6C: Regulation of blood glucose

Question 1

When talking about glucose levels we are usually referring to

Answer 1

Blood glucose

Question 2

Glucose from food

Answer 2

carbohydrates are broken down into glucose–>glucose in the small intestine–>transported in blood via glucose transporters

Question 3

Glucose–>Skeletal muscle

Answer 3

burned immediately, stored as glycogen

Question 4

Glucose–>liver

Answer 4

burned immediately, stored as glycogen

Question 5

Glucose–>Adipose tissue

Answer 5

stored as fat (adipose tissue)(glucose will need to be converted into triglycerides in order to become fat)

Question 6

Glycogenesis

Answer 6

glucose–>glycogen

Question 7

Glycogenolysis

Answer 7

Glycogen–>glucose

Question 8

Hyperglycaemia

Answer 8

high blood sugar/glucose

Question 9

Normal levels of blood glucose

Answer 9

normal levels of blood glucose (optimal)

Question 10

Hypoglycemia

Answer 10

low levels of blood sugar/glucose

Question 11

Pancreas is made up of a clump of cells called

Answer 11

The islet of Langerhans

Question 12

Two types of cells inside the islet of Langerhans are

Answer 12

Beta cells and Alpha cells

Question 13

Alpha and Beta cells control

Answer 13

blood glucose

Question 14

-gallbladder is connected to the pancreas (not relevant to topic above)

Answer 14

K

Question 15

Insulin

Answer 15

secreted by beta cells in the pancreas when blood glucose is elevated

Question 16

Glucagon

Answer 16

secreted by alpha cells in the pancreas when blood glucose is low

Question 17

Stimulus response model for increased blood glucose levels

Answer 17

-Normal glucose levels (blood glucose)–>increase of glucose–>hyperglycemia–>pancreas (pancreatic beta cells release insulin)–>cells (insulin stimulates glucose uptake by cells) AND Liver (insulin stimulates glycogenesis (glucose–>glycogen) in the liver)–>Plasma glucose returns to normal levels

Question 18

Increased blood glucose can be due to

Answer 18

increased carbs/sugars from eating food, etc

Question 19

Stimulus response model for decreased blood glucose levels

Answer 19

-Normal glucose levels (blood/0 glucose)–>decreased glucose–>Hypoglycemia–>pancreas (pancreatic alpha cells release glucagon)–>liver (glucagon stimulates gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis (glycogen–>glucose) in liver and release of glucose to plasma)–>plasma glucose returns to normal levels

Question 20

Stimulus response overview

Answer 20

)stimulus (increase or decrease of glucose)
)receptor (pancreas)
)modulator (pancrease)
)effector (liver and cells (cells only for increase of glucose (hyperglycemia)))
)response (glycogenolysis or glycogenesis)
)feedback (negative –> increase/decrease of blood glucose to normal levels)

Question 21

Paragraph on when blood sugar is high

Answer 21

-The increase of blood glucose results in hyperglycemia. In order to counteract this stimulus via homeostasis we require a receptor that is the pancreas. From the pancrease (also the modulator) pancreatic beta cells release insulin that proceed to two location. One of which being cells to which insulin stimulates glucose uptake by cells, the other being the liver to which insulin glycogenesis (the process of which glucose in turned into glycogen) within the liver. This results in the plasma glucose levels returning to an optimal/normal level.

Question 22

Paragraph of when blood sugar is low

Answer 22

-The decrease of blood glucose results in hypoglycemia. In order to counteract this stimulus via homeostasis we require a receptor that is the pancreas. From the pancrease (also the modulator) pancreatic alpha cells release glucagon. This proceeds to the liver in which glucagon stimulates gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis (glycogen–>glucose) in liver and release of glucose to plasma. This results in plasma glucose returning to a normal level.