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3002 > 16 Gut microbiota and immunity > Flashcards

16 Gut microbiota and immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What are the levels of gut defences?

A
  • Physical
  • Innate immunity
  • Acquired immunity
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2
Q

Physical/ innate host defences in the GI tract?

A
  • Mouth
  • Oesophagus
  • Stomach
  • Small intestine
  • Large intestine
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3
Q

4 features of the mouth as a host defence

A
  • Flow of liquids
  • Saliva
  • Antimicrobials
  • Normal microbiota
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4
Q

2 features of the oesophagus as a host defence

A
  • Flow of liquids

* Peristalsis

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5
Q

3 features of the stomach as a host defence

A
  • Acid pH
  • Antimicrobials
  • Mucus
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6
Q

7 features of the stomach as a host defence

A
  • Flow of gut contents
  • Peristalsis
  • Mucus
  • Bile
  • Secretory IgA
  • Antimicrobial peptides
  • Normal bacterial microbiota
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7
Q

4 features of the large intestine as a host defence

A
  • Normal microbiota
  • Peristalsis
  • Mucus
  • Shedding and replication of epithelium
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8
Q

Name the 3 host-bacteria relationships and the host/bacteria attitude

A
  1. Commensal:
    • Host = Unaffected
    • Bacterium = Happy
  2. Symbiotic:
    • Host = Happy
    • bacterium = Happy
  3. Parasitic:
    • Host = Unhappy
    • Bacterium = Happy
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9
Q

Probiotics:
Name 3?
Action?
Produce what?

A
  1. Lactobacillus spp.
  2. Bifidobacterium spp.
  3. Bacteroides spp.

• Alters pH but lactic acid-producing “friendly” bacteria

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10
Q

What are prebiotics?

A
  • Non-digestible food ingredients

* Stimulate growth/ activity of gut microbiota

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11
Q

Function of probiotics and prebiotics?

A
  1. Development of mucosal barrier
  2. Synthesis of vitamins
  3. Metabolism of bile acids
  4. Production of short-chain fatty acids
  5. Reduction in pH in large bowel
  6. Immune system activation
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12
Q

What bacteria is present in oesophagus and stomach?

A

Lactobacilli

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13
Q

What bacteria are present in duodenum/ jejunum?

A
  • Lactobacilli

* Steptococci

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14
Q

What bacteria are present in jejunum/ ileum?

A
  • Enterobacteria

* Bacteroides spp.

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15
Q

What bacteria are present in large bowel?

A

Frequency (highest to lowest):

100%:
• Bacteroides spp.
• Fusobacterium spp.
• Step. faecalis
• Escherichia coli
25-75%
• Enterobacteria
• Klebsiella spp.
• Eubacteria
• Bifidobacteria

10-25%:
• Lactobacillus
• Staph. aureus
• Clostridium spp.

<10%:
• Streptocci
• Pseudomonas
• Salmonella

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16
Q

What bacteria are present in focal material?

A

Frequency:

100%:
• Bacteroides spp.
• Bifidobacteria
• Eubacteria

<10%:
• Coliforms
• Strep. faecalis

17
Q

Role of gut microbiota (5)

A
  • Prevent colonisation by pathogens
  • Excrete useful metabolites
  • Ferment unused energy substrates
  • Synthesiss and excrete vitamins
  • Produce hormones
18
Q

Once a flourishing gut ecosystem is devastated by antibiotics, or left alone, what substances can restore the ecosystem?

A
  • Probiotics
  • Prebiotics
  • Bacteriotherapy
19
Q

Factors controlling gut microbiota (7)

A
  • Physiological status
  • Underlying disease
  • Intestinal secretions
  • Intestinal motility
  • Immune mechanisms
  • Environmental factors
  • Use of antibiotics
20
Q

Primary immune organ in the body?

A
  • GI tract
  • Contains 60% of total immunoglobulins and >10 million lymphocytes per gram tissue
  • GI microbiota has a strong influence on the development of the local and systemic immunity and in the regulation of immune functions
21
Q

Name 4 features associated with pathogen recognition

A
  1. PAMPs/ MAMPs: pathogen/ microbe associated molecular patterns
  2. TLRs: toll-like receptors
  3. NODs: nucleotide-binding oligomerisation domain-containing proteins
  4. NLRs: NOD-like receptors
22
Q

What are the gut microbiota- gut mucosa interactions?

A

Commensals and pathogens can induce local immune responses:

  • ->Stimulates release of NK-kB
  • ->Transciption of pro-inflammatory genes
  • -> Secretion of cytokines and chemokine e.g. TNF and IFN-gamma
23
Q

What is NF-κB?

A

A protein complex that controls transcription of DNA, cytokine production and cell survival

24
Q

Infections of the GI tract

A
  • Most infections acquired via the faecal-ral route
  • Pathogens have to overcome the host defences and compete with the microbiota
  • Infection occurs when micro-organism causes ill-health
  • Commensals may become pathogenic under right circumstances
25
Q

Acquisition of intestinal infection?

A
  • Ingestion of infected food and water
  • Ingestion of bacterial toxins
  • Use of oral antibiotics
26
Q

What are the symptoms of gastroenteritis?

A
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Diarrhoea
  • Abdominal discomfort
27
Q

What is enterocolitis?

A

Inflammation involving the mucosa of both small and large intestine

28
Q

Diarrhoea:
• What is it?
• Cause?
• Results in?

A
  • Abnormal faecal discharge characterised by frequent and/ to fluid stool
  • Result of disease in small intestine
  • Involves increased fluid and electrolyte loss
29
Q

Dysentery:
• What is it?
• Due to?
• Associated symptoms?

A
  • Inflammation disorder of the GI tract
  • Usually resulting from disease of the large intestine
  • Often associated with blood and pus in the faeces
  • Often accompanied by pain, fever and abdominal cramps
30
Q

Classification method for stool?

A

Bristol Stool Chart:

  • Type 1 - separate hard lumps
  • Type 2 - sausage-shaped but lumpy
  • Type 3 - like a sauste with cracks on surface
  • Type 4 - like a sausage, smooth and soft
  • Type 5 - soft blobs with clear-cut edges
  • Type 6 - fluffy pieces with ragged edges, a mushy stool
  • Type 7 - watery, no solid pieces. Entirely liquid
31
Q

Clinical effects of pathogenic invasion of GI tract?

A
  • Diarrhoea/ dysentery
  • Malaena
  • Blood in faeces
  • Pus in faeces
  • Abdominal cramps
  • Fever
  • Sepsis
32
Q

Examples of gut pathogens acquired from food

A
  • Escherichia coli
  • Salmonella sp.
  • Campylobacter sp.
  • Listeria sp.
  • Clostridium perfringens
  • Bacillus cereus
  • Yersinia entercolitica
  • Tapeworm
33
Q

Examples of gut pathogens acquired from water

A
  • Escherichia coli
  • Salmonella sp.
  • Campylobacter sp.
  • Shigella sp.
  • Vibrio cholerae
  • Rotavirus
34
Q

Examples of gut pathogens acquired from animals

A
  • Escherichia coli
  • Salmonella sp.
  • Campylobacter sp.
  • Clostridium perfringens
  • Yersinia enterocolitica
35
Q

Common toxin-producing pathogens in GI? Frequently associated with?

A
  • Bacillus cereus
  • Clostridium botulinum
  • Clostridium perfringens
  • Escherichia coli (enterotoxigenic - ETEC)
  • Vibrio cholerae

• Frequently associated with abdominal cramps

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