Chapter 23: Lymphatic System Flashcards
1
Q
Objectives
Describe the generalized functions of the lymphatic system and list the primary lymphatic structures.
A
Fyi
2
Q
What are the Two most important functions of the lympathtic system?
(this is in red)
A
- maintain fluid balance in the internal environment
- immunity
3
Q
What is the third function of the lymphatic system?
(this is in black)
A
it is to collect absorbed fat from the intestines and transport it to the systemic veins
4
Q
- act as drains to collect excess interstitial fluid in tissues and return it to the venous blood just before it returns to the heart (Figure 23-1 pg 723)
- If this fluid was left in the tissue, even for a brief period, it could cause massive edema of the tissue, then tissue destruction and even death.
(in black)
A
Lymph vessels
5
Q
The lymphatic system is a component of the circulatory system because it _______________
A
circulates lymph
6
Q
The lymphatic system is composed of ……….
(in red)
A
- lymph
- lymphatic vessels
- isolated structures containing lymphoid tissue (lymphocytes & other defensive cells)
7
Q
-lymph nodes, aggregated lymphoid nodules, tonsils, thymus, spleen, and bone marrow (Figure 23-2 pg 724)
(in red)
A
lymphocytes & other defensive cells
8
Q
The lymphatic system
- transports tissue fluid, proteins, fats, and other substances to the general circulation-(in black)
- Lymphatic vessels begin blindly in the intercellular spaces of the soft tissues; do not form a _____________ (in red)
A
closed circuit
9
Q
Plasma
- Fluid leaves through capillaries
- Moves into interstitial space
- Most absorbed by tissue cells or resorbed into blood by -the capillaries
- Some interstitial fluid accumulates: drains into lymph vessels and is returned to venous blood
A
Lymph system and fluid balance
10
Q
Clear, watery fluid found in the lymphatic vessels
(in black)
A
Lymph (lymphatic fluid)
11
Q
- Complex, organized fluid that fills the spaces between the cells and is part of the extracellular matrix
- Along with blood plasma, constitutes the extracellular fluid of the body
(in black)
A
Interstitial fluid
12
Q
Both closely resemble blood plasma but have a lower protein concentration
A
- Lymph (lymphatic fluid)
- Interstitial fluid
13
Q
microscopic blind-end vessels where lymphatic vessels originate (those originating in the small intestine villi are called lacteals) (in black)
A
Lymphatic capillaries
14
Q
-Lymphatic capillaries: microscopic blind-end vessels where lymphatic vessels originate (those originating in the small intestine villi are called lacteals)
- Networks branch and anastomose (connect or join)freely(black)
- *-Lymphatic capillaries merge to form larger lymphatics and eventually form the main lymphatic trunks, the right lymphatic duct, and the thoracic duct**
- **-Lymph from upper right* quadrant empties into right lymphatic duct and then into right subclavian vein
- Lymph from rest of the body empties into the thoracic duct, which then drains into the left subclavian vein; thoracic duct originates as the cisterna chyli (chyle cistern)(red)**
A
DISTRIBUTION OF THE LYMPHATIC VESSELS
(Figures 23-2 and 23-3 pg 724-725
DRAW A PICTURE TO HELP VISUALIZE
15
Q
This empties into the right lymphatic duct and then into right subclavian vein (red)
A
Lymph from upper right quadrant
16
Q
This empties into the thoracic duct, which then drains into the left subclavian vein; thoracic duct originates as the cisterna chyli (chyle cistern) RED
A
Lymph from rest of the body (if not the upper right quadrent)
17
Q
The thoracic duct originates as the- RED
A
cisterna chyli (chyle cistern)
18
Q
Take a look at figure 23-3 on page 725
it is the drained by thoracic and drained by right lymphatic duct
KNOW THe FIGURE (red)
A
know it per ms. a
19
Q
- Where the thoracic duct originates-red
- Dilated structure located in abdominal cavity in lumbar region (Fig 23-2 Pg 724) red
- Thoracic duct ascends and is about 40cm long-black
- -(fatty lymph) this, absorbs fats from intestinal tract and carries it up to the neck where it meets the L Subclavian Vein.red*
A
CISTERNA CHYLE
20
Q
This is the structure of what?
- Similar to veins except these have thinner walls, have more valves, but contain lymph nodes
- their capillary wall is formed by a single layer of thin, flat endothelial cells making it very permeable (black)
_-One-way valves _ ( red)
A
lymphatic vessels (Figure 23-4 pg 725)
21
Q
these are present every few millimeters in large lymphatics and even more frequently in smaller lymphatics. These allow the lymph to go in one direction, even against gravity.
A
One-way valves
22
Q
THE ARE FUNCTIONS OF THE WHAT?
- Remove high-molecular-weight substances and particulate matter from interstitial spaces that are too large to be absorbed by blood BLACK
- Proteins that accumulate in tissue spaces can ONLY return to blood by way of the lymphatics (50% of blood proteins “leak”) BLACK
-Lacteals RED
A
LYMPHATIC VESSELS
23
Q
these absorb fats and other nutrients from the small intestine RED
A
Lacteals
24
Q
- Can be caused by injury to main lymphatic trunks
- Cannot maintain adequate plasma protein concentration
- Will have( decrease in total blood fat RED (lacteals of small intestine, no longer absorbing fat) and become emaciated
Blood osmotic pressure falls below normal resulting in a fluid imbalanceRED
Eventual DEATH RED
A
LOSS OR BLOCKAGE OF LYMPH FLUID
25
- From lymphatic capillaries, lymph flows through progressively larger lymphatic vessels to reenter blood at the junction of the **internal jugular and subclavian veins (Figure 23-5 pg 726)**
- In order to accomplish this, the lymph system must act as a pump.RED
* **_Lymphokinesis RED_***
CIRCULATION OF LYMPH
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the movement (flow) of lymph RED
Lymphokinesis
27
KNOW FIGURE 23-5 ON PAGE 726 RED
(ITS THE RED AND BLUE SAFETY PIN LOOKING PIC
KNOW THIS
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- Lymph moves through the system, against gravity, because of the large number of valves RED
- ***Breathing movements and skeletal muscle contractions*** establish a fluid pressure gradient. RED
- Inspiration BLACK
- intraabdominal pressure to increase as intrathoracic pressure decreases. BLACK
THE LYMPHATIC PUMP -RED
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when the diaphragm contracts it is called
Inspiration
30
* *-I**_nspiration_**,** as the diaphragm contracts, causes **i_ntraabdominal pressure to increase_** _as **intrathoracic pressure decreases**_. This pressure gradient pushes the lymph uphill. BLACK
- As skeletal muscles contract, they “milk” the lymphatic vessels pushing the lymph uphill past the one way valves. (Figure 23-7 pg 727) BLACK
Breathing movements and skeletal muscle contractions establish a fluid pressure gradient RED
31
WHAT IS THIS THE STRUCTURE OF?
- These are oval-shaped structures enclosed by a fibrous capsule (Figure 23-9 pg 728) BLACK
- Once this enters a node, it moves slowly through sinuses to drain into the efferent exit vessel (Figure 23-10 pg 729) BLACK
_RED_
- Contain ***_cortical nodules***_ packed with _***lymphocytes
- Trabeculae_*** extend from the covering capsule toward the center of the node separating the nodules
- Cortical and medullary sinuses are lined with reticuloendothelial cells capable of ***_phagocytosis
- Main functions_***: defense and hematopoeisis
LYMPH NODES
32
KNOW FIGURE 23-10 ON PAGE 729
CORTICAL NODULES
TRABECULAE
MEDULLARY SINUS
ITS A NODULE
33
These extend from the covering capsule toward the center of the node separating the nodules
Trabeculae
34
Cortical and medullary sinuses are lined with reticuloendothelial cells capable of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
RED
phagocytosis
RED
35
Main functions of the lymph nodes ...
RED
defense and hematopoeisis
36
Contain cortical nodules packed with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
RED
lymphocytes
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- ***Groups with greatest clinical importance are:***
- preauricular lymph nodes
- submental and submaxillary groups
- superficial cervical
- superficial cubital
- axillary
- Iliac & inguinal lymph nodes (Figures 23-11 pg 730 & 23-2 pg 724)
ALL RED
Locations of lymph nodes
38
Size of nodes:
Pin head to lima bean
39
_KNOW 23-11 FIGURE PG 730_
PREAURICULAR NODES
SUBMANDIBULAR NODES
SUBMENTAL NODES
ANTERIOR DEE AND SUPERFICIAL CERVICAL NODES
KNOW
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_ON PAGE 724 FIGURE 23-2 LABEL RED_
CERVICAL LYMPH NODE
SUPERFICIAL CUBITAL (SUPRATROCHLEAR LYMPH NODES)
AXILLARY LYMPH NODE
INGUINAL LYMPH NODE
KOW MS A
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the ingestion and destruction of microorganisms or other small particles. RED
Phagocytosis RED
42
physically stopping particles from progressing further in the body
Mechanical filtration
43
biologic activity of cells destroys and removed particles, phagocytosis BLACK
Biological filtration
44
FIGURE 23-14 PAGE 731
WASN'T IN RED
FYI
45
2 FUNCTIONS OF LYMPH NODES - RED
- Hematopoiesis RED
- Distribution of lymphatics in the breast (Figure 23-16 pg 732) RED
46
Lymphoid tissue is the site for the final stages of maturation of some lymphocytes and monocytes that have migrated from bone marrow RED
Hematopoiesis RED
47
Drained by two sets of lymphatic vessels
- Lymphatics that drain the skin over the breast with the exception of the areola and nipple
- Lymphatics that drain the underlying substance of the breast, as well as the skin of
48
- More than 85% of the lymph from the breast enters the lymph nodes of the axillary region
- Several axillary nodes are in direct contact with breast tissue making it easy for infection and cancer to spread to the lymph nodes
- Remainder of lymph enters lymph nodes along the lateral edges of the sternum (ALL BLACK)
Lymph nodes associated with the breast
49
a surgical procedure involving the removal of some or all of the breast tissue and sometimes removal of lymph vessels/nodes.
Mastectomy
50
Occasionally a mastectomy interferes with normal lymph flow in the arm resulting in fluid accumulation in the arm.
The resulting swelling is known as what? (RED)
Lymphedema
51
These form a broken ring under the mucous membranes in the mouth and back of the throat—the pharyngeal lymphoid ring (Figure 23-17 pg 733) BLACK
Protect against bacteria that may invade tissues around the openings between the nasal and oral cavities; bacteria are trapped in tonsillar crypts and put in close contact with immune system cells
They are the 1st line of defense RED
TONSILS
52
NAME THE FOUR PAIRS OF TONSILS RED
- Palatine tonsils
- Pharyngeal tonsils
- Lingual tonsil
- Tubal tonsils
53
These tonsils are located on each side of the throat RED
Palatine tonsils
54
These tonsils are located near the posterior opening of the nasal cavity (also known as adnoids) RED
Pharyngeal tonsils
55
These tonsils are located near the base of the tongue RED
Lingual tonsils
56
These tonsils are located near the openings of the auditory (eustachian) tubes RED
Tubal tonsils
57
- A primary central organ of lymphatic system -BLACK
- Single, unpaired organ located in the mediastinum, extending upward to the lower edge of the thyroid -RED
- Each lobule is composed of a dense cellular cortex and an inner, less-dense medulla containing lymphocytes BLACK
THYMUS
(Figure 23-18 pg 734)
58
What do T cells attack? RED
foreign or abnormal cells
59
THESE ARE FUNCTION OF WHAT ?
- Plays vital role in immunity mechanism RED
- Source of lymphocytes development before birth BLACK
- Shortly after birth, secretes thymosin and other regulators, which enables lymphocytes to develop into T cells (Figure 23-19 pg 735) RED
the thymus
60
This organ is located in the left abdominopelvic cavity, directly below the diaphragm, above the left kidney and descending colon and behind the fundus of the stomach (Figure 23-20 pg 736)
SPLEEN (red)
61
What are the 4 Functions of the spleen
- Defense
- Hematopoiesis
- Red blood cell and platelet destruction
- Blood reservoir
62
what function of the spleen is this?
macrophages lining the capillaries of the spleen remove microorganisms from the blood and eat them (Phagocytosis RED
Defense
63
what function of the spleen is this?
monocytes and lymphocytes complete their development in the spleen RED
Hematopoiesis
64
what function of the spleen is this?
macrophages and removes worn-out red blood cells and imperfect platelets and destroy them by phagocytosis; also they salvage iron and globin from destroyed red blood cells
Red blood cell and platelet destruction
65
what function of the spleen is this?
pulp of spleen and its sinuses store blood which can be quickly released if needed (response to hemorrhage) RED
Blood reservoir
66
the Lymphatic system assists with 2 types of immunity…RED
- Innate Immunity
- Adaptive immunity
67
a general, nonspecific defense against anything that is not “self”, any foreign object. RED
Innate Immunity
68
defense against specific agents that the body recognizes as abnormal or non-self. Involved are the B lymphocytes and T Lymphocytes RED
Adaptive immunity
69
THE BIG PICTURE: THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND THE WHOLE BODY (BLACK)
- Lymphatic system drains away excess water from large areas
- Lymph is conducted through lymphatic vessels to nodes, where contaminants are removed
- Lymphatic system benefits the whole body by maintaining fluid balance and freedom from disease
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