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CPR1 Exam 1 > 7- Cardiac Histology > Flashcards

7- Cardiac Histology Flashcards

1
Q

This type of muscle is striated and voluntary.

A

Skeletal Muscle

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2
Q

This type of muscle is striated and involuntary.

A

Cardiac Muscle

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3
Q

This type of muscle is non-striated and involuntary.

A

Smooth Muscle

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4
Q

Smooth Muscle occurs as bundles or sheets of elongated ________ cells with finely tapered ends and a centrally located ________.

A

Fusiform

Nucleus

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5
Q

Smooth Muscle has no visible striations and is interconnected by ________ ________.

A

Gap Junctions

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6
Q

T/F. Smooth Muscle has a continuous contraction of low force. It is a rhythmic contraction that is inherent, but responsive to ANS.

A

True

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7
Q

What are the hallmarks of identifying Smooth Muscle?

A

– Elongated nuclei with rounded ends (longitudinal)

– Diffuse staining

– Cells vary in diameter with centrally located nuclei surrounded by an unstained region (cross-section)

– Typically not “wavy”

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8
Q

Smooth Muscle possesses a contractile apparatus of ______ and ______ filaments and anchor to ________ ________.

A

Thin
Thick
Cytoplasmic densities (dense bodies)

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9
Q

Dense bodies are comprised of what?

A

Desmin and Vimentin intermediate filaments

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10
Q

In Smooth Muscle, the tension is transmitted via densities to the membrane and the cells contract as one unit and assume a _________ shape.

A

Globular

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11
Q

Smooth Muscle doesn’t have T-tubules (like Skeletal Muscle) for Calcium entry, instead it has _________.

A

Caveolae

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12
Q

For this type of muscle, the cells are short, branched and Y-shaped with 1-2 nuclei. It has extensive capillaries.

A

Cardiac Muscle

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13
Q

This is a hallmark of Cardiac Muscle and are transverse junctions at the ends of cells that allow passage of electrical current.

A

Intercalated Discs

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14
Q

These are modified Cardiac Muscle cells that act as the “pacemaker” for the heart.

A

Purkinje Cells

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15
Q

What are the hallmarks of identifying Cardiac Muscle?

A

– Striations, intercalated discs (longitudinal)

– Cells vary in diameter with centrally located nuclei surrounded by an unstained region (cross-section)

– Lipofuscin granules near nucleus of some cells, lysosomal residue

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16
Q

These are gold-ish granules near the nucleus of some Cardiac Muscle cells.

A

Lipofuscin Granules

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17
Q

This is the outermost layer of the Pericardium and is composed of dense CT.

A

Fibrous Pericardium

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18
Q

Below the Fibrous Pericardium is the Serous Pericardium, which produces a serous fluid to prevent ________.

A

Friction

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19
Q

This layer of Serous Pericardium lines the inner surface of the Fibrous Pericardium.

A

Parietal layer of Serous Pericardium

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20
Q

This layer of Serous Pericardium covers the outer surface of the heart.

A

Visceral layer of Serous Pericardium

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21
Q

This is the space between the Parietal and Visceral layers.

A

Pericardial Cavity

22
Q

This is the type of epithelium that lines the Serous membranes.

A

Mesothelium – Simple Squamous Epithelium

23
Q

What is the Epicardium composed of?

A

Mesothelium

Areolar CT and Fat

24
Q

What is the Myocardium composed of?

A

Cardiac Muscle

25
Q

What is the Endocardium composed of?

A

Areolar CT

Endothelium

26
Q

This is the outermost layer of the heart wall and is synonymous with Visceral Pericardium.

A

Epicardium

27
Q

T/F. The Myocardium is composed of a dense fibrocollagenous CT with elastic fibers lined with Mesothelium.

A

False. The Epicardium is composed of a dense fibrocollagenous CT with elastic fibers lined with Mesothelium.

28
Q

In the Epicardium, branches of _______ _______ are embedded in adipose tissue.

A

Coronary Arteries

29
Q

The Myocardium is the thickest layer of the heart and is composed of what types of Cardiac cells?

A 
Cardiocytes (contractile) 
Nodal Cardiocytes (in SA and AV nodes) 
Myoendocrine Cardiocytes
30
Q

Myocardium can be characterized by the following:

    • Striations
    • Intercalated Discs
    • ________ T-tubule System
    • Mitochondria
    • ________ Granules
    • Atrial Granules (Myoendocrine Cardiocytes)
A

Diad
Lipofuscin

***Skeletal Muscle has a Triad T-Tubule System!

31
Q

Intercalated Discs are specialized, interdigitating junctions between Cardiocytes. They are at sites where cells meet end-to-end and always coincide with _________. They bind cells, transmit forces of contraction, and allow the spread of excitation.

A

Z-lines

32
Q

Intercalated Discs are an interdigitating junction with 3 types of membrane-to-membrane contacts, which are…

A

Transverse region (perpendicular) = Fascia Adherens and Desmosomes

Longitudinal region (parallel) = Desmosomes

33
Q

This type of membrane-to-membrane contact for Intercalated Discs is composed of actin filaments at the ends of terminal sarcomeres inserted into the junction. They transmit contractile forces between cells and are the most numerous.

A

Fascia Adherens

***This is perpendicular (transverse) to Intercalated Disc

34
Q

This type of membrane-to-membrane contact for Intercalated Discs provides anchorage for the intermediate filaments of the cytoskeleton.

A

Desmosomes

***This is perpendicular (transverse) to Intercalated Disc

35
Q

This type of membrane-to-membrane contact for Intercalated Discs are sites of low electrical resistance and allows excitation to pass between cells.

A

Gap (Nexus) Junctions

***This is parallel (longitudinal) to Intercalated Disc

36
Q

In Cardiac Muscle, the Diad is composed of what?

A

1 T-tubule
1 SR Cisterna

***Remember, Skeletal Muscle is a Triad consisting of 2 T-tubules and 1 SR Cisterna

37
Q

These are fingerlike imaginations of the Sarcolemma and are found at Z-lines. They permit uniform contraction of myofibrils within a single cardiocyte.

A

Diad T-Tubules

38
Q

These are modified cells within the SA/AV nodes that initiate or relay electrical signals.

A

Nodal Cardiocytes

39
Q

Parasympathetic and Sympathetic fibers terminate in the nodes, and they only modify what?

A

Rate of intrinsic cardiac muscle contraction

40
Q

Briefly describe the pathway of the conducting system.

A

SA Node – AV Node – AV Bundle – R/L Bundle Branches – Purkinje Fibers (also called Subendocardial Branches)

41
Q

These are specialized cardiac muscle cells that conduct electrical impulses that allow coordinated contraction.

A

Purkinje Fibers

42
Q

Purkinje Fibers have fewer myofibrils but an increased ________. They are larger and typically seen at the periphery of Myocardium. They also mostly lack ________.

A

Glycogen

T-tubules

43
Q

These are Atrial cells that contain membrane-bound granules. They are found in smaller quantities in the Left Atrium and the Ventricles.

A

Myoendocrine Cardiocytes

44
Q

Atrial Granules (within Myoendocrine Cardiocytes) contain the precursor for…

A

Atrial Natriuretic Factor (ANF)

45
Q

What is the function of ANF?

A

Targets kidneys to decrease Na+ and water retention (increases GFR)

46
Q

In the Ventricles, the Endocardium has a _________ layer which is a thin layer of CT with smooth muscle. It merges with the Myocardium and contains branches of Purkinje Fibers.

A

Subendocardial

47
Q

In the Atria, the Subendocardial Layer is lacking. Instead, ______ ______ are typically closer to the endothelium and and intermixed with the Myocardium.

A

Purkinje Fibers

48
Q

The Cardiac Skeleton (Fibrous Skeleton) is made of _______ _______ CT located in the endocardium. It anchors valves and surrounds AV canals to maintain shape.

A

Dense Irregular

49
Q

The Cardiac Skeleton (Fibrous Skeleton) contributes to the _________ and ________ Septa, and extends into the valve cusps and Chordae Tendineae.

A

Interventricular

Interatrial

50
Q

What are the 2 main functions of the Fibrous Skeleton?

A
    • Insertion of Cardiac Muscle

- - Electrical insulator between Atria and Ventricles

51
Q

Heart Valves are composed of a core of _________ CT covered by endothelium. It is continuous with the Cardiac Skeleton.

A

Fibroelastic (Lamina Fibrosa)

52
Q

The Fibroelastic layer of Endocardium condenses to form a _______ ______, which creates the central portion of the valve.

A

Valve Ring

CPR1 Exam 1 (22 decks)

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