7 and 8

Question 1

`Archeological classification

Answer 1

The distribution of data across time and space(time-space systematics)
-unit of classification to hopefully make categories to make interpretations

-Class
-category
-type

Question 2

Taxonomy

Answer 2

one way of ordering observations “the systems of classifying concepts material, phenomena, objects

Question 3

classification breakdown

Answer 3

-Class(ceramic)
-category: Kitchen
-type:(shell-edged pearlware

Question 4

typology

Answer 4

process of arranging artifacts into meaningful groups

Question 5

type

Answer 5

a group of archeological artifacts (defined as consistent clustering of attributes

Question 6

Attribute

Answer 6

A trait that can be isolated, observed, defined

Question 7

Value

Answer 7

An acceptable measurement for a given attribute

Question 8

goals of typesology

Answer 8

-1.put into magabale units
2.Define type using agreed-upon attributes and values

3.Study variability within a type

4. identify relationships between types

Question 9

Possibilities to categorized

Answer 9

1.morphological-based on shapes

2. functional-based on how it was used
3. stylistics-used to convey information through public display
4. temporal-based on change through time

5.technological-based on how artifacts was made

6.material-based on what raw material made from

7. locational-where artifacts was made, use

Question 10

What’s a good typology

Answer 10

scientific type are abstractions
-typology accounts for all known examples of given class of artifacts, is repeatable , and can be can incorporate new example/artifacts found)
(typology taken to different site and works)
-cannot account for all possibilities

Question 11

Measurments

Answer 11

data: measurements and observation obtained help makes types
-number(measurements)
-image(plans, section, pictures, photographs)
-text(informant interview, description, field journal)
-codes(Munsell’s color code and artifacts type are code also)

-non superior to others

Question 12

value of datum

Answer 12

the values of a single datum is it ability to help us understand())))))

Question 13

Level of measurment

Answer 13

nominal:(exhaustive, mutually exclusive)(descriptions)

Ordinal: exhaustive, mutually exclusive, ranked order(wider, longer)

Interval(exhaustive, mutually exclusive, ranked order, distance between values measured)(temperature scales

Ratio: has a true zero point and absence of the phenomena being measured(Kelvin)

Question 14

After in types: Seriation

Answer 14

Seriation-relative dating techniques which allows us to order artifacts, occupational layers, or sites based on the idea that style changes through time

Question 15

Fossiles type
diagnostic artifacts

Answer 15

fossile directuer-
index fossil-
type fossil-

all means the same thing, it an artifacts used to pin point a place in time

(broken artifacts may not be diagnostic because notches are diagnostic)

Question 16

frequency seriation

Answer 16

the ordering of archeological sites, layer, within a site or materials based on the frequency of artifacts preserved in different time periods

Question 17

experimental Archelogy

Answer 17

A form of analogy-making used in archelogy in which observations are made under artificially controlled conditions(tests of efficency of tools designs that material or components from which they are made)

-production or use of features
-production and use of artifacts
-depostiin of artifacts and taphonmic processes
-community living

-how to hold sword
-how to fight with bronzed age weapon
-composition of weapon
-how swordsmanship changed

Question 18

Analogy

Answer 18

A process of reasoning in which similarly betwen two entities in some characteristics is taken to imply similarity

Question 19

Two-Specific and General analogy

Answer 19

specific-comparing specific time and place(single culture tradition

general analogy-used more boraod spread(many cultural traditons)

Question 20

Assumption e A

Answer 20

-process in past similar to present
-material in the past behave as do material in the present
-Accurate results are yielded only by strict adhere to appropriate material and technology under appropriate environmental conditions
-Positive results are only indicated of one successful solution out of many potentially successful conditions.

Question 21

Production or use of features

Answer 21

how well work
how was it made
-what was it function

Question 22

community living

Answer 22

-experiments which attempts to get totially of ancient life by experience ancients conditions

Question 23

stone tools

Answer 23

-how much energy does it take to kill and dress and cookn a deer
-how many calories are provided
what tehcnolgies were used

Question 24

Lithics

Answer 24

Means stones, comes from greek word lithos

-stone have useful properties from variety of task(chopped obsidian still used)
-Olduwam-refers to a type of sone tool found in Africa and associated with some of our earliest hominin ancestors(flaking)

-

Question 25

stone tools divided

Answer 25

-morphology(shape)
-perceived function(difficult because used for many purposes)
-

Question 26

chert vs obsidians

Answer 26

-Chert-is a microcrystalline silicate rock which is formed as nodules or layers in limestone(used the most)

obsidian-brake prdictably,vocanic, tiny, no cyrstilation

Question 27

propeties of raw material

Answer 27

-brittleness-ability to fracture without appreciatble deformation

-resilience-material store energy and resists shocks and impacts

-hardness- refers to the resistance of a material surface to permanents changes in shape when a force is applied(serval factor determine hardness)
-hardness

Question 28

other thing to consider

Answer 28

-ease of working
-availability
ability to hold edge
aesthetic appreancee

Question 29

Attributes

Answer 29

1.flaking(depend of crystalline small, high silicate:break as expected)
2.Abrading(rubbing or polishing)
3.Pulverizing(hammer)
4.Cutting
5splitting/cleaving(thermal fracture)

Question 30

Mechanic of fracturing

Answer 30

Lithic manufacture- a reductive technology(material taken away from a core to make a tool). In flake stone tehcnogly this is done by striking the core or flake at a particular angle to location causing a conchoidal fracture.

Question 31

Knapping/flint knapping

Answer 31

it is the flaking of lithic material-angle of blow is importa