6.5: Family therapy Flashcards

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1
Q

Outline and evaluate the use of family therapy to treat schizophrenia (16 marks) - Likely to be 8 or 12 marks maximum, but just in case.

A

Family therapy is a psychological therapy carried out with all or some members of a family with a schizophrenic individual, with the aim of improving the quality of their communication and reducing the stress of living as a family

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2
Q

Outline and evaluate the use of family therapy to treat schizophrenia (16 marks) - Likely to be 8 or 12 marks maximum, but just in case.
Family therapy is a psychological therapy carried out with all or some members of a family with a schizophrenic individual, with the aim of improving the quality of their communication and reducing the stress of living as a family.
What does family therapy aim to do?

A

Family therapy aims to reduce high levels of expressed emotion (EE)

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3
Q

Outline and evaluate the use of family therapy to treat schizophrenia (16 marks) - Likely to be 8 or 12 marks maximum, but just in case.
Family therapy is a psychological therapy carried out with all or some members of a family with a schizophrenic individual, with the aim of improving the quality of their communication and reducing the stress of living as a family.
Family therapy aims to reduce high levels of expressed emotion (EE).
Why is this?

A

This is because families with high levels of criticism, hostility and over-involvement mean that schizophrenia patients have more frequent relapses

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4
Q

Outline and evaluate the use of family therapy to treat schizophrenia (16 marks) - Likely to be 8 or 12 marks maximum, but just in case.
Family therapy is a psychological therapy carried out with all or some members of a family with a schizophrenic individual, with the aim of improving the quality of their communication and reducing the stress of living as a family.
Family therapy aims to reduce high levels of expressed emotion (EE).
This is because families with high levels of criticism, hostility and over-involvement mean that schizophrenia patients have more frequent relapses.

A

Pharoah et al. (2010) identified a range of strategies family therapists use, including:

  1. The reduction of anger and guilt in family members
  2. Helping family members achieve a balance between caring for the individual with schizophrenia and maintaining their own lives
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5
Q

Outline and evaluate the use of family therapy to treat schizophrenia (16 marks) - Likely to be 8 or 12 marks maximum, but just in case.
Family therapy is a psychological therapy carried out with all or some members of a family with a schizophrenic individual, with the aim of improving the quality of their communication and reducing the stress of living as a family.
Family therapy aims to reduce high levels of expressed emotion (EE).
This is because families with high levels of criticism, hostility and over-involvement mean that schizophrenia patients have more frequent relapses.
Pharoah et al. (2010) identified a range of strategies family therapists use, including the reduction of anger and guilt in family members and helping family members achieve a balance between caring for the individual with schizophrenia and maintaining their own lives.
How do Pharoah et al. suggest these strategies work?

A

Pharoah et al. suggest that these strategies work by reducing levels of stress and expressed emotion, while increasing the chances of patients’ complying with medication

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6
Q

Outline and evaluate the use of family therapy to treat schizophrenia (16 marks) - Likely to be 8 or 12 marks maximum, but just in case.
Family therapy is a psychological therapy carried out with all or some members of a family with a schizophrenic individual, with the aim of improving the quality of their communication and reducing the stress of living as a family.
Family therapy aims to reduce high levels of expressed emotion (EE).
This is because families with high levels of criticism, hostility and over-involvement mean that schizophrenia patients have more frequent relapses.
Pharoah et al. (2010) identified a range of strategies family therapists use, including the reduction of anger and guilt in family members and helping family members achieve a balance between caring for the individual with schizophrenia and maintaining their own lives.
Pharoah et al. suggest that these strategies work by reducing levels of stress and expressed emotion, while increasing the chances of patients’ complying with medication.
What does this combination of benefits tend to result in?

A

This combination of benefits tends to result in a reduced likelihood of relapse and re-admission to hospital

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7
Q

Outline and evaluate the use of family therapy to treat schizophrenia (16 marks) - Likely to be 8 or 12 marks maximum, but just in case.
Family therapy is a psychological therapy carried out with all or some members of a family with a schizophrenic individual, with the aim of improving the quality of their communication and reducing the stress of living as a family.
Family therapy aims to reduce high levels of expressed emotion (EE).
This is because families with high levels of criticism, hostility and over-involvement mean that schizophrenia patients have more frequent relapses.
Pharoah et al. (2010) identified a range of strategies family therapists use, including the reduction of anger and guilt in family members and helping family members achieve a balance between caring for the individual with schizophrenia and maintaining their own lives.
Pharoah et al. suggest that these strategies work by reducing levels of stress and expressed emotion, while increasing the chances of patients’ complying with medication.
This combination of benefits tends to result in a reduced likelihood of relapse and re-admission to hospital.

First AO3 PEEL paragraph

A

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that research evidence suggests that family therapy can be effective in improving clinical outcomes

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8
Q

Outline and evaluate the use of family therapy to treat schizophrenia (16 marks) - Likely to be 8 or 12 marks maximum, but just in case.
Family therapy is a psychological therapy carried out with all or some members of a family with a schizophrenic individual, with the aim of improving the quality of their communication and reducing the stress of living as a family.
Family therapy aims to reduce high levels of expressed emotion (EE).
This is because families with high levels of criticism, hostility and over-involvement mean that schizophrenia patients have more frequent relapses.
Pharoah et al. (2010) identified a range of strategies family therapists use, including the reduction of anger and guilt in family members and helping family members achieve a balance between caring for the individual with schizophrenia and maintaining their own lives.
Pharoah et al. suggest that these strategies work by reducing levels of stress and expressed emotion, while increasing the chances of patients’ complying with medication.
This combination of benefits tends to result in a reduced likelihood of relapse and re-admission to hospital.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that research evidence suggests that family therapy can be effective in improving clinical outcomes.
Example

A

For example, Pharoah et al. (2010) reviewed 53 studies published and found that patients showed some improvements in social functioning and mental state. Patients were also less likely to relapse

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9
Q

Outline and evaluate the use of family therapy to treat schizophrenia (16 marks) - Likely to be 8 or 12 marks maximum, but just in case.
Family therapy is a psychological therapy carried out with all or some members of a family with a schizophrenic individual, with the aim of improving the quality of their communication and reducing the stress of living as a family.
Family therapy aims to reduce high levels of expressed emotion (EE).
This is because families with high levels of criticism, hostility and over-involvement mean that schizophrenia patients have more frequent relapses.
Pharoah et al. (2010) identified a range of strategies family therapists use, including the reduction of anger and guilt in family members and helping family members achieve a balance between caring for the individual with schizophrenia and maintaining their own lives.
Pharoah et al. suggest that these strategies work by reducing levels of stress and expressed emotion, while increasing the chances of patients’ complying with medication.
This combination of benefits tends to result in a reduced likelihood of relapse and re-admission to hospital.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that research evidence suggests that family therapy can be effective in improving clinical outcomes.
For example, Pharoah et al. (2010) reviewed 53 studies published and found that patients showed some improvements in social functioning and mental state. Patients were also less likely to relapse.
However,

A

However, Pharoah et al. suggest that the main reason for its effectiveness may have less to do with the interventions themselves and more to do with the fact that it increases medication compliance

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10
Q

Outline and evaluate the use of family therapy to treat schizophrenia (16 marks) - Likely to be 8 or 12 marks maximum, but just in case.
Family therapy is a psychological therapy carried out with all or some members of a family with a schizophrenic individual, with the aim of improving the quality of their communication and reducing the stress of living as a family.
Family therapy aims to reduce high levels of expressed emotion (EE).
This is because families with high levels of criticism, hostility and over-involvement mean that schizophrenia patients have more frequent relapses.
Pharoah et al. (2010) identified a range of strategies family therapists use, including the reduction of anger and guilt in family members and helping family members achieve a balance between caring for the individual with schizophrenia and maintaining their own lives.
Pharoah et al. suggest that these strategies work by reducing levels of stress and expressed emotion, while increasing the chances of patients’ complying with medication.
This combination of benefits tends to result in a reduced likelihood of relapse and re-admission to hospital.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that research evidence suggests that family therapy can be effective in improving clinical outcomes.
For example, Pharoah et al. (2010) reviewed 53 studies published and found that patients showed some improvements in social functioning and mental state. Patients were also less likely to relapse.
However, Pharoah et al. suggest that the main reason for its effectiveness may have less to do with the interventions themselves and more to do with the fact that it increases medication compliance.
As such,

A

As such, this undermines the evidence, because it suggests that the beneficial effects are not the result of family therapy itself, but because family therapy means patients are more likely to take their drugs (which are effective)

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11
Q

Outline and evaluate the use of family therapy to treat schizophrenia (16 marks) - Likely to be 8 or 12 marks maximum, but just in case.
Family therapy is a psychological therapy carried out with all or some members of a family with a schizophrenic individual, with the aim of improving the quality of their communication and reducing the stress of living as a family.
Family therapy aims to reduce high levels of expressed emotion (EE).
This is because families with high levels of criticism, hostility and over-involvement mean that schizophrenia patients have more frequent relapses.
Pharoah et al. (2010) identified a range of strategies family therapists use, including the reduction of anger and guilt in family members and helping family members achieve a balance between caring for the individual with schizophrenia and maintaining their own lives.
Pharoah et al. suggest that these strategies work by reducing levels of stress and expressed emotion, while increasing the chances of patients’ complying with medication.
This combination of benefits tends to result in a reduced likelihood of relapse and re-admission to hospital.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that research evidence suggests that family therapy can be effective in improving clinical outcomes.
For example, Pharoah et al. (2010) reviewed 53 studies published and found that patients showed some improvements in social functioning and mental state. Patients were also less likely to relapse.
However, Pharoah et al. suggest that the main reason for its effectiveness may have less to do with the interventions themselves and more to do with the fact that it increases medication compliance.
As such, this undermines the evidence, because it suggests that the beneficial effects are not the result of family therapy itself, but because family therapy means patients are more likely to take their drugs (which are effective).

Second AO3 PEEL paragraph

A

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that family therapy has an additional advantage in having a positive impact on family members

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12
Q

Outline and evaluate the use of family therapy to treat schizophrenia (16 marks) - Likely to be 8 or 12 marks maximum, but just in case.
Family therapy is a psychological therapy carried out with all or some members of a family with a schizophrenic individual, with the aim of improving the quality of their communication and reducing the stress of living as a family.
Family therapy aims to reduce high levels of expressed emotion (EE).
This is because families with high levels of criticism, hostility and over-involvement mean that schizophrenia patients have more frequent relapses.
Pharoah et al. (2010) identified a range of strategies family therapists use, including the reduction of anger and guilt in family members and helping family members achieve a balance between caring for the individual with schizophrenia and maintaining their own lives.
Pharoah et al. suggest that these strategies work by reducing levels of stress and expressed emotion, while increasing the chances of patients’ complying with medication.
This combination of benefits tends to result in a reduced likelihood of relapse and re-admission to hospital.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that research evidence suggests that family therapy can be effective in improving clinical outcomes.
For example, Pharoah et al. (2010) reviewed 53 studies published and found that patients showed some improvements in social functioning and mental state. Patients were also less likely to relapse.
However, Pharoah et al. suggest that the main reason for its effectiveness may have less to do with the interventions themselves and more to do with the fact that it increases medication compliance.
As such, this undermines the evidence, because it suggests that the beneficial effects are not the result of family therapy itself, but because family therapy means patients are more likely to take their drugs (which are effective).

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that family therapy has an additional advantage in having a positive impact on family members.
Example

A

For example, Lobban et al. (2013) analysed the results of 50 family therapy studies that had included an intervention to help relatives.
60% of these studies reported a significant positive impact on at least one outcome category for relatives, for example coping, relationship quality or problem-solving skills

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13
Q

Outline and evaluate the use of family therapy to treat schizophrenia (16 marks) - Likely to be 8 or 12 marks maximum, but just in case.
Family therapy is a psychological therapy carried out with all or some members of a family with a schizophrenic individual, with the aim of improving the quality of their communication and reducing the stress of living as a family.
Family therapy aims to reduce high levels of expressed emotion (EE).
This is because families with high levels of criticism, hostility and over-involvement mean that schizophrenia patients have more frequent relapses.
Pharoah et al. (2010) identified a range of strategies family therapists use, including the reduction of anger and guilt in family members and helping family members achieve a balance between caring for the individual with schizophrenia and maintaining their own lives.
Pharoah et al. suggest that these strategies work by reducing levels of stress and expressed emotion, while increasing the chances of patients’ complying with medication.
This combination of benefits tends to result in a reduced likelihood of relapse and re-admission to hospital.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that research evidence suggests that family therapy can be effective in improving clinical outcomes.
For example, Pharoah et al. (2010) reviewed 53 studies published and found that patients showed some improvements in social functioning and mental state. Patients were also less likely to relapse.
However, Pharoah et al. suggest that the main reason for its effectiveness may have less to do with the interventions themselves and more to do with the fact that it increases medication compliance.
As such, this undermines the evidence, because it suggests that the beneficial effects are not the result of family therapy itself, but because family therapy means patients are more likely to take their drugs (which are effective).

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that family therapy has an additional advantage in having a positive impact on family members.
For example, Lobban et al. (2013) analysed the results of 50 family therapy studies that had included an intervention to help relatives.
60% of these studies reported a significant positive impact on at least one outcome category for relatives, for example coping, relationship quality or problem-solving skills.
However,

A

However, the researchers also concluded that the methodological quality of the studies was poor, making it difficult to distinguish effective from ineffective interventions in terms of family members

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14
Q

Outline and evaluate the use of family therapy to treat schizophrenia (16 marks) - Likely to be 8 or 12 marks maximum, but just in case.
Family therapy is a psychological therapy carried out with all or some members of a family with a schizophrenic individual, with the aim of improving the quality of their communication and reducing the stress of living as a family.
Family therapy aims to reduce high levels of expressed emotion (EE).
This is because families with high levels of criticism, hostility and over-involvement mean that schizophrenia patients have more frequent relapses.
Pharoah et al. (2010) identified a range of strategies family therapists use, including the reduction of anger and guilt in family members and helping family members achieve a balance between caring for the individual with schizophrenia and maintaining their own lives.
Pharoah et al. suggest that these strategies work by reducing levels of stress and expressed emotion, while increasing the chances of patients’ complying with medication.
This combination of benefits tends to result in a reduced likelihood of relapse and re-admission to hospital.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that research evidence suggests that family therapy can be effective in improving clinical outcomes.
For example, Pharoah et al. (2010) reviewed 53 studies published and found that patients showed some improvements in social functioning and mental state. Patients were also less likely to relapse.
However, Pharoah et al. suggest that the main reason for its effectiveness may have less to do with the interventions themselves and more to do with the fact that it increases medication compliance.
As such, this undermines the evidence, because it suggests that the beneficial effects are not the result of family therapy itself, but because family therapy means patients are more likely to take their drugs (which are effective).

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that family therapy has an additional advantage in having a positive impact on family members.
For example, Lobban et al. (2013) analysed the results of 50 family therapy studies that had included an intervention to help relatives.
60% of these studies reported a significant positive impact on at least one outcome category for relatives, for example coping, relationship quality or problem-solving skills.
However, the researchers also concluded that the methodological quality of the studies was poor, making it difficult to distinguish effective from ineffective interventions in terms of family members.

Third AO3 PEEL paragraph

A

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there are a number of methodological issues in research into family therapy

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15
Q

Outline and evaluate the use of family therapy to treat schizophrenia (16 marks) - Likely to be 8 or 12 marks maximum, but just in case.
Family therapy is a psychological therapy carried out with all or some members of a family with a schizophrenic individual, with the aim of improving the quality of their communication and reducing the stress of living as a family.
Family therapy aims to reduce high levels of expressed emotion (EE).
This is because families with high levels of criticism, hostility and over-involvement mean that schizophrenia patients have more frequent relapses.
Pharoah et al. (2010) identified a range of strategies family therapists use, including the reduction of anger and guilt in family members and helping family members achieve a balance between caring for the individual with schizophrenia and maintaining their own lives.
Pharoah et al. suggest that these strategies work by reducing levels of stress and expressed emotion, while increasing the chances of patients’ complying with medication.
This combination of benefits tends to result in a reduced likelihood of relapse and re-admission to hospital.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that research evidence suggests that family therapy can be effective in improving clinical outcomes.
For example, Pharoah et al. (2010) reviewed 53 studies published and found that patients showed some improvements in social functioning and mental state. Patients were also less likely to relapse.
However, Pharoah et al. suggest that the main reason for its effectiveness may have less to do with the interventions themselves and more to do with the fact that it increases medication compliance.
As such, this undermines the evidence, because it suggests that the beneficial effects are not the result of family therapy itself, but because family therapy means patients are more likely to take their drugs (which are effective).

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that family therapy has an additional advantage in having a positive impact on family members.
For example, Lobban et al. (2013) analysed the results of 50 family therapy studies that had included an intervention to help relatives.
60% of these studies reported a significant positive impact on at least one outcome category for relatives, for example coping, relationship quality or problem-solving skills.
However, the researchers also concluded that the methodological quality of the studies was poor, making it difficult to distinguish effective from ineffective interventions in terms of family members.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there are a number of methodological issues in research into family therapy.

A

Pharoah et al.’s meta-analysis identified the problem of random allocation.
A large number of the studies were from China and Wu (2006) found that in many Chinese cultures, random allocation had been stated as having been used, yet was not

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16
Q

Outline and evaluate the use of family therapy to treat schizophrenia (16 marks) - Likely to be 8 or 12 marks maximum, but just in case.
Family therapy is a psychological therapy carried out with all or some members of a family with a schizophrenic individual, with the aim of improving the quality of their communication and reducing the stress of living as a family.
Family therapy aims to reduce high levels of expressed emotion (EE).
This is because families with high levels of criticism, hostility and over-involvement mean that schizophrenia patients have more frequent relapses.
Pharoah et al. (2010) identified a range of strategies family therapists use, including the reduction of anger and guilt in family members and helping family members achieve a balance between caring for the individual with schizophrenia and maintaining their own lives.
Pharoah et al. suggest that these strategies work by reducing levels of stress and expressed emotion, while increasing the chances of patients’ complying with medication.
This combination of benefits tends to result in a reduced likelihood of relapse and re-admission to hospital.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that research evidence suggests that family therapy can be effective in improving clinical outcomes.
For example, Pharoah et al. (2010) reviewed 53 studies published and found that patients showed some improvements in social functioning and mental state. Patients were also less likely to relapse.
However, Pharoah et al. suggest that the main reason for its effectiveness may have less to do with the interventions themselves and more to do with the fact that it increases medication compliance.
As such, this undermines the evidence, because it suggests that the beneficial effects are not the result of family therapy itself, but because family therapy means patients are more likely to take their drugs (which are effective).

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that family therapy has an additional advantage in having a positive impact on family members.
For example, Lobban et al. (2013) analysed the results of 50 family therapy studies that had included an intervention to help relatives.
60% of these studies reported a significant positive impact on at least one outcome category for relatives, for example coping, relationship quality or problem-solving skills.
However, the researchers also concluded that the methodological quality of the studies was poor, making it difficult to distinguish effective from ineffective interventions in terms of family members.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there are a number of methodological issues in research into family therapy.
Pharoah et al.’s meta-analysis identified the problem of random allocation.
A large number of the studies were from China and Wu (2006) found that in many Chinese cultures, random allocation had been stated as having been used, yet was not.
As well as this,

A

As well as this, in some studies, the observers were not ‘blinded’ to the condition (family therapy or standard care), which increases the possibility of observer bias

17
Q

Outline and evaluate the use of family therapy to treat schizophrenia (16 marks) - Likely to be 8 or 12 marks maximum, but just in case.
Family therapy is a psychological therapy carried out with all or some members of a family with a schizophrenic individual, with the aim of improving the quality of their communication and reducing the stress of living as a family.
Family therapy aims to reduce high levels of expressed emotion (EE).
This is because families with high levels of criticism, hostility and over-involvement mean that schizophrenia patients have more frequent relapses.
Pharoah et al. (2010) identified a range of strategies family therapists use, including the reduction of anger and guilt in family members and helping family members achieve a balance between caring for the individual with schizophrenia and maintaining their own lives.
Pharoah et al. suggest that these strategies work by reducing levels of stress and expressed emotion, while increasing the chances of patients’ complying with medication.
This combination of benefits tends to result in a reduced likelihood of relapse and re-admission to hospital.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that research evidence suggests that family therapy can be effective in improving clinical outcomes.
For example, Pharoah et al. (2010) reviewed 53 studies published and found that patients showed some improvements in social functioning and mental state. Patients were also less likely to relapse.
However, Pharoah et al. suggest that the main reason for its effectiveness may have less to do with the interventions themselves and more to do with the fact that it increases medication compliance.
As such, this undermines the evidence, because it suggests that the beneficial effects are not the result of family therapy itself, but because family therapy means patients are more likely to take their drugs (which are effective).

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that family therapy has an additional advantage in having a positive impact on family members.
For example, Lobban et al. (2013) analysed the results of 50 family therapy studies that had included an intervention to help relatives.
60% of these studies reported a significant positive impact on at least one outcome category for relatives, for example coping, relationship quality or problem-solving skills.
However, the researchers also concluded that the methodological quality of the studies was poor, making it difficult to distinguish effective from ineffective interventions in terms of family members.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there are a number of methodological issues in research into family therapy.
Pharoah et al.’s meta-analysis identified the problem of random allocation.
A large number of the studies were from China and Wu (2006) found that in many Chinese cultures, random allocation had been stated as having been used, yet was not.
As well as this, in some studies, the observers were not ‘blinded’ to the condition (family therapy or standard care), which increases the possibility of observer bias.
What do the issues with the research evidence mean?

A

The issues with the research evidence mean that conclusions of the effectiveness of family therapy are difficult to determine

18
Q

Outline and evaluate the use of family therapy to treat schizophrenia (16 marks) - Likely to be 8 or 12 marks maximum, but just in case.
Family therapy is a psychological therapy carried out with all or some members of a family with a schizophrenic individual, with the aim of improving the quality of their communication and reducing the stress of living as a family.
Family therapy aims to reduce high levels of expressed emotion (EE).
This is because families with high levels of criticism, hostility and over-involvement mean that schizophrenia patients have more frequent relapses.
Pharoah et al. (2010) identified a range of strategies family therapists use, including the reduction of anger and guilt in family members and helping family members achieve a balance between caring for the individual with schizophrenia and maintaining their own lives.
Pharoah et al. suggest that these strategies work by reducing levels of stress and expressed emotion, while increasing the chances of patients’ complying with medication.
This combination of benefits tends to result in a reduced likelihood of relapse and re-admission to hospital.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that research evidence suggests that family therapy can be effective in improving clinical outcomes.
For example, Pharoah et al. (2010) reviewed 53 studies published and found that patients showed some improvements in social functioning and mental state. Patients were also less likely to relapse.
However, Pharoah et al. suggest that the main reason for its effectiveness may have less to do with the interventions themselves and more to do with the fact that it increases medication compliance.
As such, this undermines the evidence, because it suggests that the beneficial effects are not the result of family therapy itself, but because family therapy means patients are more likely to take their drugs (which are effective).

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that family therapy has an additional advantage in having a positive impact on family members.
For example, Lobban et al. (2013) analysed the results of 50 family therapy studies that had included an intervention to help relatives.
60% of these studies reported a significant positive impact on at least one outcome category for relatives, for example coping, relationship quality or problem-solving skills.
However, the researchers also concluded that the methodological quality of the studies was poor, making it difficult to distinguish effective from ineffective interventions in terms of family members.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there are a number of methodological issues in research into family therapy.
Pharoah et al.’s meta-analysis identified the problem of random allocation.
A large number of the studies were from China and Wu (2006) found that in many Chinese cultures, random allocation had been stated as having been used, yet was not.
As well as this, in some studies, the observers were not ‘blinded’ to the condition (family therapy or standard care), which increases the possibility of observer bias.
The issues with the research evidence mean that conclusions of the effectiveness of family therapy are difficult to determine.

Fourth AO3 PEEL paragraph

A

The fourth AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research that questions the worthiness and value of family therapy

19
Q

Outline and evaluate the use of family therapy to treat schizophrenia (16 marks) - Likely to be 8 or 12 marks maximum, but just in case.
Family therapy is a psychological therapy carried out with all or some members of a family with a schizophrenic individual, with the aim of improving the quality of their communication and reducing the stress of living as a family.
Family therapy aims to reduce high levels of expressed emotion (EE).
This is because families with high levels of criticism, hostility and over-involvement mean that schizophrenia patients have more frequent relapses.
Pharoah et al. (2010) identified a range of strategies family therapists use, including the reduction of anger and guilt in family members and helping family members achieve a balance between caring for the individual with schizophrenia and maintaining their own lives.
Pharoah et al. suggest that these strategies work by reducing levels of stress and expressed emotion, while increasing the chances of patients’ complying with medication.
This combination of benefits tends to result in a reduced likelihood of relapse and re-admission to hospital.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that research evidence suggests that family therapy can be effective in improving clinical outcomes.
For example, Pharoah et al. (2010) reviewed 53 studies published and found that patients showed some improvements in social functioning and mental state. Patients were also less likely to relapse.
However, Pharoah et al. suggest that the main reason for its effectiveness may have less to do with the interventions themselves and more to do with the fact that it increases medication compliance.
As such, this undermines the evidence, because it suggests that the beneficial effects are not the result of family therapy itself, but because family therapy means patients are more likely to take their drugs (which are effective).

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that family therapy has an additional advantage in having a positive impact on family members.
For example, Lobban et al. (2013) analysed the results of 50 family therapy studies that had included an intervention to help relatives.
60% of these studies reported a significant positive impact on at least one outcome category for relatives, for example coping, relationship quality or problem-solving skills.
However, the researchers also concluded that the methodological quality of the studies was poor, making it difficult to distinguish effective from ineffective interventions in terms of family members.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there are a number of methodological issues in research into family therapy.
Pharoah et al.’s meta-analysis identified the problem of random allocation.
A large number of the studies were from China and Wu (2006) found that in many Chinese cultures, random allocation had been stated as having been used, yet was not.
As well as this, in some studies, the observers were not ‘blinded’ to the condition (family therapy or standard care), which increases the possibility of observer bias.
The issues with the research evidence mean that conclusions of the effectiveness of family therapy are difficult to determine.

The fourth AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research that questions the worthiness and value of family therapy.
Example

A

For example, Garety et al. (2008) failed to show any better outcomes for patients given family therapy compared to those that simply had carers.
Individuals in both groups were found to have low relapse rates compared to the no family therapy/carer control group.
The researchers also found that the carers displayed low rates of expressed emotion

20
Q

Outline and evaluate the use of family therapy to treat schizophrenia (16 marks) - Likely to be 8 or 12 marks maximum, but just in case.
Family therapy is a psychological therapy carried out with all or some members of a family with a schizophrenic individual, with the aim of improving the quality of their communication and reducing the stress of living as a family.
Family therapy aims to reduce high levels of expressed emotion (EE).
This is because families with high levels of criticism, hostility and over-involvement mean that schizophrenia patients have more frequent relapses.
Pharoah et al. (2010) identified a range of strategies family therapists use, including the reduction of anger and guilt in family members and helping family members achieve a balance between caring for the individual with schizophrenia and maintaining their own lives.
Pharoah et al. suggest that these strategies work by reducing levels of stress and expressed emotion, while increasing the chances of patients’ complying with medication.
This combination of benefits tends to result in a reduced likelihood of relapse and re-admission to hospital.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that research evidence suggests that family therapy can be effective in improving clinical outcomes.
For example, Pharoah et al. (2010) reviewed 53 studies published and found that patients showed some improvements in social functioning and mental state. Patients were also less likely to relapse.
However, Pharoah et al. suggest that the main reason for its effectiveness may have less to do with the interventions themselves and more to do with the fact that it increases medication compliance.
As such, this undermines the evidence, because it suggests that the beneficial effects are not the result of family therapy itself, but because family therapy means patients are more likely to take their drugs (which are effective).

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that family therapy has an additional advantage in having a positive impact on family members.
For example, Lobban et al. (2013) analysed the results of 50 family therapy studies that had included an intervention to help relatives.
60% of these studies reported a significant positive impact on at least one outcome category for relatives, for example coping, relationship quality or problem-solving skills.
However, the researchers also concluded that the methodological quality of the studies was poor, making it difficult to distinguish effective from ineffective interventions in terms of family members.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there are a number of methodological issues in research into family therapy.
Pharoah et al.’s meta-analysis identified the problem of random allocation.
A large number of the studies were from China and Wu (2006) found that in many Chinese cultures, random allocation had been stated as having been used, yet was not.
As well as this, in some studies, the observers were not ‘blinded’ to the condition (family therapy or standard care), which increases the possibility of observer bias.
The issues with the research evidence mean that conclusions of the effectiveness of family therapy are difficult to determine.

The fourth AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research that questions the worthiness and value of family therapy.
For example, Garety et al. (2008) failed to show any better outcomes for patients given family therapy compared to those that simply had carers.
Individuals in both groups were found to have low relapse rates compared to the no family therapy/carer control group.
The researchers also found that the carers displayed low rates of expressed emotion.
What does this suggest?

A

This suggests that other treatments, such as cognitive behaviour therapy or token economies, would be much better when treating patients with schizophrenia