & Mateer)?

A

ability to maintain attention to an ongoing, repetitive task for a period of time

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27
Q

What are the 2 components of sustained attention (Sohlberg & Mateer)?

A

1) vigilance

2) working memory

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28
Q

What is selective attention (Sohlberg & Mateer)?

A

ability to sustain attention to a target in presence of competing stimuli

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29
Q

Are people walking by and person next to you chewing loudly examples of external or internal distractions?

A

external

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30
Q

Are hunger and headaches examples of internal or external distractions?

A

inernal

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31
Q

What is alternating attention (Sohlberg & Mateer)?

A

ability to flexibly switch back and forth between 2 different tasks and instructions (mental flexibility)

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32
Q

What is divided attention (Sohlberg & Mateer)?

A

ability to engage in multiple tasks simultaneously

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33
Q

What is the Sohlberg & Mateer clinical taxonomy of attention?

A
  1. sustained attention
  2. executive control of attention
    a. selective
    b. alternating
    c. suppression
    d. working memory
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34
Q

What are 3 other considerations for attention?

A

1) auditory versus visual
2) time based variability
3) attention and effort

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35
Q

What is memory?

A

complex, interdependent process of retaining information

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36
Q

What 3 things is memory essential for?

A

1) acquiring language
2) reasoning
3) effective decision making

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37
Q

What 2 things facilitate memory retention?

A

1) attention

2) executive function

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38
Q

memory is ____ and ________ dependent

A

time and content

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39
Q

What are the 5 stages of retaining information?

A

1) attention
2) encoding
3) consolidation
4) storage
5) retrieval

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40
Q

What role does attention play in memory?

A

allows the system to access/gain information

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41
Q

What role does encoding play in memory?

A

early processing of the material required in order to be learned

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42
Q

How well information is stored and retrieved is highly dependent on what?

A

How well it is encoded

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43
Q

What are 4 different processed by which information is successfully encoded?

A

1) repetition
2) rehearsal
3) association
4) grouping/chunking

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44
Q

What role does consolidation play in memory?

A

how recently encoded information transferred into permanent storage

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45
Q

During consolidation what are the 2 types of interference it is susceptible to?

A

1) proactive interference

2) retroactive interference

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46
Q

What is proactive interference?

A

when recall of previously learned material makes it harder to recall new material

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47
Q

What is retroactive interference?

A

competing information hampers the storage and recall of recently or previously learned information

48
Q

What lobe and section is important for consolidation?

A

medial temporal lobe

49
Q

What are the different storages for memory?

A

1) short term

2) long term

50
Q

Long term storage is vulnerable to _____, so there is a need for ____________

A

time

rehearsal

51
Q

What two areas are important for storage?

A

1) hippocampus

2) medial temporal lobes

52
Q

What role does retrieval play in memory?

A

act of pulling information from storage

53
Q

What lobe is important to memory?

A

frontal lobe (strategy formation, memory for temporal order, self-monitoring, and initiating retrieval)

54
Q

What does retrieval strengthen?

A

representation in long-term storage

55
Q

What are 2 delayed recall paradigms?

A

1) free recall

2) recognition

56
Q

What are the 2 types of memory (____ dependent)

A

1) time

2) content

57
Q

What is the duration and capacity of STM?

A

duration: seconds to minutes
capacity: 7 units +/-2

58
Q

What is the duration and capacity limits for LTM?

A

duration: days, weeks, lifetime
capacity: endless

59
Q

Which memory length is content dependent?

A

LTM

60
Q

What is declarative (explicit) memory?

A

what we know about things/facts based on memories

61
Q

What are the 2 types of declarative memory?

A

1) episodic

2) semantic

62
Q

What is episodic memory?

A

recall of personal events tagged in time/place

63
Q

What is semantic memory?

A

general/book knowledge (facts/meanings/dates/etc)

64
Q

What type of memory is most vulnerable to ABI/TBI

A

episodic memory

65
Q

What is non-declarative (implicit) memory?

A

unconscious, non-intentional learning

66
Q

What are the 2 types of non-declarative (implicit) memory?

A

1) procedural

2) priming

67
Q

What is procedural memory?

A

motor and cognitive skills

68
Q

What is priming memory?

A

cues can prompt recall without person being aware

69
Q

What are the 2 types of long-term memory?

A

1) prospective memory

2) metamemory

70
Q

What is prospective memory?

A

remembering to carry out future tasks

71
Q

What is metamemory?

A

awareness about one’s own memory functioning

72
Q

What is the capacity/limit of working memory?

A

information decays in few seconds unless rehearsed

73
Q

Mental math or organizing a list of words are examples of what type of memory?

A

working memory

74
Q

What is the Baddley et al model of working memory?

A

3 part system:

1) phonological loop
2) visuospatial sketch pad
3) executive control (attention)

75
Q

What is the phonological loop in the working memory model?

A

temporary storage for sounds/speech to keep in conscious awareness

76
Q

What is the visuospatial sketch pad (in the model of working memory)?

A

temporary storage of visual, spatial, and tactile information

77
Q

What is the executive control/attention part of the model of workign memeory?

A

connection between workign memeory and LTM, important for reasoning

78
Q

What are 5 executive functioning skills?

A

1) goal setting
2) self-monitoring
3) working memory
4) organizing and prioritizing
5) flexible thinking

79
Q

What are the 6 primary categories of executive functions based on clinical research from Sohlberg & Mateer?

A

1) initiation and drive
2) response inhibition
3) task persistence
4) organization
5) generative thinking
6) awareness

80
Q

What is initiation and drive?

A

starting and action/behavior

81
Q

What are 2 related impairements of initiation and drive?

A

1) apathy

2) inability to initiate without prompts

82
Q

What is response inhibition?

A

stopping beahviors/not saying everyhing that comes to mind

83
Q

What are 5 related impairments of response inhibition?

A

1) impulsivity
2) overresponding to environmental stimuli
3) cant maintain topic
4) saying inappropriate things
5) poor turn taking

84
Q

What is task persistence?

A

staying with a task until complete

85
Q

What does task persistence rely on (2)?

A

1) working memeory

2) response inhibition

86
Q

What are 2 related impairments of task persistence?

A

1) lost interest in convo

2) poor topic maintenance

87
Q

What is organization?

A

indentifying goals, planning, and time sense

88
Q

What are 4 related impairments of organization?

A

1) tangetial
2) decreases sense of time/efficiency
3) jumps from topic to topic
4) beating around the bush/talk around subject/can’t get to the point

89
Q

What is generative thinking?

A

creativity, flexibility, genreating multiple solutions

90
Q

What are 4 related impairemnts of generative thinking?

A

1) rigid problem approach
2) can’t see others perspectives
3) can’t generate novel ideas
4) difficuly with open ended questions

91
Q

Each cognitive task requires a different:

A

amount of resources

92
Q

What are the 2 types of cognitive control/processing?

A

1) automatic

2) conscious

93
Q

What is automatic control?

A

rapid and effortless, unconscious

94
Q

What is conscious control?

A

slow, effortful, completely conscious

95
Q

Brain injury can do what to previosuly automatic tasks?

A

make them require more conscious control

96
Q

What 2 parts of the brain are involved in declarative/explicit memory?

A

1) medial temporal lobe

2) hippocampus

97
Q

What 3 parts of the brain are involved in non-declarative/implicit memory?

A

1) basal ganglia
2) motor cortex
3) stimulus dependent sensory areas (occipital, temporal)

98
Q

What part of the brain is highly involved in working memory?

A

prefrontal cortex

99
Q

What is the mostly highly interconnected region of the brain? And where does it have reciprocal connections to? (5-7)

A

frontal lobes

1) parietal cortex
2) occipital cortex
3) temporal cortex
4) limbic structures (hippocampus and amygdala)
5) subcortical structures (basal ganglia and thalamus)

100
Q

What does the executive branch of the frontal lobes control?

A

function of the subservient neural systems involved in goal directed behavior

101
Q

What are 2 perplexities with the frontal lobe function and subsequent damage?

A

1) can have opposite symptoms in same person (e.g., decreased initiation and increased impulsivity)
2) many non-injured people have frontal lobe symptoms

102
Q

The frontal lobes are susceptible to damage in _________ _____ ________ and in ________ and are in part supplied by the:

A

closed head injury
stroke
MCA

103
Q

What Brodmann’s area is the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (pfc)?

A

9.10, and 46

104
Q

What does the dorsolateral pfc do?

A

monitors and adjusts behaviors using working memory and executive function

105
Q

What are 3 consequences of dorsolateral pfc damage?

A

1) executive dysfunction
2) disinterest
3) decreased attention to relevant stimuli

106
Q

What 4 things does the ventrolateral pfc do?

A

1) response inhibition
2) goal appropriate response selection
3) attention control
4) vigilance

107
Q

What Brodmann’s areas is the ventrolateral pfc in?

A

44 and 45

108
Q

What are 2 consequences of damage to the ventrolateral pfc?

A

1) emotional dysregulation

2) poor attention/vigilance

109
Q

What Brodmann’s areas is the orbitofrontal pfc in?

A

11 and 12

110
Q

What 4 things does the orbitofrontal pfc do?

A

1) personality
2) emotional input
3) social behavior
4) social innapropriateness

111
Q

What 4 consequences does damage to the PFC do?

A

1) emotional lability
2) disinhibition
3) distractibility
4) social inappropriateness

112
Q

What brodmanns area is the dorsomedial pfc in?

A

32

113
Q

What 3 things is the dorsomedial pfc in charge of?

A

1) arousal
2) motivation
3) initiation of activity

114
Q

What 3 consequences are caused by damage to the dorsomedial pfc?

A

1) apathy
2) decreased drive/awareness
3) mutism

115
Q

What brodmanns areas is the ventromedial pfc in?

A

24, 25

116
Q

What is the ventromedial pfc in charge of?

A

emotional control and empathy

117
Q

What are the 2 consequences of damage to the ventromedial pfc?

A

1) impaired judgement

2) inappropriate social behavior

Neuro Cognitive Disorders (13 decks)

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