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BIOLOGY 2ND SEMESTER > Chapter 23: Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Chapter 23: Lymphatic System Flashcards

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1
Q

Objectives

Describe the generalized functions of the lymphatic system and list the primary lymphatic structures.

A

Fyi

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2
Q

What are the Two most important functions of the lympathtic system?

(this is in red)

A
  1. maintain fluid balance in the internal environment
  2. immunity
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3
Q

What is the third function of the lymphatic system?

(this is in black)

A

it is to collect absorbed fat from the intestines and transport it to the systemic veins

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4
Q
  • act as drains to collect excess interstitial fluid in tissues and return it to the venous blood just before it returns to the heart (Figure 23-1 pg 723)
  • If this fluid was left in the tissue, even for a brief period, it could cause massive edema of the tissue, then tissue destruction and even death.

(in black)

A

Lymph vessels

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5
Q

The lymphatic system is a component of the circulatory system because it _______________

A

circulates lymph

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6
Q

The lymphatic system is composed of ……….

(in red)

A
  • lymph
  • lymphatic vessels
  • isolated structures containing lymphoid tissue (lymphocytes & other defensive cells)
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7
Q

-lymph nodes, aggregated lymphoid nodules, tonsils, thymus, spleen, and bone marrow (Figure 23-2 pg 724)

(in red)

A

lymphocytes & other defensive cells

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8
Q

The lymphatic system

  • transports tissue fluid, proteins, fats, and other substances to the general circulation-(in black)
  • Lymphatic vessels begin blindly in the intercellular spaces of the soft tissues; do not form a _____________ (in red)
A

closed circuit

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9
Q

Plasma

  • Fluid leaves through capillaries
  • Moves into interstitial space
  • Most absorbed by tissue cells or resorbed into blood by -the capillaries
  • Some interstitial fluid accumulates: drains into lymph vessels and is returned to venous blood
A

Lymph system and fluid balance

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10
Q

Clear, watery fluid found in the lymphatic vessels

(in black)

A

Lymph (lymphatic fluid)

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11
Q
  • Complex, organized fluid that fills the spaces between the cells and is part of the extracellular matrix
  • Along with blood plasma, constitutes the extracellular fluid of the body

(in black)

A

Interstitial fluid

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12
Q

Both closely resemble blood plasma but have a lower protein concentration

A
  • Lymph (lymphatic fluid)
  • Interstitial fluid
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13
Q

microscopic blind-end vessels where lymphatic vessels originate (those originating in the small intestine villi are called lacteals) (in black)

A

Lymphatic capillaries

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14
Q

-Lymphatic capillaries: microscopic blind-end vessels where lymphatic vessels originate (those originating in the small intestine villi are called lacteals)

  • Networks branch and anastomose (connect or join)freely(black)
  • *-Lymphatic capillaries merge to form larger lymphatics and eventually form the main lymphatic trunks, the right lymphatic duct, and the thoracic duct**
  • **-Lymph from upper right* quadrant empties into right lymphatic duct and then into right subclavian vein
  • Lymph from rest of the body empties into the thoracic duct, which then drains into the left subclavian vein; thoracic duct originates as the cisterna chyli (chyle cistern)(red)**
A

DISTRIBUTION OF THE LYMPHATIC VESSELS

(Figures 23-2 and 23-3 pg 724-725

DRAW A PICTURE TO HELP VISUALIZE

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15
Q

This empties into the right lymphatic duct and then into right subclavian vein (red)

A

Lymph from upper right quadrant

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16
Q

This empties into the thoracic duct, which then drains into the left subclavian vein; thoracic duct originates as the cisterna chyli (chyle cistern) RED

A

Lymph from rest of the body (if not the upper right quadrent)

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17
Q

The thoracic duct originates as the- RED

A

cisterna chyli (chyle cistern)

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18
Q

Take a look at figure 23-3 on page 725

it is the drained by thoracic and drained by right lymphatic duct

KNOW THe FIGURE (red)

A

know it per ms. a

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19
Q
  • Where the thoracic duct originates-red
  • Dilated structure located in abdominal cavity in lumbar region (Fig 23-2 Pg 724) red
  • Thoracic duct ascends and is about 40cm long-black
  • -(fatty lymph) this, absorbs fats from intestinal tract and carries it up to the neck where it meets the L Subclavian Vein.red*
A

CISTERNA CHYLE

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20
Q

This is the structure of what?

  • Similar to veins except these have thinner walls, have more valves, but contain lymph nodes
  • their capillary wall is formed by a single layer of thin, flat endothelial cells making it very permeable (black)

_-One-way valves _ ( red)

A

lymphatic vessels (Figure 23-4 pg 725)

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21
Q

these are present every few millimeters in large lymphatics and even more frequently in smaller lymphatics. These allow the lymph to go in one direction, even against gravity.

A

One-way valves

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22
Q

THE ARE FUNCTIONS OF THE WHAT?

  • Remove high-molecular-weight substances and particulate matter from interstitial spaces that are too large to be absorbed by blood BLACK
  • Proteins that accumulate in tissue spaces can ONLY return to blood by way of the lymphatics (50% of blood proteins “leak”) BLACK

-Lacteals RED

A

LYMPHATIC VESSELS

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23
Q

these absorb fats and other nutrients from the small intestine RED

A

Lacteals

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24
Q
  • Can be caused by injury to main lymphatic trunks
  • Cannot maintain adequate plasma protein concentration
  • Will have( decrease in total blood fat RED (lacteals of small intestine, no longer absorbing fat) and become emaciated

Blood osmotic pressure falls below normal resulting in a fluid imbalanceRED
Eventual DEATH RED

A

LOSS OR BLOCKAGE OF LYMPH FLUID

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25
Q
  • From lymphatic capillaries, lymph flows through progressively larger lymphatic vessels to reenter blood at the junction of the internal jugular and subclavian veins (Figure 23-5 pg 726)
  • In order to accomplish this, the lymph system must act as a pump.RED
  • Lymphokinesis RED*
A

CIRCULATION OF LYMPH

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26
Q

the movement (flow) of lymph RED

A

Lymphokinesis

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27
Q

KNOW FIGURE 23-5 ON PAGE 726 RED

(ITS THE RED AND BLUE SAFETY PIN LOOKING PIC

A

KNOW THIS

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28
Q
  • Lymph moves through the system, against gravity, because of the large number of valves RED
  • Breathing movements and skeletal muscle contractions establish a fluid pressure gradient. RED
  • Inspiration BLACK
  • intraabdominal pressure to increase as intrathoracic pressure decreases. BLACK
A

THE LYMPHATIC PUMP -RED

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29
Q

when the diaphragm contracts it is called

A

Inspiration

30
Q
  • *-Inspiration,** as the diaphragm contracts, causes i_ntraabdominal pressure to increase_ as intrathoracic pressure decreases. This pressure gradient pushes the lymph uphill. BLACK
  • As skeletal muscles contract, they “milk” the lymphatic vessels pushing the lymph uphill past the one way valves. (Figure 23-7 pg 727) BLACK
A

Breathing movements and skeletal muscle contractions establish a fluid pressure gradient RED

31
Q

WHAT IS THIS THE STRUCTURE OF?

  • These are oval-shaped structures enclosed by a fibrous capsule (Figure 23-9 pg 728) BLACK
  • Once this enters a node, it moves slowly through sinuses to drain into the efferent exit vessel (Figure 23-10 pg 729) BLACK

RED

  • Contain cortical nodules*** packed with _lymphocytes
  • Trabeculae_*** extend from the covering capsule toward the center of the node separating the nodules
  • Cortical and medullary sinuses are lined with reticuloendothelial cells capable of ***_phagocytosis
  • Main functions_***: defense and hematopoeisis
A

LYMPH NODES

32
Q

KNOW FIGURE 23-10 ON PAGE 729

CORTICAL NODULES

TRABECULAE

MEDULLARY SINUS

A

ITS A NODULE

33
Q

These extend from the covering capsule toward the center of the node separating the nodules

A

Trabeculae

34
Q

Cortical and medullary sinuses are lined with reticuloendothelial cells capable of ____________

RED

A

phagocytosis

RED

35
Q

Main functions of the lymph nodes …

RED

A

defense and hematopoeisis

36
Q

Contain cortical nodules packed with ____________

RED

A

lymphocytes

37
Q
  • Groups with greatest clinical importance are:
  • preauricular lymph nodes
  • submental and submaxillary groups
  • superficial cervical
  • superficial cubital
  • axillary
  • Iliac & inguinal lymph nodes (Figures 23-11 pg 730 & 23-2 pg 724)

ALL RED

A

Locations of lymph nodes

38
Q

Size of nodes:

A

Pin head to lima bean

39
Q

KNOW 23-11 FIGURE PG 730

PREAURICULAR NODES

SUBMANDIBULAR NODES

SUBMENTAL NODES

ANTERIOR DEE AND SUPERFICIAL CERVICAL NODES

A

KNOW

40
Q

ON PAGE 724 FIGURE 23-2 LABEL RED

CERVICAL LYMPH NODE

SUPERFICIAL CUBITAL (SUPRATROCHLEAR LYMPH NODES)

AXILLARY LYMPH NODE

INGUINAL LYMPH NODE

A

KOW MS A

41
Q

the ingestion and destruction of microorganisms or other small particles. RED

A

Phagocytosis RED

42
Q

physically stopping particles from progressing further in the body

A

Mechanical filtration

43
Q

biologic activity of cells destroys and removed particles, phagocytosis BLACK

A

Biological filtration

44
Q

FIGURE 23-14 PAGE 731

WASN’T IN RED

A

FYI

45
Q

2 FUNCTIONS OF LYMPH NODES - RED

A
  • Hematopoiesis RED
  • Distribution of lymphatics in the breast (Figure 23-16 pg 732) RED
46
Q

Lymphoid tissue is the site for the final stages of maturation of some lymphocytes and monocytes that have migrated from bone marrow RED

A

Hematopoiesis RED

47
Q

Drained by two sets of lymphatic vessels

A
  • Lymphatics that drain the skin over the breast with the exception of the areola and nipple
  • Lymphatics that drain the underlying substance of the breast, as well as the skin of
48
Q
  • More than 85% of the lymph from the breast enters the lymph nodes of the axillary region
  • Several axillary nodes are in direct contact with breast tissue making it easy for infection and cancer to spread to the lymph nodes
  • Remainder of lymph enters lymph nodes along the lateral edges of the sternum (ALL BLACK)
A

Lymph nodes associated with the breast

49
Q

a surgical procedure involving the removal of some or all of the breast tissue and sometimes removal of lymph vessels/nodes.

A

Mastectomy

50
Q

Occasionally a mastectomy interferes with normal lymph flow in the arm resulting in fluid accumulation in the arm.
The resulting swelling is known as what? (RED)

A

Lymphedema

51
Q

These form a broken ring under the mucous membranes in the mouth and back of the throat—the pharyngeal lymphoid ring (Figure 23-17 pg 733) BLACK

Protect against bacteria that may invade tissues around the openings between the nasal and oral cavities; bacteria are trapped in tonsillar crypts and put in close contact with immune system cells
They are the 1st line of defense RED

A

TONSILS

52
Q

NAME THE FOUR PAIRS OF TONSILS RED

A
  • Palatine tonsils
  • Pharyngeal tonsils
  • Lingual tonsil
  • Tubal tonsils
53
Q

These tonsils are located on each side of the throat RED

A

Palatine tonsils

54
Q

These tonsils are located near the posterior opening of the nasal cavity (also known as adnoids) RED

A

Pharyngeal tonsils

55
Q

These tonsils are located near the base of the tongue RED

A

Lingual tonsils

56
Q

These tonsils are located near the openings of the auditory (eustachian) tubes RED

A

Tubal tonsils

57
Q
  • A primary central organ of lymphatic system -BLACK
  • Single, unpaired organ located in the mediastinum, extending upward to the lower edge of the thyroid -RED
  • Each lobule is composed of a dense cellular cortex and an inner, less-dense medulla containing lymphocytes BLACK
A

THYMUS

(Figure 23-18 pg 734)

58
Q

What do T cells attack? RED

A

foreign or abnormal cells

59
Q

THESE ARE FUNCTION OF WHAT ?

  • Plays vital role in immunity mechanism RED
  • Source of lymphocytes development before birth BLACK
  • Shortly after birth, secretes thymosin and other regulators, which enables lymphocytes to develop into T cells (Figure 23-19 pg 735) RED
A

the thymus

60
Q

This organ is located in the left abdominopelvic cavity, directly below the diaphragm, above the left kidney and descending colon and behind the fundus of the stomach (Figure 23-20 pg 736)

A

SPLEEN (red)

61
Q

What are the 4 Functions of the spleen

A
  • Defense
  • Hematopoiesis
  • Red blood cell and platelet destruction
  • Blood reservoir
62
Q

what function of the spleen is this?

macrophages lining the capillaries of the spleen remove microorganisms from the blood and eat them (Phagocytosis RED

A

Defense

63
Q

what function of the spleen is this?

monocytes and lymphocytes complete their development in the spleen RED

A

Hematopoiesis

64
Q

what function of the spleen is this?

macrophages and removes worn-out red blood cells and imperfect platelets and destroy them by phagocytosis; also they salvage iron and globin from destroyed red blood cells

A

Red blood cell and platelet destruction

65
Q

what function of the spleen is this?

pulp of spleen and its sinuses store blood which can be quickly released if needed (response to hemorrhage) RED

A

Blood reservoir

66
Q

the Lymphatic system assists with 2 types of immunity…RED

A
  • Innate Immunity
  • Adaptive immunity
67
Q

a general, nonspecific defense against anything that is not “self”, any foreign object. RED

A

Innate Immunity

68
Q

defense against specific agents that the body recognizes as abnormal or non-self. Involved are the B lymphocytes and T Lymphocytes RED

A

Adaptive immunity

69
Q

THE BIG PICTURE: THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND THE WHOLE BODY (BLACK)

A
  • Lymphatic system drains away excess water from large areas
  • Lymph is conducted through lymphatic vessels to nodes, where contaminants are removed
  • Lymphatic system benefits the whole body by maintaining fluid balance and freedom from disease
70
Q
A

BIOLOGY 2ND SEMESTER (21 decks)

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