1,2, and 3

Question 1

what is archeology

Answer 1

It is the study of the human past through material remains

-Human span 6 million years
-learn how they built their homes to learn how they lived

Question 2

Why study archeology

Answer 2

-to protect/preserve culture
-learn how modern diversity occurred
-symbolic value of artifacts that could impact the past
-reviews ancient practices and learn practical knowledge
-confront common misunderstanding about the pasts

Question 3

The history of Acheology

Answer 3

1.Antiquarianism
2.Early scientific archelogy
3.Anthropoligical Archeology

Question 4

Antiquarianism

Answer 4

It occurred in an era called the age of speculation which was 14th to 19th centuries

At this time people were interested in antiques
-collected Greek and roman artifacts
-recorded ancient sites(not interested in mundane objects)

Question 5

Early scientific Archeology

Answer 5

-using evidence to create explanations
-standardization of method
-robust recordation

Question 6

Standardization of Archeology events

Answer 6

-1738:Marcell venturi Hercularium
-1748:Karl Weber at Pompeii
-1784:Thomas Jefferson

Question 7

Standardization of Archeology events:1784:Thomas Jefferson

Answer 7

-not first burial mound excavated
-first to be systematically excavated
-buried mounds of Monacan tribe: mass graves of bury bone that were long decomposed

Question 8

Solidification of Archeology as a scientific endeavors:18070s-1800s

Answer 8

-August pitt River in England
-Sir Flinder Petrie at Stone Henge and in Egypt
-Heninrrch Schlamana at Troy(Hissarlik)(Not professional)and proved troy was a city using systematic archeology

Question 9

Anthropological Archeology

Answer 9

Anthropology is the study of man: Physical, cultural, physiological aspects and their interrelationships

Archeology is the study of mans past and is the anthropology of extinct people

Question 10

Fours Disciplines of anthropology as subdisciplines

Answer 10

-Culture anthropology: Study living people

-Archeology: study the past and non human ancestors

-Biological Anthropology: Forensics anthropology “Bones”

-Linguistic anthropology: Study of ancient languages

Question 11

Modern archeological Research does what

Answer 11

-Reveals: the the form of the past by making descriptions of material remain(What did a cooking pot look like)

-Lifeways: Dtermine the function of material remains

-Understand change: by understanding the cultural process of change though time(Why they build different shape home at different times)

Question 12

Goal of Modern archeological Research

Answer 12

The primary goal is to derive and process different remains using methodology and other sciences

Question 13

Specializations

Answer 13

-ethnoarchaeology’s
-zooarchaeology
-conservators
-paleobotanist
-epigrapher
-paleoanthropologists

Question 14

Archeological times

Answer 14

1.prehistory/pre-contact
2. history’s 1600s

-depends on where you are in the world
-America has protohistory where colony were ebing settle but no native conact

Question 15

Prehistory

Answer 15

-The study of the past before written records
-Medium of study:The material record recovered through archeloglogy(The maetrial interpeation of artifcats bones,paltn remains, pollen , cities,)

Question 16

History

Answer 16

-The study of the human past
-Medium of study: Written documents or accounts of contemporary people

-historical records have biased
-(Letter or poetry)

Question 17

What is considered writing

Answer 17

Petroglyphs are considered writing: art could have meaning
-Some petroglyphs are consider writing but not clear
-Arab art on wall is writing

Question 18

What is culture

Answer 18

Culture set of beliefs, norms and rules that distinguish one group from another
-It a cumulation resources that provides the means for non genetic adaption tot he environment

fish change to changes by genetic adaption while human used culture which is a nongenetic adaption to adapt to a changing environment

Question 19

Archeological culture

Answer 19

Archeological culture: It is defined as a group of sites( and by extension the people that once lived there)Linked via a similar material
-Concerned with material culture
-Artifacts that constituted the material/remains of former societies

Question 20

Artifacts

Answer 20

They are object that are human made or modified and are portable objects

Question 21

Five class of archelogy

Answer 21

1.Artifatcs
2.Ecofacts
3.Features
4.Sites
5.Regions

Question 22

Ecofacts

Answer 22

They are organic and enviormental remains that have not been mad eor modified by humans
-plant remains
-animals bone(not modified)
-pollen

Question 23

Features

Answer 23

They are non portable artifacts such as puts, walls, buildings, trash pits, harths, (Petroglyph on a large rock)

Question 24

Sites

Answer 24

A place where artifacts, ecofacts, features are found togther
-can be as huge of a sity
-simple scatter of stones on the ground as lythic debris

Question 25

Site examples

Answer 25

-surface scatter
-open-air sites
rock shelters
-residential site
-worshope
-hamot
-village
-fortified city
burial ground

Question 26

Archeological region

Answer 26

A large spatial cluster of archeological data usually a region incorporates many archeological sites

-Cuyahoga valley
-region can be made using river or naturally boundaries like mountains
-divides region by archeological cultures
-settlement patterns

Question 27

How was archeological record formed

Answer 27

Archeologist study site formation processes. These processes affect the way in which archeological material came to be buried

Question 28

System for how Material was put into the archeological record

Answer 28

1Aqusition
2.Manufacture
3.Use
4.Discard

-Within systemic(living) context, behavioral processes describe how artifacts, ecofacts,features, and site are created , used and abandoned or lost
-These can fall out of systemic (living context) and goes to archeological context

Question 29

Activities that come to be in the record

Answer 29

-Discard
-Recycling
-Loss
-Caching
-ritual intendent
-Deliberate Destruction
-Accidental Destruction

Question 30

Transformation process

Question 31

Archeological context

Answer 31

-Refers to precise location of a piece of archeological data
-Context=Matrix+Provenience+Asscoiation

-Most data lost when artifact is moved

Question 32

Matrix

Answer 32

An artifacts consists of the material surrounding which is the matrix. It is the physical medium
-They record color and texture
-Muncell’s chart(Clay silt, sand)

Question 33

Provenience

Answer 33

An artifacts provenience is the horizontal and vertical position within a matrix. How deep is it?

Question 34

Association

Answer 34

An artifacts association refers to its occurrence together with the archeological remains. Association used for dating artifacts.

Question 35

Assemblages

Answer 35

Collection of artifacts found in the same context
-may be artifacts from a whole site
-an area within a site or feature

Question 36

Type of context

Answer 36

1.Primary(It is an undisturded setting)
-Use-related(Throw away after use by people that used it
-Transposed(Moved by primary user to trash dump)

2.Secondary(It is a disturbed setting by later activity)
-natural(moved by tree roots or burrowing animals or tilling)
-use related(moved by later human for recycle )

Question 37

Example of primary and Seconday context

Answer 37

1.Burial(Primary)(use related because material were used at the time to create a burial)

2.Tilling field(Secondary)(use-related)

3.Dump(Primary)(transposed)

4.Rodent burrow(Secondary)(Natural)(Disturbed site by natural causes)

Question 38

What do you need to record when collecting different items

Answer 38

The whole point of recording is to make interpretation to find patterns that could determine function

-provenience
-material type
-dimensions
-color
-decoration
-description
-manufacture
-damage/completeness(half artifacts is hard to interpret)
-object type(Help interpret function