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3002 > 68 Production of seminal fluid > Flashcards

68 Production of seminal fluid Flashcards

1
Q

Spermiogenesis pathway

A
  • Spermatocyte –> spermatid –> spermatozoon

* Occurs in seminiferous tubules

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2
Q

Function of acrosome?

A
  • Contains enzymes that break down the outer membrane of the ovum (zona pellucida)
  • Allowing the haploid nucleus in the sperm cell to join with the haploid nucleus in the ovum
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3
Q

Spermatogenesis production per fay?

A

200 million/ day

• ~ 2300/sec

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4
Q

What is the process of sperm transfer to epidydmis?

A

• Sperm in seminiferous tubules in a large volume of fluid
- washes sperm into rete testis, vasa efferentia and epididymis
• If vasa efferentia blocked, seminiferous tubules and testis swells
• 6-12 days to travel through vasa efferentia and epididymis
• Various products secreted into the seminal fluid in the epididymis

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5
Q

List the changes to spermatozoa in epididymis?

A
  • Concentration
  • Sperm modelling
  • Metabolism
  • Motility
  • Membrane
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6
Q

Changes to spermatozoa in epididymis in concentration?

A

100-fold (5 x 10^7/ml entering 5 x 10^9/ml leaving)

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7
Q

Changes to spermatozoa in epididymis in sperm modelling?

A
  • Nuclear condensation and acrosome shaping completed

* Cytoplasmic droplet shed

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8
Q

Changes to spermatozoa in epididymis in metabolism?

A
  • ↑ dependence on external fructose for glycolytic energy
  • Little oxidative metabolism
  • ↑ intracellular pH (due to Na+/H+ exchange)
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9
Q

Changes to spermatozoa in epididymis in motility?

A
  • ↑ disulphide bridges between proteins in outer dense fibres of tail
  • [cAMP] ↑ in tail
  • Acquires the capacity for forward movement
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10
Q

Changes to spermatozoa in epididymis in membrane?

A

Composition of various components change

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11
Q

Where is seminal fluid formed?

A

Accessory glands

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12
Q

Role of seminal fluid?

A

Provides nutrients to protect spermatozoa

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13
Q

Which infectious agents exploit seminal fluid?

A
  • Hep. B

* HIV

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14
Q

Seminal fluid in testes?

A
  • Vol (ml): 0.1-0.2

* Contains spermatozoa

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15
Q

Seminal fluid in seminal vesicle?

A
  • Vol (ml): 1-3

* Alkaline, gelatinous

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16
Q

Seminal fluid in prostate?

A
  • Vol (ml): 0.5-1

* Acidic, watery

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17
Q

Seminal fluid in bulbourethral glands?

A
  • Vol (ml): 0.1-0.2

* Viscous, clear

18
Q

List the major constituents of ejaculate?

A
  1. Spermatozoa
  2. Fructose
  3. Inositol
  4. Citric acid
  5. Glycerylphosphorylcholine
  6. Acid phosphatase
19
Q

Spermatozoa in ejaculate?

A
  • Conc (mM): 50-150/nl

* Main source: testes

20
Q

Fructose in ejaculate?

A
  • Conc (mM): 8-37
  • Main source: seminal vesicle + ampulla
  • Function: anaerobic energy metabolism
21
Q

Inositol in ejaculate?

A
  • Conc (mM): 1-3
  • Main source: testes + epididymis
  • Function: osmotic ballast
22
Q

Citric acid in ejaculate?

A
  • Conc (mM): 5-73
  • Main source: prostate
  • Function: Ca2+ chelator - depresses semen coagulation
23
Q

Glycerlyphosphorylcholine in ejaculate?

A
  • Conc (mM): 2-3
  • Main source: epididymis
  • Function: used as a source of choline in phospholipid metabolism
24
Q

Acid phosphatase in ejaculate?

A
  • Main source: prostate

* Function: cleaves choline from glycerophosphorylcholine

25
Q

What major constituents of ejaculate are from testes?

A
  • Spermatozoa

* Inositol (also from epididymis)

26
Q

What major constituent of ejaculate is from seminal vesicle?

A

Fructose (also from ampulla)

27
Q

What major constituent of ejaculate is from ampulla?

A

Fructose (also from seminal vesicle)

28
Q

What major constituents of ejaculate is from epididymis?

A
  • Inositol (also from testes)

* Glycerylphosphorylcholine

29
Q

What major constituents of ejaculate are from prostate?

A
  • Citric acid

* Acid phosphatase

30
Q

Penis must be turgid to introduce semen into the female genital tract. How does this happen?

A

Haemodynamic changes:

• Involves corpora cavernosa

– singular = corpus cavernosum
– sinuses along most of the length of the penis

31
Q

3 sources of arousal?

A
  1. Erotic psychological stimuli (e.g. visual, olfactory)
  2. Tactile stimuli at the level of the brain
  3. Tactile stimuli can also mediate local spinal reflexes
32
Q

Sympathetic nerves in penis?

A
  • Lower thoracic and lumbar spinal segments
  • Maintains flaccidity
  • Supplies accessory glands
33
Q

Parasympathetic nerves in penis?

A
  • Control centre in sacral spinal segments
  • ↑ activity produces turgidity
  • Supplies corpus cavernosum
34
Q

What is the tumescence of the penis?

A

Erection centre in the sacral spinal cord mediates the erection reflex

35
Q

Actions of tumescence of the penis?

A
  • Dilation of arterioles to corpus cavernous and c. spongiosum
  • Closing of arteriovenous shunts that normally bypass the c. cavernosa
  • Probably also occlusion of veins draining the penis
36
Q

Parasympathetic relaxation of vascular smooth muscle during erection?

A
  • Ach acts on vascular endothelial cells
  • Indirectly triggers release nitric oxide
  • NO causes relaxation of vascular smooth muscle
37
Q

Failure to obtain an erection can result from?

A
  1. Mechanical damage to c. cavernosa
  2. Obstruction of the arteries to the penis
  3. Drugs that block parasympathetic actions
  4. Psychological factors
  5. Stress associated with high sympathetic activity:
    • NA causes vasoconstriction of penile arterioles and so inhibits erection
38
Q

Sympathetic role in ejaculation?

A
  • Ejaculatory centre in lower thoracic and lumbar spinal cord
  • Signals to ducts of genital tract and to bulbocavernosus muscle at the base of penis
39
Q

What are the 2 phases of ejaculation?

A
  1. Emission phase:
    • Smooth muscle contraction in walls of genital tract
    • Expels semen into urethral bulb
  2. Expulsion phase:
    • Rhythmic contractions of penis and bulbocavernosus muscle
    • Ejects semen in spurts
40
Q

What is ejaculation normally followed by?

A

Refractory phase of 10 mins to an hour

41
Q

What is the composition of ejaculate (not uniform)?

A
  1. First component: Prostate
    • Rich in acid phosphatase and citric acid
  2. Second component: Vas deferens
    • Rich in spermatozoa
  3. Third component: Seminal vesicle
    • Rich in fructose
42
Q

What is coagulation followed by?

A

Liquefaction

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