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CPR1 Exam 1 > 21- Vascular Histology > Flashcards

21- Vascular Histology Flashcards

1
Q

The walls of arteries and veins are composed of three layers called _________.

A

Tunics

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2
Q

Arteries branch extensively to (INCREASE/DECREASE) in diameter, while veins merge repeatedly to (INCREASE/DECREASE) in diameter.

A

Decrease
Increase

***Think of veins like taking a ramp onto the Interstate!

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3
Q

What are the three tunic layers of arteries and veins?

A 
Tunica Intima (internal)
Tunica Media (middle)
Tunica Adventitia (external)
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4
Q

The Tunica Intima has endothelium composed of a single layer of __________ epithelial cells. The _______ _______ of the endothelial cells is a thin EC layer composed of collagen, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins.

A

Squamous

Basal Lamina

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5
Q

In the Tunica Intima, the subendothelial layer consists of loose _______.

A

CT

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6
Q

Within the Subendothelial layer of the Tunica Intima, there can be an ________ ________ ________ that is a sheet-like layer of fenestrated elastic material within arteries and arterioles.

A

Internal Elastic Membrane

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7
Q

This tunic layer is composed of circumferentially arranged layers of smooth muscle and is relatively thick in arteries. It has varying amounts of elastin, reticular fibers, and proteoglycans.

A

Tunica Media

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8
Q

The Tunica Media extends from the ________ ________ ________ to the ________ ________ ________.

A

Internal Elastic Membrane

External Elastic Membrane

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9
Q

This is a layer of elastin that separates the Tunica Media and Adventitia.

A

External Elastic Membrane

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10
Q

This Tunic layer is longitudinally arranged collagenous tissue with few elastic fibers. It will merge with the loose CT of surrounding vessels. It can range from relatively thin (arterial system) to quite thick (venules/veins).

A

Tunica Adventitia (also called Externa)

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11
Q

Why is the collagen important in the Tunica Adventitia?

A

It prevents over-expansion of the vessel.

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12
Q

These are vessels of the Tunica Adventitia that supply blood to the vascular tunics themselves. They’re basically blood vessels within blood vessels. They’re found in large arteries and veins due to the large lumen and are important for veins because they are carrying deoxygenated blood and need the extra nutrients.

A

Vasa Vasorum

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13
Q

These are in the Tunica Adventitia and provide ANS input that controls contraction of vascular smooth muscle.

A

Nervi Vasorum (Vascularis)

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14
Q

Large (_______) arteries are the largest vessels of the arterial system. Example is the Aorta.

A

Elastic

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15
Q

In Large (elastic) arteries, ________ forms concentric sheets/lamellae between the muscle cell layers. There are no ________, the smooth muscle synthesizes the collagen, elastin, and ground substance (between lamellae) of the ECM.

A

Elastin
Fibroblasts

***In the micrographs, the black squiggly lines is the elastin making lamellae.

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16
Q

Strong pressures of blood pulsating during _________ expands the arterial wall.

A

Systole

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17
Q

The artery lumen size reduces pressure and allows strong blood flow to continue during ________.

A

Diastole

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18
Q

Medium (________) arteries have more smooth muscle and less elastin than elastic arteries. They have a PROMINENT Internal Elastic Membrane, and a recognizable External Elastic Membrane.

A

Muscular

***On this micrograph you can see a distinct black squiggly line right by the lumen. This is the Internal Elastic Membrane!

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19
Q

Medium (muscular) arteries have smooth muscle arranged in a spiral fashion that produces the ECM components. It has a relatively thick Tunica ________, about the same thickness as the Tunica ________.

A

Adventitia

Media

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20
Q

Small arteries and arterioles are distinguished by the number of _______ _______ layers they have in the Tunica Media.

A

Smooth Muscle

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21
Q

(SMALL ARTERIES/ARTERIOLES) have up to eight layers of smooth muscle and will also have an Internal Elastic Membrane.

A

Small Arteries

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22
Q

(SMALL ARTERIES/ARTERIOLES) have 1-2 layers of smooth muscle and the Internal Elastic Membrane may or may not be present.

A

Arterioles

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23
Q

These are the flow regulators for capillary beds.

A

Arterioles

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24
Q

Arterioles receive sympathetic innervation to the Tunica Media that causes __________, and parasympathetic innervation to the Tunica Media that causes __________.

A

Vasoconstriction

Vasodilation

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25
Q

The smallest of all blood vessels are the _________ beds.

A

Capillary

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26
Q

Capillary beds are the site of _________ exchange and they often have a diameter even smaller than ________.

A

Metabolic
RBC

***This is why RBC are biconcave, so they can fold if they need to fit into smaller capillaries!

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27
Q

Capillaries contain cells called __________, which are perivascular (means surrounding the vessel) contractile cells with branching cytoplasmic processes.

A

Pericytes

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28
Q

Pericytes are enclosed with the basal lamina that is (DISCONTINUOUS/CONTINUOUS) with that of the endothelium.

A

Continuous

29
Q

Pericytes are controlled by _______ ______ (endothelial cells) and promote stability of capillaries and ________ ________.

A 
Nitric Oxide (NO)
Postcapillary Venules
30
Q

A single layer of _________ ________ form the innermost aspect of the Tunica Intima in capillaries. They are connected via cell-cell junctions, and the number of these junctions will vary permeability.

A

Endothelial Cells

31
Q

Endothelial cells support the basement membrane and produce __________ for capillaries. They’re also metabolically involved in blood coagulation and thrombosis, and local vasodilation/constriction.

A

Collagen

32
Q

This type of capillary is the most common in the body. It contains Pericytes on the continuous basal lamina, and there are endothelial cells connected via tight junctions. This is the most restrictive with what molecules are allowed to pass through it.

A

Continuous Capillary

33
Q

This type of capillary has fenestrations in the endothelial cells and allows larger molecules to pass through it. It has a continuous basal lamina.

A

Fenestrated Capillary

34
Q

This type of capillary is also known as sinusoidal. It has large fenestrations among endothelial cells and the basal lamina is discontinuous. It allows mass transport of molecules, anything can come and go.

A

Discontinuous Capillary

35
Q

This is the first branch off of arterioles, supplying tissues.

A

Metarterioles

36
Q

Metarterioles can connect straight through to the Postcapillary Venule via the _________ _________, or it can connect to ________ ________ where most gas exchange occurs.

A

Thoroughfare Channel

True Capillaries

37
Q

________ ________ regulate blood flow through True Capillaries (from Thoroughfare Channel).

A

Precapillary Sphincters

38
Q

These branch from Metarterioles and lack smooth muscle. Pericytes may be present.

A

True Capillaries

39
Q

This is the distal end of the Metarteriole (lacks smooth muscle).

A

Thoroughfare Channel

***Connects to Postcapillary Venule

40
Q

When the Precapillary Sphincters are contracted, they will shunt blood flow straight through the Thoroughfare Channel. This forces blood to enter venous return more quickly and prevents exchange with _______ _______. The contraction of the sphincters differentially occurs based on metabolic demand.

A

True Capillaries

41
Q

This category of vein receives blood from capillaries and have a diameter as small as 0.1 mm.

A

Venules

42
Q

What can venules be subclassified as?

A 
Postcapillary Venules
Muscular Venules (have more smooth muscle)
43
Q

This category of vein are less than 1 mm in diameter, and are continuous with Muscular Venules.

A

Small Veins

44
Q

This category of vein have a diameter of as much as 10 mm, and represent most of the named veins.

A

Medium Veins

45
Q

This category of vein have a diameter of >10 mm, and examples include the Superior and Inferior Vena Cava and Hepatic Portal Vein.

A

Large Veins

46
Q

In veins, tunics are not as distinct or well-defined, _______ and ________ veins have all three layers.

A

Large

Medium

47
Q

In veins, the Tunica Intima may contain ________, which are semilunar flaps consisting of a thin CT core covered by endothelial cells.

A

Valves

48
Q

Veins have (THICKER/THINNER) walls than accompanying arteries, and the lumen is (LARGER/SMALLER) than that of the artery.

A

Thinner

Larger

49
Q

The lumen of veins are often…

A

Collapsed

50
Q

The path of travel from Capillaries is to Postcapillary Venules — _________ Venules — ________ Veins.

A

Muscular

Small

51
Q

These drain the capillaries and have no true Tunica Media.

A

Postcapillary Venules

52
Q

_________ Venules have 1-2 layers of smooth muscle in the Tunica Media and the Tunica Adventitia is thin.

A

Muscular

53
Q

________ Veins have all three tunics, the Tunica Media is 2-3 layers and the Tunica Adventitia is thicker.

A

Small

54
Q

These veins travel with the Muscular Arteries (Medium) and have a thicker Tunica Media and Adventitia. The wall is often folded around a large lumen and it contains valves.

A

Medium Veins

55
Q

For these veins, the thickest layer of the vessel wall is the Tunica Adventitia. It contains collagen and elastic fibers, and fibroblasts. It also contains longitudinal smooth muscle cells.

A

Large Veins

56
Q

For Large Veins, the Tunica ________ is thin with circumferentially arranged smooth muscle cells, collagen fibers, and some fibroblasts. The Tunica ________ is thin and blends with Tunica ________.

A

Media
Intima
Media

57
Q

Lymphatic vessels circulate _________ through most parts of the body. They serve as adjuncts to the blood vessels.

A

Lymph

58
Q

Lymphatic vessels are ___________, conveying fluid only from tissues. They collect lymph, clean it, and return it to the venous supply. This is why they’re so important for infection.

A

Unidirectional

59
Q

Lymphatic __________ are the smallest and consist of close-ended tubes found among capillary beds.

A

Capillaries

60
Q

Lymphatic Capillaries have overlapping _________ cells that form 1-way valves for collecting lymph.

A

Endothelial

61
Q

Lymphatic Capillaries have an incomplete ________ _______, which allows increased permeability.

A

Basal Lamina

62
Q

For Lymphatic Capillaries, the openings between the endothelial cells are held in place by _________ _________. These join to form lymphatic vessels.

A

Anchoring Filaments

63
Q

Lymphatic Capillaries lead to collecting lymphatic vessels. The size organization is similar to that of _______.

A

Veins

64
Q

Lymphatic vessels have all vascular tunics and possess _______ like veins. The walls increase in thickness as the vessel increases in size, and the continuous tight junctions prevent leakage.

A

Valves

65
Q

(AFFERENT/EFFERENT) lymphatic vessels bring lymph in, then it is cleaned and taken back out via (AFFERENT/EFFERENT) lymphatic vessels to the venous system.

A

Afferent

Efferent

66
Q

Why is it important that lymph returns the fluid back to the venous system?

A

To maintain blood volume

67
Q

Briefly describe the pathway of lymph return to the venous system, starting with the lymphatic capillaries.

A 
Lymphatic Capillaries ---
Lymphatic Vessels ---
Lymphatic Trunks ---
Right Lymphatic Duct ---
Thoracic Duct ---
Brachiocephalic Veins ---
Vena Cava
68
Q

The _______ _______ _______ collects lymph from the right side of the head, neck, upper limb, and thorax while the _______ _______ drains lymph from the rest of the body.

A

Right Lymphatic Duct

Thoracic Duct

CPR1 Exam 1 (22 decks)

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