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CPR1 Exam 1 > 2- Body Folding & Cavities > Flashcards

2- Body Folding & Cavities Flashcards

1
Q

Human development is divided into three sequential phases, which are…

A

Growth
Morphogenesis
Differentiation

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2
Q

This phase of human development involves cell division and elaboration of cell products.

A

Growth

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3
Q

This phase of human development is the development of shape, size, and other features of a particular organ or part of the whole body.

A

Morphogenesis

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4
Q

Morphogenesis is controlled by the _______ expression and regulation in an orderly sequence.

A

Gene

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5
Q

Changes in cell fate, cell shape, and cell movement in _________ allow the cells to interact with each other during the formation of tissues and organs.

A

Morphogenesis

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6
Q

This phase of human development is when cells are organized in a precise pattern of tissues and organs that are capable of performing specialized functions.

A

Differentiation

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7
Q

The primordium of the _________ _________ appears, which are isolated coelomic spaces in the lateral plate and cardiogenic mesoderm. This is a horse-shoe shaped cavity.

A

Intraembryonic Coelom

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8
Q

The Intraembryonic Coelom divides the lateral plate mesoderm into what layers?

A

Somatic (Parietal) Layer of Lateral Plate Mesoderm

Splanchnic (Visceral) Layer of Lateral Plate Mesoderm

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9
Q

This layer of Lateral Plate Mesoderm is continuous with extraembryonic mesoderm covering the amnion.

A

Somatic (Parietal) Layer

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10
Q

This layer of Lateral Plate Mesoderm is continuous with extraembryonic mesoderm covering the umbilical vesicle.

A

Splanchnic (Visceral) Layer

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11
Q

This is the term for the Somatic Mesoderm and overlying embryonic Ectoderm that come together to form the body wall.

A

Somatopleure

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12
Q

This is the term for the Splanchnic Mesoderm and underlying embryonic Endoderm that come together to form the embryonic gut.

A

Splanchnopleure

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13
Q

Where does folding occur in the embryonic planes, all simultaneously?

A

Cranial
Caudal
Lateral

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14
Q

What gives constriction for the folding of the embryonic planes?

A

The junction of the embryo and umbilical vesicle

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15
Q

The embryo goes from a flat, trilaminar embryonic disc to a _________ embryo.

A

Cylindrical

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16
Q

________ is significant for creating the correct body form. The embryo increases in length, but the lateral edges cannot keep pace.

A

Folding

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17
Q

Put the following steps in order of embryonic head folding:

A. Overgrowth moves Septum Transversum, Primordial heart, Pericardial Coelom, and Oropharyngeal Membrane to ventral surface.

B. Embryo elongates cranially and caudally (4th week/day 22).

C. Part of the endoderm of the umbilical vesicle is incorporated as the foregut (primordium of pharynx, esophagus, and lower respiratory system).

D. Neural folds project dorsally and overgrow oropharyngeal membrane.

A

1) B.
2) D.
3) A.
4) C.

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18
Q

Before head folding, the ________ consists of a flattened, horse shoe-shaped cavity

A

Coelom

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19
Q

What are the 3 components of the horse shoe-shaped coelom?

A

Pericardial Cavity
Pericardioperitoneal Canal
Intraembryonic Coelom

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20
Q

After head folding occurs, the Pericardial Cavity is ________ and the Pericardioperitoneal Canals run ________ on each side of the foregut.

A

Ventral

Dorsal

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21
Q

Folding of the caudal end of the embryo is due to the growth of the distal _______ _______.

A

Neural Tube (Spinal Cord Primordium)

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22
Q

In embryonic tail folding, the ______ ______ or tail region projects over the ______ ______ (future anus).

A

Caudal Eminence

Cloacal Membrane

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23
Q

In embryonic tail folding, part of the _________ will form the hindgut (descending colon/rectum). The terminal hindgut dilates to form the ________ (rudiment of urinary bladder/rectum).

A

Endoderm

Cloaca

24
Q

Before folding the _______ _______ lies cranial to the cloacal membrane, but after folding it lies caudal.

A

Primitive Streak

25
Q

T/F. The rapid growth of the SC and Somites produces the right and left lateral folds, which extends ventrally toward the midline and creates a cylindrical embryo.

A

True

26
Q

In lateral folding, the abdominal walls form and incorporates endoderm to form the midgut, which is the _______ _______ primordium.

A

Small Intestine

27
Q

In lateral folding, the connection between the umbilical vesicle and the midgut is reduced, forming the _________ ________.

A

Omphaloenteric Duct

28
Q

As the umbilical cord forms, the communication between what cavities narrows?

A

Intraembryonic and Extraembryonic Coelomic Cavities

29
Q

During lateral folding, the amniotic cavity expands and obliterates most of the Extraembryonic Coelom. Amnion forms the epithelial covering of the…

A

Umbilical Cord

30
Q

This occurs in approximately 1 in 3000 live births and is protrusion of the viscera. This abdominal defect is to the right of the umbilical cord rather than the midline.

A

Gastroschisis

31
Q

How does Gastroschisis differ from and Umbilical Hernia?

A

In Gastroschisis, bowel is uncovered and floating in the amniotic fluid.

32
Q

This is a midline bulge of the abdominal wall, located between the Xiphoid Process and Umbilicus. Bowel is not exposed to the amniotic fluid because it remains covered by skin and subcutaneous tissues.

A

Congenital Epigastric Hernia

33
Q

The Intraembryonic Coelom will be divided into what cavities?

A

Pericardial Cavity
Pleural Cavities
Peritoneal Cavity

34
Q

All the cavities are lined with __________.

A

Mesothelium

***This is simple squamous

35
Q

The Parietal wall is derived from _________ mesoderm. This is the future Parietal layer of the Peritoneum.

A

Somatic

36
Q

The Visceral wall is derived from _________ mesoderm. This is the future Visceral layer of the Peritoneum.

A

Splanchnic

37
Q

Head fold movements reshape the Intraembryonic Coelom, which causes the Pericardial Cavity to relocate ventrally and anterior to the _________.

A

Foregut

38
Q

The Pericardial Cavity opens into two __________ _________ that are located dorsal to the foregut and the Septum Transversum.

A

Pericardioperitoneal Canals

39
Q

The caudal Peritoneal Cavity is positioned where?

A

Where Intraembyronic and Extraembryonic Coeloms are continuous

40
Q

After head folding, the Pericardial Cavity is now cranial to the ________ ________. The heart also repositions and bulges into the Pericardial Cavity.

A

Septum Transversum

41
Q

The caudal foregut, midgut, and hindgut are suspended in the Peritoneal Cavity by…

A

Dorsal Mesentery

42
Q

The Pericardioperitoneal Canals are lateral to the foregut but dorsal to the _________ _________, which is the primordium of the central tendon of the diaphragm. Partitions form in each Pericardioperitoneal Canal due to growth of the primordial lungs.

A

Septum Transversum

43
Q

To divide the body cavity, there is a cranial __________ fold and a caudal ________ fold. The cranial fold is located superior to the lungs and separates Pleural Cavities from the Pericardial Cavity. The caudal fold is located inferior to the lungs and separates Pleural Cavities from the Peritoneal Cavity.

A

Pleuropericardial

Pleuroperitoneal

44
Q

_________ folds are located superior to the developing lungs. They enlarge and form __________ membrane that project into the Pericardioperitoneal Canals.

A

Pleuropericardial

Pleuropericardial

45
Q

The Pleuropericardial Membranes fuse with mesenchyme ventral to the esophagus during the ______ week. Now, the Pericardial Cavity and Pleural Cavities are separated.

A

7th

46
Q

________ _______ will grow into the Pericardioperitoneal Canals and will extend ventrally, causing the cavity to expand.

A

Bronchial Buds

47
Q

As the Bronchial Buds grow into the cavity, it splits the mesenchyme into what layers?

A

Outer Layer = Thoracic Wall

Inner Layer = Fibrous Pericardium (Outer layer of the Pericardial Sac)

48
Q

Pleuroperitoneal folds enlarge and project into the Pericardioperitoneal Canals, which forms the ________ ________. These form as developing lungs and the Pleural Cavities expand/invade the body wall. Attach dorsolaterally to the abdominal wall.

A

Pleuroperitoneal Membranes

49
Q

The Pleuroperitoneal Membranes fuse with the dorsal mesentery of the esophagus and Septum Transversum during the ______ week. The Pleural Cavities and Peritoneal Cavity are now separated.

A

6th

***Remember, the Pleuropericardial Membranes fuse during the 7th week!

50
Q

_________ migrate into the Pleuroperitoneal Membranes and complete the closure process. The Pleuroperitoneal opening on the ________ closes slightly before the ________.

A

Myoblasts
Right
Left

51
Q

This expands and fuses with the Dorsal Mesentery of the Esophagus and Pleuroperitoneal Membranes. It becomes the Central Tendon of the Diaphragm.

A

Septum Transversum

52
Q

This fuses with the Dorsal Mesentery of the Esophagus and Septum Transversum. It becomes the primordial Diaphragm.

A

Pleuroperitoneal Membranes

53
Q

This becomes the median portion of the Diaphragm.

A

Dorsal Mesentery

54
Q

These grow into the Dorsal Mesentery and become the Crura of the Diaphragm.

A

Myoblasts

55
Q

The Pleuropericardial Membranes form partitions that separate separate Pericardial and Pleural Cavities. These membranes contain cardinal _______ and _______ migrating through the Diaphragm.

A

Veins

Myoblasts

56
Q

Myoblasts pull Ventral Rami _______ with them, then pass through the Pleuropericardial Membranes. The ________ N. subsequently lies on the Fibrous Pericardium.

A

C3-C5

Phrenic

57
Q

This is a posterolateral defect in 1 in 2200 live births. It occurs when the viscera bulges into the Pleural Cavity, causing the lung maturation to be delay and polyhydramnios may be present. The left side is typically impacted and can be corrected at birth.

A

Congenital Diaphragmatic Henria (CDH)

CPR1 Exam 1 (22 decks)

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