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From Flashcardlet > 6th - Science Chapter 4 notes > Flashcards

6th - Science Chapter 4 notes Flashcards

0
Q

What are the fragments that make up rocks?

A

Grains

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1
Q

Is a natural, solid mixture of minerals or particles?

A

Rock

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2
Q

What can a rock be classified according to?

A
  1. Size
  2. Shape
  3. Chemical composition
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3
Q

What do geologists do to rocks according to their composition and their texture?

A

Classify

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4
Q

What is the size of grains in a rock and the other way the grains fit together?

A

Texture

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5
Q

Texture can be used to determine the ____________ in which a rock formed.

A

Environment

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6
Q

What is the material that makes up a rock called?

A

Composition

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7
Q

What can the composition of a rock be used to determine?

A
  1. Where the rock was formed

2. To interpret the conditions that existed when the rock formed.

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8
Q

What are the three major rock types?

A
  1. Igneous
  2. Sedimentary
  3. Metamorphic
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9
Q

What type of rocks are formed when magma or lava cools and crystallizes?

A

Igneous rocks

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10
Q

What is the molten or liquid rock material below Earth’s surface called?

A

Magma

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11
Q

What it is called when molten rock erupts on Earth’s surface?

A

Lava

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12
Q

What type of rocks are formed where sediment is deposited?

A

Sedimentary rocks

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13
Q

Name some forces that cause rocks to break down?

A
  1. Wind
  2. Running water
  3. Ice
  4. Gravity
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14
Q

Sediment is rock material that forms where rocks are broken down into smaller pieces or _________ in water as rocks erode.

A

Dissolved

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15
Q

Sediment can be ___________ to new environments where they are deposited and form sedimentary rock.

A

Brought

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16
Q

What type of rocks form when rocks are exposed to extreme temperatures and pressure or the addition of chemical fluids?

A

Metamorphic rocks

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17
Q

The minerals that make up the rock’s composition can change as well as the ____________ or the arrangement of the individual mineral grains.

A

Texture

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18
Q

In many cases, the change is so intense that the arrangement of the grains appears what?

A

Bent or twisted layers

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19
Q

What type of rocks do metamorphic rocks form from?

A

Igneous, sedimentary or other metamorphic rocks

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20
Q

Some processes of the rock cycle such as those associated extreme temperature, pressure and melting occur only where?

A

Beneath Earth’s surface

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21
Q

What is a tectonic process that forces rocks onto Earth’s surface?

A

Uplift

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22
Q

Igneous rocks form from molten rock in what forms?

A

Magma or lava

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23
Q

Lava cools ___________ above earth’s surface.

A

Quickly

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24
Q

Magma cools more _________ below Earth’s surface.

A

Slowly

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25
Q

What type of igneous rock is formed when volcanic material erupts and cools and crystallizes on Earth’s surface?

A

Extrusive Rock

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26
Q

Some extrusive rock cools so quickly that __________ do not have time to grow.

A

Crystals

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27
Q

What is a rock that forms when lava cools too quickly to grow crystals?

A

Volcanic Glass

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28
Q

What sometimes get trapped in the lava escape, leaving holes in the extrusive rock?

A

Bubbles

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29
Q

What is igneous rock that forms as magma cools underground?

A

Intrusive Rock

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30
Q

What does intrusive rock contain because the magma cools slowly?

A

Large crystals

31
Q

As with all types of rocks, what two characteristics can help to identity igneous rocks?

A

Texture and composition

32
Q

If the crystals are small or impossible to see without a magnifying lens, it is what type of rock?

A

Extrusive Rock

33
Q

If the crystals are large enough to see and have an interlocking texture, what type of rock is it?

A

Intrusive Rock

34
Q

Igneous rocks are classified, in part, due what in their content?

A

Silica

35
Q

What -colored minerals contain more silica?

A

Light-colored

36
Q

Magma composition, the location where lava or magma cools and crystallizes, and the ______________ determine the type of igneous rock that forms.

A

Cooling rate

37
Q

What and air can change the physical or chemical properties of rock?

A

Water

38
Q

This change can cause rock to break apart, to dissolve, or to form new what!

A

Minerals

39
Q

When water travels through rock, some elements of the rock can dissolve and be ____________ to new locations.

A

Transported

40
Q

The sediment eventually are ___________, or laid down, where they can then accumulate in layers.

A

Deposited

41
Q

What is the process called as young layers of sediment are deposited on top of old layers, the weight from the layers of sediment forces out fluids and decreases space between grains?

A

Compaction

42
Q

Compaction can lead to a process called what, in which minerals dissolved in water crystallize?

A

Cement action

43
Q

Sedimentary rocks are classified by how they what?

A

Are formed

44
Q

What are broken pieces and fragments called?

A

Clast

45
Q

The size and _________ of the class help to determine which agent deposited it.

A

Shape

46
Q

Agents with enough energy to move large clast, such as a fast-flowing River, tend to move ___________, well-rounded sediment.

A

Polished?????

47
Q

Calm environments, such as the bottom of a lake, tend to have ________ sediment.

A

Angular ????

48
Q

What form when minerals crystallize directly from water?

A

Xxx

49
Q

Particles can crystallize out of a(n) _______________ solution to form minerals.

A

Water

50
Q

Chemical rocks often have a(n) _______________ crystalline texture.

A

Interlocking

51
Q

The crystal structure of a chemical rock is similar to the structure of a ______________igneous rock.

A

Intrusive

52
Q

What is composed of one dominant mineral?

A

Chemical sedimentary rocks

53
Q

What are composed of a variety of minerals?

A

Igneous rocks

54
Q

What is a sedimentary rock that is formed by organisms, or it contains the remains of organisms?

A

Biochemical rock

55
Q

Most of Earth’s _____________ formed with the help of marine organisms.

A

Limestone?

56
Q

These organisms used dissolved substances in ocean water to form their __________ parts.

A

Shell ?

57
Q

After organisms die, the hard parts of their bodies compact and ________ and form limestone.

A

Cemented

58
Q

Much of Earth’s limestone is made of what?

A

Calcite

59
Q

Some biochemical rocks contain ____________ and oxygen instead of carbonates.

A

Silicon

60
Q

What energy resource is a biochemical rock composed of the remains of plants and animals from prehistoric swamps?

A

Coal

61
Q

Metamorphic rocks form when rocks are exposed to what?

A

High temperatures and pressures

62
Q

Most metamorphic rocks form where?

A
  1. deep in the Earth’s crust

2.

63
Q

Metamorphic rocks _____________ and form layers during their formation.

A

Wrinkle?

64
Q

Rocks under high temperatures and pressure can behave like what?

A

Bendable plastic

65
Q

Plastic materials bend and _______ without melting.

A

Fold

66
Q

As they form, metamorphic rocks might permanently change shape by bending and folding during what?

A

Plastic deformation

67
Q

Bending and folding of rocks is common during the formation of what?

A

Mountains

68
Q

The temperature needed to change a rock to a metamorphic rock depends on the composition of the what?

A

Parent rock

69
Q

Temperature must reach at least what for metamorphic rocks to form?

A

Between 150C and 200C

70
Q

Pressure becomes ____________ with increased depth in Earth’s crust and mantle.

A

Greater

71
Q

Metamorphic rocks are classified based on what?

A

Texture and mineral composition

72
Q

Metamorphic rocks that contain distinct layers with parallel, flat, or elongated minerals are called?

A

Foliated rocks

73
Q

What are metamorphic rocks that have mineral grains with a random, interlocking texture called?

A

Nonfoliated rocks

74
Q

What is one way that nonfoliated rocks are formed?

A

Contact metamorphism

75
Q

At these contacts, heat and gases from ___________ interact with surrounding rock, forming metamorphic rock.

A

Xxxx

76
Q

What is the formation of extremely large metamorphic rocks? This process can create an entire ______________ of metamorphic rock.

A

Regional metamorphism; mountain range

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