6.5: Token economies Flashcards
Outline and evaluate the use of token economies to treat schizophrenia (16 marks) - Likely to be 8 or 12 marks maximum, but just in case.
Token economies are a form of behavioural therapy (reward systems), based on Skinnerian operant conditioning principles, where desirable behaviours are encouraged by the use of selective reinforcement
Outline and evaluate the use of token economies to treat schizophrenia (16 marks) - Likely to be 8 or 12 marks maximum, but just in case.
Token economies are a form of behavioural therapy (reward systems), based on Skinnerian operant conditioning principles, where desirable behaviours are encouraged by the use of selective reinforcement.
Example
For example, patients are given rewards (tokens), for example coloured counters, as secondary reinforcers when they engage in correct/socially desirable behaviours or behave in appropriate ways
Outline and evaluate the use of token economies to treat schizophrenia (16 marks) - Likely to be 8 or 12 marks maximum, but just in case.
Token economies are a form of behavioural therapy (reward systems), based on Skinnerian operant conditioning principles, where desirable behaviours are encouraged by the use of selective reinforcement.
For example, patients are given rewards (tokens), for example coloured counters, as secondary reinforcers when they engage in correct/socially desirable behaviours or behave in appropriate ways.
The tokens can then later
The tokens can then later be exchanged for primary reinforcers - privileges such as favourite foods, cigarettes or watching television
Outline and evaluate the use of token economies to treat schizophrenia (16 marks) - Likely to be 8 or 12 marks maximum, but just in case.
Token economies are a form of behavioural therapy (reward systems), based on Skinnerian operant conditioning principles, where desirable behaviours are encouraged by the use of selective reinforcement.
For example, patients are given rewards (tokens), for example coloured counters, as secondary reinforcers when they engage in correct/socially desirable behaviours or behave in appropriate ways.
The tokens can then later be exchanged for primary reinforcers - privileges such as favourite foods, cigarettes or watching television.
Token economies are used in
Token economies are used in the behavioural shaping and the behaviour management of patients with schizophrenia, in particular those who have developed patterns of maladaptive behaviour through spending long periods in psychiatric hospitals (institutionalised patients).
Outline and evaluate the use of token economies to treat schizophrenia (16 marks) - Likely to be 8 or 12 marks maximum, but just in case.
Token economies are a form of behavioural therapy (reward systems), based on Skinnerian operant conditioning principles, where desirable behaviours are encouraged by the use of selective reinforcement.
For example, patients are given rewards (tokens), for example coloured counters, as secondary reinforcers when they engage in correct/socially desirable behaviours or behave in appropriate ways.
The tokens can then later be exchanged for primary reinforcers - privileges such as favourite foods, cigarettes or watching television.
Token economies are used in the behavioural shaping and the behaviour management of patients with schizophrenia, in particular those who have developed patterns of maladaptive behaviour through spending long periods in psychiatric hospitals (institutionalised patients).
Modifying these habits
Modifying these habits does not cure schizophrenia, but it improves the patient’s quality of life and makes it more likely that they can live outside a hospital setting
Outline and evaluate the use of token economies to treat schizophrenia (16 marks) - Likely to be 8 or 12 marks maximum, but just in case.
Token economies are a form of behavioural therapy (reward systems), based on Skinnerian operant conditioning principles, where desirable behaviours are encouraged by the use of selective reinforcement.
For example, patients are given rewards (tokens), for example coloured counters, as secondary reinforcers when they engage in correct/socially desirable behaviours or behave in appropriate ways.
The tokens can then later be exchanged for primary reinforcers - privileges such as favourite foods, cigarettes or watching television.
Token economies are used in the behavioural shaping and the behaviour management of patients with schizophrenia, in particular those who have developed patterns of maladaptive behaviour through spending long periods in psychiatric hospitals (institutionalised patients).
Modifying these habits does not cure schizophrenia, but it improves the patient’s quality of life and makes it more likely that they can live outside a hospital setting.
First AO3 PEEL paragraph
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for token economies
Outline and evaluate the use of token economies to treat schizophrenia (16 marks) - Likely to be 8 or 12 marks maximum, but just in case.
Token economies are a form of behavioural therapy (reward systems), based on Skinnerian operant conditioning principles, where desirable behaviours are encouraged by the use of selective reinforcement.
For example, patients are given rewards (tokens), for example coloured counters, as secondary reinforcers when they engage in correct/socially desirable behaviours or behave in appropriate ways.
The tokens can then later be exchanged for primary reinforcers - privileges such as favourite foods, cigarettes or watching television.
Token economies are used in the behavioural shaping and the behaviour management of patients with schizophrenia, in particular those who have developed patterns of maladaptive behaviour through spending long periods in psychiatric hospitals (institutionalised patients).
Modifying these habits does not cure schizophrenia, but it improves the patient’s quality of life and makes it more likely that they can live outside a hospital setting.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for token economies.
Example
For example, Ayllon and Azrin (1968) found that token economies are a successful technique when used with female schizophrenic patients for an average of 16 years.
Rewarded with tokens that could be exchanged for viewing a film or visiting the canteen for behaviours such as brushing their hair and making their beds, the average number of daily chores completed rose from 5 to 42
Outline and evaluate the use of token economies to treat schizophrenia (16 marks) - Likely to be 8 or 12 marks maximum, but just in case.
Token economies are a form of behavioural therapy (reward systems), based on Skinnerian operant conditioning principles, where desirable behaviours are encouraged by the use of selective reinforcement.
For example, patients are given rewards (tokens), for example coloured counters, as secondary reinforcers when they engage in correct/socially desirable behaviours or behave in appropriate ways.
The tokens can then later be exchanged for primary reinforcers - privileges such as favourite foods, cigarettes or watching television.
Token economies are used in the behavioural shaping and the behaviour management of patients with schizophrenia, in particular those who have developed patterns of maladaptive behaviour through spending long periods in psychiatric hospitals (institutionalised patients).
Modifying these habits does not cure schizophrenia, but it improves the patient’s quality of life and makes it more likely that they can live outside a hospital setting.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for token economies.
For example, Ayllon and Azrin (1968) found that token economies are a successful technique when used with female schizophrenic patients for an average of 16 years.
Rewarded with tokens that could be exchanged for viewing a film or visiting the canteen for behaviours such as brushing their hair and making their beds, the average number of daily chores completed rose from 5 to 42.
What does this show?
This shows that token economies are effective in getting patients to take more responsibility for themselves and as a treatment for schizophrenia
Outline and evaluate the use of token economies to treat schizophrenia (16 marks) - Likely to be 8 or 12 marks maximum, but just in case.
Token economies are a form of behavioural therapy (reward systems), based on Skinnerian operant conditioning principles, where desirable behaviours are encouraged by the use of selective reinforcement.
For example, patients are given rewards (tokens), for example coloured counters, as secondary reinforcers when they engage in correct/socially desirable behaviours or behave in appropriate ways.
The tokens can then later be exchanged for primary reinforcers - privileges such as favourite foods, cigarettes or watching television.
Token economies are used in the behavioural shaping and the behaviour management of patients with schizophrenia, in particular those who have developed patterns of maladaptive behaviour through spending long periods in psychiatric hospitals (institutionalised patients).
Modifying these habits does not cure schizophrenia, but it improves the patient’s quality of life and makes it more likely that they can live outside a hospital setting.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for token economies.
For example, Ayllon and Azrin (1968) found that token economies are a successful technique when used with female schizophrenic patients for an average of 16 years.
Rewarded with tokens that could be exchanged for viewing a film or visiting the canteen for behaviours such as brushing their hair and making their beds, the average number of daily chores completed rose from 5 to 42.
This shows that token economies are effective in getting patients to take more responsibility for themselves and as a treatment for schizophrenia.
Second AO3 PEEL paragraph
The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, research into token economies are contradictory
Outline and evaluate the use of token economies to treat schizophrenia (16 marks) - Likely to be 8 or 12 marks maximum, but just in case.
Token economies are a form of behavioural therapy (reward systems), based on Skinnerian operant conditioning principles, where desirable behaviours are encouraged by the use of selective reinforcement.
For example, patients are given rewards (tokens), for example coloured counters, as secondary reinforcers when they engage in correct/socially desirable behaviours or behave in appropriate ways.
The tokens can then later be exchanged for primary reinforcers - privileges such as favourite foods, cigarettes or watching television.
Token economies are used in the behavioural shaping and the behaviour management of patients with schizophrenia, in particular those who have developed patterns of maladaptive behaviour through spending long periods in psychiatric hospitals (institutionalised patients).
Modifying these habits does not cure schizophrenia, but it improves the patient’s quality of life and makes it more likely that they can live outside a hospital setting.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for token economies.
For example, Ayllon and Azrin (1968) found that token economies are a successful technique when used with female schizophrenic patients for an average of 16 years.
Rewarded with tokens that could be exchanged for viewing a film or visiting the canteen for behaviours such as brushing their hair and making their beds, the average number of daily chores completed rose from 5 to 42.
This shows that token economies are effective in getting patients to take more responsibility for themselves and as a treatment for schizophrenia.
The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, research into token economies are contradictory.
Example
For example, McMonagle and Sultana (2004) reviewed the evidence for token economies and found only 3 studies where patients had been randomly allocated to conditions, with a total of only 110 patients.
Random allocation is important in matching patients to treatment and control groups
Outline and evaluate the use of token economies to treat schizophrenia (16 marks) - Likely to be 8 or 12 marks maximum, but just in case.
Token economies are a form of behavioural therapy (reward systems), based on Skinnerian operant conditioning principles, where desirable behaviours are encouraged by the use of selective reinforcement.
For example, patients are given rewards (tokens), for example coloured counters, as secondary reinforcers when they engage in correct/socially desirable behaviours or behave in appropriate ways.
The tokens can then later be exchanged for primary reinforcers - privileges such as favourite foods, cigarettes or watching television.
Token economies are used in the behavioural shaping and the behaviour management of patients with schizophrenia, in particular those who have developed patterns of maladaptive behaviour through spending long periods in psychiatric hospitals (institutionalised patients).
Modifying these habits does not cure schizophrenia, but it improves the patient’s quality of life and makes it more likely that they can live outside a hospital setting.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for token economies.
For example, Ayllon and Azrin (1968) found that token economies are a successful technique when used with female schizophrenic patients for an average of 16 years.
Rewarded with tokens that could be exchanged for viewing a film or visiting the canteen for behaviours such as brushing their hair and making their beds, the average number of daily chores completed rose from 5 to 42.
This shows that token economies are effective in getting patients to take more responsibility for themselves and as a treatment for schizophrenia.
The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, research into token economies are contradictory.
For example, McMonagle and Sultana (2004) reviewed the evidence for token economies and found only 3 studies where patients had been randomly allocated to conditions, with a total of only 110 patients.
Random allocation is important in matching patients to treatment and control groups.
What does this mean?
This means that conclusions of the effectiveness of token economies are difficult to determine
Outline and evaluate the use of token economies to treat schizophrenia (16 marks) - Likely to be 8 or 12 marks maximum, but just in case.
Token economies are a form of behavioural therapy (reward systems), based on Skinnerian operant conditioning principles, where desirable behaviours are encouraged by the use of selective reinforcement.
For example, patients are given rewards (tokens), for example coloured counters, as secondary reinforcers when they engage in correct/socially desirable behaviours or behave in appropriate ways.
The tokens can then later be exchanged for primary reinforcers - privileges such as favourite foods, cigarettes or watching television.
Token economies are used in the behavioural shaping and the behaviour management of patients with schizophrenia, in particular those who have developed patterns of maladaptive behaviour through spending long periods in psychiatric hospitals (institutionalised patients).
Modifying these habits does not cure schizophrenia, but it improves the patient’s quality of life and makes it more likely that they can live outside a hospital setting.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for token economies.
For example, Ayllon and Azrin (1968) found that token economies are a successful technique when used with female schizophrenic patients for an average of 16 years.
Rewarded with tokens that could be exchanged for viewing a film or visiting the canteen for behaviours such as brushing their hair and making their beds, the average number of daily chores completed rose from 5 to 42.
This shows that token economies are effective in getting patients to take more responsibility for themselves and as a treatment for schizophrenia.
The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, research into token economies are contradictory.
For example, McMonagle and Sultana (2004) reviewed the evidence for token economies and found only 3 studies where patients had been randomly allocated to conditions, with a total of only 110 patients.
Random allocation is important in matching patients to treatment and control groups.
This means that conclusions of the effectiveness of token economies are difficult to determine.
Only one of the 3 studies showed improvement in symptoms and none yielded useful information about behaviour change, which shows that token economies are not a valid treatment for schizophrenia
Outline and evaluate the use of token economies to treat schizophrenia (16 marks) - Likely to be 8 or 12 marks maximum, but just in case.
Token economies are a form of behavioural therapy (reward systems), based on Skinnerian operant conditioning principles, where desirable behaviours are encouraged by the use of selective reinforcement.
For example, patients are given rewards (tokens), for example coloured counters, as secondary reinforcers when they engage in correct/socially desirable behaviours or behave in appropriate ways.
The tokens can then later be exchanged for primary reinforcers - privileges such as favourite foods, cigarettes or watching television.
Token economies are used in the behavioural shaping and the behaviour management of patients with schizophrenia, in particular those who have developed patterns of maladaptive behaviour through spending long periods in psychiatric hospitals (institutionalised patients).
Modifying these habits does not cure schizophrenia, but it improves the patient’s quality of life and makes it more likely that they can live outside a hospital setting.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for token economies.
For example, Ayllon and Azrin (1968) found that token economies are a successful technique when used with female schizophrenic patients for an average of 16 years.
Rewarded with tokens that could be exchanged for viewing a film or visiting the canteen for behaviours such as brushing their hair and making their beds, the average number of daily chores completed rose from 5 to 42.
This shows that token economies are effective in getting patients to take more responsibility for themselves and as a treatment for schizophrenia.
The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, research into token economies are contradictory.
For example, McMonagle and Sultana (2004) reviewed the evidence for token economies and found only 3 studies where patients had been randomly allocated to conditions, with a total of only 110 patients.
Random allocation is important in matching patients to treatment and control groups.
This means that conclusions of the effectiveness of token economies are difficult to determine.
Only one of the 3 studies showed improvement in symptoms and none yielded useful information about behaviour change, which shows that token economies are not a valid treatment for schizophrenia.
Third AO3 PEEL paragraph
The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that token economies raise ethical issues and they have proven controversial
Outline and evaluate the use of token economies to treat schizophrenia (16 marks) - Likely to be 8 or 12 marks maximum, but just in case.
Token economies are a form of behavioural therapy (reward systems), based on Skinnerian operant conditioning principles, where desirable behaviours are encouraged by the use of selective reinforcement.
For example, patients are given rewards (tokens), for example coloured counters, as secondary reinforcers when they engage in correct/socially desirable behaviours or behave in appropriate ways.
The tokens can then later be exchanged for primary reinforcers - privileges such as favourite foods, cigarettes or watching television.
Token economies are used in the behavioural shaping and the behaviour management of patients with schizophrenia, in particular those who have developed patterns of maladaptive behaviour through spending long periods in psychiatric hospitals (institutionalised patients).
Modifying these habits does not cure schizophrenia, but it improves the patient’s quality of life and makes it more likely that they can live outside a hospital setting.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for token economies.
For example, Ayllon and Azrin (1968) found that token economies are a successful technique when used with female schizophrenic patients for an average of 16 years.
Rewarded with tokens that could be exchanged for viewing a film or visiting the canteen for behaviours such as brushing their hair and making their beds, the average number of daily chores completed rose from 5 to 42.
This shows that token economies are effective in getting patients to take more responsibility for themselves and as a treatment for schizophrenia.
The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, research into token economies are contradictory.
For example, McMonagle and Sultana (2004) reviewed the evidence for token economies and found only 3 studies where patients had been randomly allocated to conditions, with a total of only 110 patients.
Random allocation is important in matching patients to treatment and control groups.
This means that conclusions of the effectiveness of token economies are difficult to determine.
Only one of the 3 studies showed improvement in symptoms and none yielded useful information about behaviour change, which shows that token economies are not a valid treatment for schizophrenia.
The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that token economies raise ethical issues and they have proven controversial.
What is the major issue?
The major issue is that individuals with more severe symptoms of schizophrenia won’t be able to partake in them, because they might not have enough motivation to do so, for example, or their symptoms could prevent them from complying with desirable behaviours
Outline and evaluate the use of token economies to treat schizophrenia (16 marks) - Likely to be 8 or 12 marks maximum, but just in case.
Token economies are a form of behavioural therapy (reward systems), based on Skinnerian operant conditioning principles, where desirable behaviours are encouraged by the use of selective reinforcement.
For example, patients are given rewards (tokens), for example coloured counters, as secondary reinforcers when they engage in correct/socially desirable behaviours or behave in appropriate ways.
The tokens can then later be exchanged for primary reinforcers - privileges such as favourite foods, cigarettes or watching television.
Token economies are used in the behavioural shaping and the behaviour management of patients with schizophrenia, in particular those who have developed patterns of maladaptive behaviour through spending long periods in psychiatric hospitals (institutionalised patients).
Modifying these habits does not cure schizophrenia, but it improves the patient’s quality of life and makes it more likely that they can live outside a hospital setting.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for token economies.
For example, Ayllon and Azrin (1968) found that token economies are a successful technique when used with female schizophrenic patients for an average of 16 years.
Rewarded with tokens that could be exchanged for viewing a film or visiting the canteen for behaviours such as brushing their hair and making their beds, the average number of daily chores completed rose from 5 to 42.
This shows that token economies are effective in getting patients to take more responsibility for themselves and as a treatment for schizophrenia.
The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, research into token economies are contradictory.
For example, McMonagle and Sultana (2004) reviewed the evidence for token economies and found only 3 studies where patients had been randomly allocated to conditions, with a total of only 110 patients.
Random allocation is important in matching patients to treatment and control groups.
This means that conclusions of the effectiveness of token economies are difficult to determine.
Only one of the 3 studies showed improvement in symptoms and none yielded useful information about behaviour change, which shows that token economies are not a valid treatment for schizophrenia.
The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that token economies raise ethical issues and they have proven controversial.
The major issue is that individuals with more severe symptoms of schizophrenia won’t be able to partake in them, because they might not have enough motivation to do so, for example, or their symptoms could prevent them from complying with desirable behaviours.
What does this mean?
This means that the most severely ill patients suffer discrimination in addition to other symptoms
