6.5: Cognitive behavioural therapy

Question 1

Outline and evaluate the use of cognitive behaviour therapy to treat schizophrenia (16 marks) - Likely to be 8 or 12 marks maximum, but just in case.

Answer 1

Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) is a method for treating mental disorders based on both cognitive and behavioural techniques

Question 2

Outline and evaluate the use of cognitive behaviour therapy to treat schizophrenia (16 marks) - Likely to be 8 or 12 marks maximum, but just in case.
Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) is a method for treating mental disorders based on both cognitive and behavioural techniques.
How does CBT usually take place?

Answer 2

CBT usually takes place for between 5 and 20 sessions, either in groups or on an individual basis

Question 3

Outline and evaluate the use of cognitive behaviour therapy to treat schizophrenia (16 marks) - Likely to be 8 or 12 marks maximum, but just in case.
Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) is a method for treating mental disorders based on both cognitive and behavioural techniques.
CBT usually takes place for between 5 and 20 sessions, either in groups or on an individual basis.
From the cognitive viewpoint, what does CBT aim to do?

Answer 3

From the cognitive viewpoint, CBT aims to deal with thinking, such as challenging negative thoughts

Question 4

Outline and evaluate the use of cognitive behaviour therapy to treat schizophrenia (16 marks) - Likely to be 8 or 12 marks maximum, but just in case.
Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) is a method for treating mental disorders based on both cognitive and behavioural techniques.
CBT usually takes place for between 5 and 20 sessions, either in groups or on an individual basis.
From the cognitive viewpoint, CBT aims to deal with thinking, such as challenging negative thoughts.
What can patients be helped to make sense of?

Answer 4

Patients can be helped to make sense of how their delusions and hallucinations impact on their feelings and behaviour

Question 5

Outline and evaluate the use of cognitive behaviour therapy to treat schizophrenia (16 marks) - Likely to be 8 or 12 marks maximum, but just in case.
Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) is a method for treating mental disorders based on both cognitive and behavioural techniques.
CBT usually takes place for between 5 and 20 sessions, either in groups or on an individual basis.
From the cognitive viewpoint, CBT aims to deal with thinking, such as challenging negative thoughts.
Patients can be helped to make sense of how their delusions and hallucinations impact on their feelings and behaviour.
Just understanding what can be hugely helpful for some patients?

Answer 5

Just understanding where symptoms come from can be hugely helpful for some patients

Question 6

Outline and evaluate the use of cognitive behaviour therapy to treat schizophrenia (16 marks) - Likely to be 8 or 12 marks maximum, but just in case.
Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) is a method for treating mental disorders based on both cognitive and behavioural techniques.
CBT usually takes place for between 5 and 20 sessions, either in groups or on an individual basis.
From the cognitive viewpoint, CBT aims to deal with thinking, such as challenging negative thoughts.
Patients can be helped to make sense of how their delusions and hallucinations impact on their feelings and behaviour.
Just understanding where symptoms come from can be hugely helpful for some patients.
If, for example, a patient

Answer 6

If, for example, a patient hears voices and believes the voices are demons, they will naturally be very afraid.
Offering psychological explanations for the existence of hallucinations and delusions can help reduce this anxiety

Question 7

Outline and evaluate the use of cognitive behaviour therapy to treat schizophrenia (16 marks) - Likely to be 8 or 12 marks maximum, but just in case.
Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) is a method for treating mental disorders based on both cognitive and behavioural techniques.
CBT usually takes place for between 5 and 20 sessions, either in groups or on an individual basis.
From the cognitive viewpoint, CBT aims to deal with thinking, such as challenging negative thoughts.
Patients can be helped to make sense of how their delusions and hallucinations impact on their feelings and behaviour.
Just understanding where symptoms come from can be hugely helpful for some patients.
If, for example, a patient hears voices and believes the voices are demons, they will naturally be very afraid.
Offering psychological explanations for the existence of hallucinations and delusions can help reduce this anxiety.

Answer 7

Delusions can also be challenged, so that a patient can come to learn that their beliefs are not based on reality

Question 8

Outline and evaluate the use of cognitive behaviour therapy to treat schizophrenia (16 marks) - Likely to be 8 or 12 marks maximum, but just in case.
Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) is a method for treating mental disorders based on both cognitive and behavioural techniques.
CBT usually takes place for between 5 and 20 sessions, either in groups or on an individual basis.
From the cognitive viewpoint, CBT aims to deal with thinking, such as challenging negative thoughts.
Patients can be helped to make sense of how their delusions and hallucinations impact on their feelings and behaviour.
Just understanding where symptoms come from can be hugely helpful for some patients.
If, for example, a patient hears voices and believes the voices are demons, they will naturally be very afraid.
Offering psychological explanations for the existence of hallucinations and delusions can help reduce this anxiety.
Delusions can also be challenged, so that a patient can come to learn that their beliefs are not based on reality.

Answer 8

The aim of CBT in general involves helping patients identify irrational thoughts and trying to change them

Question 9

Outline and evaluate the use of cognitive behaviour therapy to treat schizophrenia (16 marks) - Likely to be 8 or 12 marks maximum, but just in case.
Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) is a method for treating mental disorders based on both cognitive and behavioural techniques.
CBT usually takes place for between 5 and 20 sessions, either in groups or on an individual basis.
From the cognitive viewpoint, CBT aims to deal with thinking, such as challenging negative thoughts.
Patients can be helped to make sense of how their delusions and hallucinations impact on their feelings and behaviour.
Just understanding where symptoms come from can be hugely helpful for some patients.
If, for example, a patient hears voices and believes the voices are demons, they will naturally be very afraid.
Offering psychological explanations for the existence of hallucinations and delusions can help reduce this anxiety.
Delusions can also be challenged, so that a patient can come to learn that their beliefs are not based on reality.
The aim of CBT in general involves helping patients identify irrational thoughts and trying to change them.
What may this involve?

Answer 9

This may involve argument or a discussion of how likely the patient’s beliefs are to be true and a consideration of other less threatening possibilities

Question 10

Outline and evaluate the use of cognitive behaviour therapy to treat schizophrenia (16 marks) - Likely to be 8 or 12 marks maximum, but just in case.
Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) is a method for treating mental disorders based on both cognitive and behavioural techniques.
CBT usually takes place for between 5 and 20 sessions, either in groups or on an individual basis.
From the cognitive viewpoint, CBT aims to deal with thinking, such as challenging negative thoughts.
Patients can be helped to make sense of how their delusions and hallucinations impact on their feelings and behaviour.
Just understanding where symptoms come from can be hugely helpful for some patients.
If, for example, a patient hears voices and believes the voices are demons, they will naturally be very afraid.
Offering psychological explanations for the existence of hallucinations and delusions can help reduce this anxiety.
Delusions can also be challenged, so that a patient can come to learn that their beliefs are not based on reality.
The aim of CBT in general involves helping patients identify irrational thoughts and trying to change them.
This may involve argument or a discussion of how likely the patient’s beliefs are to be true and a consideration of other less threatening possibilities.
This will

Answer 10

This will not get rid of the symptoms of schizophrenia, but it can make patients better able to cope with them

Question 11

Outline and evaluate the use of cognitive behaviour therapy to treat schizophrenia (16 marks) - Likely to be 8 or 12 marks maximum, but just in case.
Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) is a method for treating mental disorders based on both cognitive and behavioural techniques.
CBT usually takes place for between 5 and 20 sessions, either in groups or on an individual basis.
From the cognitive viewpoint, CBT aims to deal with thinking, such as challenging negative thoughts.
Patients can be helped to make sense of how their delusions and hallucinations impact on their feelings and behaviour.
Just understanding where symptoms come from can be hugely helpful for some patients.
If, for example, a patient hears voices and believes the voices are demons, they will naturally be very afraid.
Offering psychological explanations for the existence of hallucinations and delusions can help reduce this anxiety.
Delusions can also be challenged, so that a patient can come to learn that their beliefs are not based on reality.
The aim of CBT in general involves helping patients identify irrational thoughts and trying to change them.
This may involve argument or a discussion of how likely the patient’s beliefs are to be true and a consideration of other less threatening possibilities.
This will not get rid of the symptoms of schizophrenia, but it can make patients better able to cope with them.

First AO3 PEEL paragraph

Answer 11

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is empirical research support for CBT

Question 12

Outline and evaluate the use of cognitive behaviour therapy to treat schizophrenia (16 marks) - Likely to be 8 or 12 marks maximum, but just in case.
Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) is a method for treating mental disorders based on both cognitive and behavioural techniques.
CBT usually takes place for between 5 and 20 sessions, either in groups or on an individual basis.
From the cognitive viewpoint, CBT aims to deal with thinking, such as challenging negative thoughts.
Patients can be helped to make sense of how their delusions and hallucinations impact on their feelings and behaviour.
Just understanding where symptoms come from can be hugely helpful for some patients.
If, for example, a patient hears voices and believes the voices are demons, they will naturally be very afraid.
Offering psychological explanations for the existence of hallucinations and delusions can help reduce this anxiety.
Delusions can also be challenged, so that a patient can come to learn that their beliefs are not based on reality.
The aim of CBT in general involves helping patients identify irrational thoughts and trying to change them.
This may involve argument or a discussion of how likely the patient’s beliefs are to be true and a consideration of other less threatening possibilities.
This will not get rid of the symptoms of schizophrenia, but it can make patients better able to cope with them.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is empirical research support for CBT.
Example

Answer 12

For example, Gould et al. (2001) found that all 7 studies in their meta-analysis reported a statistically significant decrease in the positive symptoms of schizophrenia post-treatment

Question 13

Outline and evaluate the use of cognitive behaviour therapy to treat schizophrenia (16 marks) - Likely to be 8 or 12 marks maximum, but just in case.
Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) is a method for treating mental disorders based on both cognitive and behavioural techniques.
CBT usually takes place for between 5 and 20 sessions, either in groups or on an individual basis.
From the cognitive viewpoint, CBT aims to deal with thinking, such as challenging negative thoughts.
Patients can be helped to make sense of how their delusions and hallucinations impact on their feelings and behaviour.
Just understanding where symptoms come from can be hugely helpful for some patients.
If, for example, a patient hears voices and believes the voices are demons, they will naturally be very afraid.
Offering psychological explanations for the existence of hallucinations and delusions can help reduce this anxiety.
Delusions can also be challenged, so that a patient can come to learn that their beliefs are not based on reality.
The aim of CBT in general involves helping patients identify irrational thoughts and trying to change them.
This may involve argument or a discussion of how likely the patient’s beliefs are to be true and a consideration of other less threatening possibilities.
This will not get rid of the symptoms of schizophrenia, but it can make patients better able to cope with them.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is empirical research support for CBT.
For example, Gould et al. (2001) found that all 7 studies in their meta-analysis reported a statistically significant decrease in the positive symptoms of schizophrenia post-treatment.
What does this perhaps indicate?

Answer 13

This perhaps indicates that there is more to schizophrenia than abnormal levels of neurotransmitters and that there is also a need to address psychological abnormalities in thinking

Question 14

Outline and evaluate the use of cognitive behaviour therapy to treat schizophrenia (16 marks) - Likely to be 8 or 12 marks maximum, but just in case.
Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) is a method for treating mental disorders based on both cognitive and behavioural techniques.
CBT usually takes place for between 5 and 20 sessions, either in groups or on an individual basis.
From the cognitive viewpoint, CBT aims to deal with thinking, such as challenging negative thoughts.
Patients can be helped to make sense of how their delusions and hallucinations impact on their feelings and behaviour.
Just understanding where symptoms come from can be hugely helpful for some patients.
If, for example, a patient hears voices and believes the voices are demons, they will naturally be very afraid.
Offering psychological explanations for the existence of hallucinations and delusions can help reduce this anxiety.
Delusions can also be challenged, so that a patient can come to learn that their beliefs are not based on reality.
The aim of CBT in general involves helping patients identify irrational thoughts and trying to change them.
This may involve argument or a discussion of how likely the patient’s beliefs are to be true and a consideration of other less threatening possibilities.
This will not get rid of the symptoms of schizophrenia, but it can make patients better able to cope with them.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is empirical research support for CBT.
For example, Gould et al. (2001) found that all 7 studies in their meta-analysis reported a statistically significant decrease in the positive symptoms of schizophrenia post-treatment.
This perhaps indicates that there is more to schizophrenia than abnormal levels of neurotransmitters and that there is also a need to address psychological abnormalities in thinking.
However,

Answer 14

However, some could argue that the improved recovery measures are the result of a placebo effect, with patients improving because they expect to, rather than the actual action of CBT

Question 15

Outline and evaluate the use of cognitive behaviour therapy to treat schizophrenia (16 marks) - Likely to be 8 or 12 marks maximum, but just in case.
Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) is a method for treating mental disorders based on both cognitive and behavioural techniques.
CBT usually takes place for between 5 and 20 sessions, either in groups or on an individual basis.
From the cognitive viewpoint, CBT aims to deal with thinking, such as challenging negative thoughts.
Patients can be helped to make sense of how their delusions and hallucinations impact on their feelings and behaviour.
Just understanding where symptoms come from can be hugely helpful for some patients.
If, for example, a patient hears voices and believes the voices are demons, they will naturally be very afraid.
Offering psychological explanations for the existence of hallucinations and delusions can help reduce this anxiety.
Delusions can also be challenged, so that a patient can come to learn that their beliefs are not based on reality.
The aim of CBT in general involves helping patients identify irrational thoughts and trying to change them.
This may involve argument or a discussion of how likely the patient’s beliefs are to be true and a consideration of other less threatening possibilities.
This will not get rid of the symptoms of schizophrenia, but it can make patients better able to cope with them.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is empirical research support for CBT.
For example, Gould et al. (2001) found that all 7 studies in their meta-analysis reported a statistically significant decrease in the positive symptoms of schizophrenia post-treatment.
This perhaps indicates that there is more to schizophrenia than abnormal levels of neurotransmitters and that there is also a need to address psychological abnormalities in thinking.
However, some could argue that the improved recovery measures are the result of a placebo effect, with patients improving because they expect to, rather than the actual action of CBT.

Second AO3 PEEL paragraph

Answer 15

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that further support from CBT comes from studies that indicate patients receiving CBT recover to a greater extent than those taking medication alone

Question 16

Outline and evaluate the use of cognitive behaviour therapy to treat schizophrenia (16 marks) - Likely to be 8 or 12 marks maximum, but just in case.
Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) is a method for treating mental disorders based on both cognitive and behavioural techniques.
CBT usually takes place for between 5 and 20 sessions, either in groups or on an individual basis.
From the cognitive viewpoint, CBT aims to deal with thinking, such as challenging negative thoughts.
Patients can be helped to make sense of how their delusions and hallucinations impact on their feelings and behaviour.
Just understanding where symptoms come from can be hugely helpful for some patients.
If, for example, a patient hears voices and believes the voices are demons, they will naturally be very afraid.
Offering psychological explanations for the existence of hallucinations and delusions can help reduce this anxiety.
Delusions can also be challenged, so that a patient can come to learn that their beliefs are not based on reality.
The aim of CBT in general involves helping patients identify irrational thoughts and trying to change them.
This may involve argument or a discussion of how likely the patient’s beliefs are to be true and a consideration of other less threatening possibilities.
This will not get rid of the symptoms of schizophrenia, but it can make patients better able to cope with them.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is empirical research support for CBT.
For example, Gould et al. (2001) found that all 7 studies in their meta-analysis reported a statistically significant decrease in the positive symptoms of schizophrenia post-treatment.
This perhaps indicates that there is more to schizophrenia than abnormal levels of neurotransmitters and that there is also a need to address psychological abnormalities in thinking.
However, some could argue that the improved recovery measures are the result of a placebo effect, with patients improving because they expect to, rather than the actual action of CBT.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that further support from CBT comes from studies that indicate patients receiving CBT recover to a greater extent than those taking medication alone.
Example

Answer 16

For example, Drury et al. (1996) found that those receiving CBT as well as medication experienced fewer hallucinations and delusions and a 25 – 50% reduction in recovery time.
As well as this, Kulpers et al. (1997) found a lower dropout rate and higher patient satisfaction

Question 17

Outline and evaluate the use of cognitive behaviour therapy to treat schizophrenia (16 marks) - Likely to be 8 or 12 marks maximum, but just in case.
Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) is a method for treating mental disorders based on both cognitive and behavioural techniques.
CBT usually takes place for between 5 and 20 sessions, either in groups or on an individual basis.
From the cognitive viewpoint, CBT aims to deal with thinking, such as challenging negative thoughts.
Patients can be helped to make sense of how their delusions and hallucinations impact on their feelings and behaviour.
Just understanding where symptoms come from can be hugely helpful for some patients.
If, for example, a patient hears voices and believes the voices are demons, they will naturally be very afraid.
Offering psychological explanations for the existence of hallucinations and delusions can help reduce this anxiety.
Delusions can also be challenged, so that a patient can come to learn that their beliefs are not based on reality.
The aim of CBT in general involves helping patients identify irrational thoughts and trying to change them.
This may involve argument or a discussion of how likely the patient’s beliefs are to be true and a consideration of other less threatening possibilities.
This will not get rid of the symptoms of schizophrenia, but it can make patients better able to cope with them.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is empirical research support for CBT.
For example, Gould et al. (2001) found that all 7 studies in their meta-analysis reported a statistically significant decrease in the positive symptoms of schizophrenia post-treatment.
This perhaps indicates that there is more to schizophrenia than abnormal levels of neurotransmitters and that there is also a need to address psychological abnormalities in thinking.
However, some could argue that the improved recovery measures are the result of a placebo effect, with patients improving because they expect to, rather than the actual action of CBT.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that further support from CBT comes from studies that indicate patients receiving CBT recover to a greater extent than those taking medication alone.
For example, Drury et al. (1996) found that those receiving CBT as well as medication experienced fewer hallucinations and delusions and a 25 – 50% reduction in recovery time.
As well as this, Kulpers et al. (1997) found a lower dropout rate and higher patient satisfaction.
However,

Answer 17

However, most studies of the effectiveness of CBT have been conducted at the same time as antipsychotic medication (drug therapy)

Question 18

Outline and evaluate the use of cognitive behaviour therapy to treat schizophrenia (16 marks) - Likely to be 8 or 12 marks maximum, but just in case.
Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) is a method for treating mental disorders based on both cognitive and behavioural techniques.
CBT usually takes place for between 5 and 20 sessions, either in groups or on an individual basis.
From the cognitive viewpoint, CBT aims to deal with thinking, such as challenging negative thoughts.
Patients can be helped to make sense of how their delusions and hallucinations impact on their feelings and behaviour.
Just understanding where symptoms come from can be hugely helpful for some patients.
If, for example, a patient hears voices and believes the voices are demons, they will naturally be very afraid.
Offering psychological explanations for the existence of hallucinations and delusions can help reduce this anxiety.
Delusions can also be challenged, so that a patient can come to learn that their beliefs are not based on reality.
The aim of CBT in general involves helping patients identify irrational thoughts and trying to change them.
This may involve argument or a discussion of how likely the patient’s beliefs are to be true and a consideration of other less threatening possibilities.
This will not get rid of the symptoms of schizophrenia, but it can make patients better able to cope with them.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is empirical research support for CBT.
For example, Gould et al. (2001) found that all 7 studies in their meta-analysis reported a statistically significant decrease in the positive symptoms of schizophrenia post-treatment.
This perhaps indicates that there is more to schizophrenia than abnormal levels of neurotransmitters and that there is also a need to address psychological abnormalities in thinking.
However, some could argue that the improved recovery measures are the result of a placebo effect, with patients improving because they expect to, rather than the actual action of CBT.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that further support from CBT comes from studies that indicate patients receiving CBT recover to a greater extent than those taking medication alone.
For example, Drury et al. (1996) found that those receiving CBT as well as medication experienced fewer hallucinations and delusions and a 25 – 50% reduction in recovery time.
As well as this, Kulpers et al. (1997) found a lower dropout rate and higher patient satisfaction.
However, most studies of the effectiveness of CBT have been conducted at the same time as antipsychotic medication (drug therapy).
Therefore,

Answer 18

Therefore, it is difficult to assess the effectiveness of CBT independent of biological therapies and unpick the variables involved in the recovery of schizophrenic patients

Question 19

Outline and evaluate the use of cognitive behaviour therapy to treat schizophrenia (16 marks) - Likely to be 8 or 12 marks maximum, but just in case.
Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) is a method for treating mental disorders based on both cognitive and behavioural techniques.
CBT usually takes place for between 5 and 20 sessions, either in groups or on an individual basis.
From the cognitive viewpoint, CBT aims to deal with thinking, such as challenging negative thoughts.
Patients can be helped to make sense of how their delusions and hallucinations impact on their feelings and behaviour.
Just understanding where symptoms come from can be hugely helpful for some patients.
If, for example, a patient hears voices and believes the voices are demons, they will naturally be very afraid.
Offering psychological explanations for the existence of hallucinations and delusions can help reduce this anxiety.
Delusions can also be challenged, so that a patient can come to learn that their beliefs are not based on reality.
The aim of CBT in general involves helping patients identify irrational thoughts and trying to change them.
This may involve argument or a discussion of how likely the patient’s beliefs are to be true and a consideration of other less threatening possibilities.
This will not get rid of the symptoms of schizophrenia, but it can make patients better able to cope with them.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is empirical research support for CBT.
For example, Gould et al. (2001) found that all 7 studies in their meta-analysis reported a statistically significant decrease in the positive symptoms of schizophrenia post-treatment.
This perhaps indicates that there is more to schizophrenia than abnormal levels of neurotransmitters and that there is also a need to address psychological abnormalities in thinking.
However, some could argue that the improved recovery measures are the result of a placebo effect, with patients improving because they expect to, rather than the actual action of CBT.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that further support from CBT comes from studies that indicate patients receiving CBT recover to a greater extent than those taking medication alone.
For example, Drury et al. (1996) found that those receiving CBT as well as medication experienced fewer hallucinations and delusions and a 25 – 50% reduction in recovery time.
As well as this, Kulpers et al. (1997) found a lower dropout rate and higher patient satisfaction.
However, most studies of the effectiveness of CBT have been conducted at the same time as antipsychotic medication (drug therapy).
Therefore, it is difficult to assess the effectiveness of CBT independent of biological therapies and unpick the variables involved in the recovery of schizophrenic patients.

Third AO3 PEEL paragraph

Answer 19

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a limitation of much of the research into CBT is subject attrition

Question 20

Outline and evaluate the use of cognitive behaviour therapy to treat schizophrenia (16 marks) - Likely to be 8 or 12 marks maximum, but just in case.
Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) is a method for treating mental disorders based on both cognitive and behavioural techniques.
CBT usually takes place for between 5 and 20 sessions, either in groups or on an individual basis.
From the cognitive viewpoint, CBT aims to deal with thinking, such as challenging negative thoughts.
Patients can be helped to make sense of how their delusions and hallucinations impact on their feelings and behaviour.
Just understanding where symptoms come from can be hugely helpful for some patients.
If, for example, a patient hears voices and believes the voices are demons, they will naturally be very afraid.
Offering psychological explanations for the existence of hallucinations and delusions can help reduce this anxiety.
Delusions can also be challenged, so that a patient can come to learn that their beliefs are not based on reality.
The aim of CBT in general involves helping patients identify irrational thoughts and trying to change them.
This may involve argument or a discussion of how likely the patient’s beliefs are to be true and a consideration of other less threatening possibilities.
This will not get rid of the symptoms of schizophrenia, but it can make patients better able to cope with them.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is empirical research support for CBT.
For example, Gould et al. (2001) found that all 7 studies in their meta-analysis reported a statistically significant decrease in the positive symptoms of schizophrenia post-treatment.
This perhaps indicates that there is more to schizophrenia than abnormal levels of neurotransmitters and that there is also a need to address psychological abnormalities in thinking.
However, some could argue that the improved recovery measures are the result of a placebo effect, with patients improving because they expect to, rather than the actual action of CBT.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that further support from CBT comes from studies that indicate patients receiving CBT recover to a greater extent than those taking medication alone.
For example, Drury et al. (1996) found that those receiving CBT as well as medication experienced fewer hallucinations and delusions and a 25 – 50% reduction in recovery time.
As well as this, Kulpers et al. (1997) found a lower dropout rate and higher patient satisfaction.
However, most studies of the effectiveness of CBT have been conducted at the same time as antipsychotic medication (drug therapy).
Therefore, it is difficult to assess the effectiveness of CBT independent of biological therapies and unpick the variables involved in the recovery of schizophrenic patients.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a limitation of much of the research into CBT is subject attrition.
What does this refer to?

Answer 20

This refers to the problem of patients dropping out of the research sample or refusing to cooperate with the researcher midway through the study

Question 21

Outline and evaluate the use of cognitive behaviour therapy to treat schizophrenia (16 marks) - Likely to be 8 or 12 marks maximum, but just in case.
Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) is a method for treating mental disorders based on both cognitive and behavioural techniques.
CBT usually takes place for between 5 and 20 sessions, either in groups or on an individual basis.
From the cognitive viewpoint, CBT aims to deal with thinking, such as challenging negative thoughts.
Patients can be helped to make sense of how their delusions and hallucinations impact on their feelings and behaviour.
Just understanding where symptoms come from can be hugely helpful for some patients.
If, for example, a patient hears voices and believes the voices are demons, they will naturally be very afraid.
Offering psychological explanations for the existence of hallucinations and delusions can help reduce this anxiety.
Delusions can also be challenged, so that a patient can come to learn that their beliefs are not based on reality.
The aim of CBT in general involves helping patients identify irrational thoughts and trying to change them.
This may involve argument or a discussion of how likely the patient’s beliefs are to be true and a consideration of other less threatening possibilities.
This will not get rid of the symptoms of schizophrenia, but it can make patients better able to cope with them.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is empirical research support for CBT.
For example, Gould et al. (2001) found that all 7 studies in their meta-analysis reported a statistically significant decrease in the positive symptoms of schizophrenia post-treatment.
This perhaps indicates that there is more to schizophrenia than abnormal levels of neurotransmitters and that there is also a need to address psychological abnormalities in thinking.
However, some could argue that the improved recovery measures are the result of a placebo effect, with patients improving because they expect to, rather than the actual action of CBT.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that further support from CBT comes from studies that indicate patients receiving CBT recover to a greater extent than those taking medication alone.
For example, Drury et al. (1996) found that those receiving CBT as well as medication experienced fewer hallucinations and delusions and a 25 – 50% reduction in recovery time.
As well as this, Kulpers et al. (1997) found a lower dropout rate and higher patient satisfaction.
However, most studies of the effectiveness of CBT have been conducted at the same time as antipsychotic medication (drug therapy).
Therefore, it is difficult to assess the effectiveness of CBT independent of biological therapies and unpick the variables involved in the recovery of schizophrenic patients.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a limitation of much of the research into CBT is subject attrition.
This refers to the problem of patients dropping out of the research sample or refusing to cooperate with the researcher midway through the study.

Answer 21

This results in a biased sample, as it could be, for example, that researchers are most likely to lose data from the patients with the most severe expression of schizophrenia

Question 22

Outline and evaluate the use of cognitive behaviour therapy to treat schizophrenia (16 marks) - Likely to be 8 or 12 marks maximum, but just in case.
Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) is a method for treating mental disorders based on both cognitive and behavioural techniques.
CBT usually takes place for between 5 and 20 sessions, either in groups or on an individual basis.
From the cognitive viewpoint, CBT aims to deal with thinking, such as challenging negative thoughts.
Patients can be helped to make sense of how their delusions and hallucinations impact on their feelings and behaviour.
Just understanding where symptoms come from can be hugely helpful for some patients.
If, for example, a patient hears voices and believes the voices are demons, they will naturally be very afraid.
Offering psychological explanations for the existence of hallucinations and delusions can help reduce this anxiety.
Delusions can also be challenged, so that a patient can come to learn that their beliefs are not based on reality.
The aim of CBT in general involves helping patients identify irrational thoughts and trying to change them.
This may involve argument or a discussion of how likely the patient’s beliefs are to be true and a consideration of other less threatening possibilities.
This will not get rid of the symptoms of schizophrenia, but it can make patients better able to cope with them.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is empirical research support for CBT.
For example, Gould et al. (2001) found that all 7 studies in their meta-analysis reported a statistically significant decrease in the positive symptoms of schizophrenia post-treatment.
This perhaps indicates that there is more to schizophrenia than abnormal levels of neurotransmitters and that there is also a need to address psychological abnormalities in thinking.
However, some could argue that the improved recovery measures are the result of a placebo effect, with patients improving because they expect to, rather than the actual action of CBT.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that further support from CBT comes from studies that indicate patients receiving CBT recover to a greater extent than those taking medication alone.
For example, Drury et al. (1996) found that those receiving CBT as well as medication experienced fewer hallucinations and delusions and a 25 – 50% reduction in recovery time.
As well as this, Kulpers et al. (1997) found a lower dropout rate and higher patient satisfaction.
However, most studies of the effectiveness of CBT have been conducted at the same time as antipsychotic medication (drug therapy).
Therefore, it is difficult to assess the effectiveness of CBT independent of biological therapies and unpick the variables involved in the recovery of schizophrenic patients.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a limitation of much of the research into CBT is subject attrition.
This refers to the problem of patients dropping out of the research sample or refusing to cooperate with the researcher midway through the study.
This results in a biased sample, as it could be, for example, that researchers are most likely to lose data from the patients with the most severe expression of schizophrenia.
As a result,

Answer 22

As a result, the outcome results of CBT research perhaps show the therapy to be more effective than it actually is

Question 23

Outline and evaluate the use of cognitive behaviour therapy to treat schizophrenia (16 marks) - Likely to be 8 or 12 marks maximum, but just in case.
Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) is a method for treating mental disorders based on both cognitive and behavioural techniques.
CBT usually takes place for between 5 and 20 sessions, either in groups or on an individual basis.
From the cognitive viewpoint, CBT aims to deal with thinking, such as challenging negative thoughts.
Patients can be helped to make sense of how their delusions and hallucinations impact on their feelings and behaviour.
Just understanding where symptoms come from can be hugely helpful for some patients.
If, for example, a patient hears voices and believes the voices are demons, they will naturally be very afraid.
Offering psychological explanations for the existence of hallucinations and delusions can help reduce this anxiety.
Delusions can also be challenged, so that a patient can come to learn that their beliefs are not based on reality.
The aim of CBT in general involves helping patients identify irrational thoughts and trying to change them.
This may involve argument or a discussion of how likely the patient’s beliefs are to be true and a consideration of other less threatening possibilities.
This will not get rid of the symptoms of schizophrenia, but it can make patients better able to cope with them.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is empirical research support for CBT.
For example, Gould et al. (2001) found that all 7 studies in their meta-analysis reported a statistically significant decrease in the positive symptoms of schizophrenia post-treatment.
This perhaps indicates that there is more to schizophrenia than abnormal levels of neurotransmitters and that there is also a need to address psychological abnormalities in thinking.
However, some could argue that the improved recovery measures are the result of a placebo effect, with patients improving because they expect to, rather than the actual action of CBT.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that further support from CBT comes from studies that indicate patients receiving CBT recover to a greater extent than those taking medication alone.
For example, Drury et al. (1996) found that those receiving CBT as well as medication experienced fewer hallucinations and delusions and a 25 – 50% reduction in recovery time.
As well as this, Kulpers et al. (1997) found a lower dropout rate and higher patient satisfaction.
However, most studies of the effectiveness of CBT have been conducted at the same time as antipsychotic medication (drug therapy).
Therefore, it is difficult to assess the effectiveness of CBT independent of biological therapies and unpick the variables involved in the recovery of schizophrenic patients.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a limitation of much of the research into CBT is subject attrition.
This refers to the problem of patients dropping out of the research sample or refusing to cooperate with the researcher midway through the study.
This results in a biased sample, as it could be, for example, that researchers are most likely to lose data from the patients with the most severe expression of schizophrenia.
As a result, the outcome results of CBT research perhaps show the therapy to be more effective than it actually is.

Fourth AO3 PEEL paragraph

Answer 23

The fourth AO3 PEEL paragraph is that another limitation of CBT is that it is not suitable or appropriate for all types of schizophrenia patients

Question 24

Outline and evaluate the use of cognitive behaviour therapy to treat schizophrenia (16 marks) - Likely to be 8 or 12 marks maximum, but just in case.
Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) is a method for treating mental disorders based on both cognitive and behavioural techniques.
CBT usually takes place for between 5 and 20 sessions, either in groups or on an individual basis.
From the cognitive viewpoint, CBT aims to deal with thinking, such as challenging negative thoughts.
Patients can be helped to make sense of how their delusions and hallucinations impact on their feelings and behaviour.
Just understanding where symptoms come from can be hugely helpful for some patients.
If, for example, a patient hears voices and believes the voices are demons, they will naturally be very afraid.
Offering psychological explanations for the existence of hallucinations and delusions can help reduce this anxiety.
Delusions can also be challenged, so that a patient can come to learn that their beliefs are not based on reality.
The aim of CBT in general involves helping patients identify irrational thoughts and trying to change them.
This may involve argument or a discussion of how likely the patient’s beliefs are to be true and a consideration of other less threatening possibilities.
This will not get rid of the symptoms of schizophrenia, but it can make patients better able to cope with them.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is empirical research support for CBT.
For example, Gould et al. (2001) found that all 7 studies in their meta-analysis reported a statistically significant decrease in the positive symptoms of schizophrenia post-treatment.
This perhaps indicates that there is more to schizophrenia than abnormal levels of neurotransmitters and that there is also a need to address psychological abnormalities in thinking.
However, some could argue that the improved recovery measures are the result of a placebo effect, with patients improving because they expect to, rather than the actual action of CBT.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that further support from CBT comes from studies that indicate patients receiving CBT recover to a greater extent than those taking medication alone.
For example, Drury et al. (1996) found that those receiving CBT as well as medication experienced fewer hallucinations and delusions and a 25 – 50% reduction in recovery time.
As well as this, Kulpers et al. (1997) found a lower dropout rate and higher patient satisfaction.
However, most studies of the effectiveness of CBT have been conducted at the same time as antipsychotic medication (drug therapy).
Therefore, it is difficult to assess the effectiveness of CBT independent of biological therapies and unpick the variables involved in the recovery of schizophrenic patients.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a limitation of much of the research into CBT is subject attrition.
This refers to the problem of patients dropping out of the research sample or refusing to cooperate with the researcher midway through the study.
This results in a biased sample, as it could be, for example, that researchers are most likely to lose data from the patients with the most severe expression of schizophrenia.
As a result, the outcome results of CBT research perhaps show the therapy to be more effective than it actually is.

The fourth AO3 PEEL paragraph is that another limitation of CBT is that it is not suitable or appropriate for all types of schizophrenia patients.
Example

Answer 24

For example, Kingdon and Kirschen (2006)’s study of 142 schizophrenic patients found that many of them were deemed unsuitable for CBT, because psychiatrists believed that they would not fully engage with it.
In particular, they found that older patients were deemed less suitable than younger patients

Question 25

Outline and evaluate the use of cognitive behaviour therapy to treat schizophrenia (16 marks) - Likely to be 8 or 12 marks maximum, but just in case.
Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) is a method for treating mental disorders based on both cognitive and behavioural techniques.
CBT usually takes place for between 5 and 20 sessions, either in groups or on an individual basis.
From the cognitive viewpoint, CBT aims to deal with thinking, such as challenging negative thoughts.
Patients can be helped to make sense of how their delusions and hallucinations impact on their feelings and behaviour.
Just understanding where symptoms come from can be hugely helpful for some patients.
If, for example, a patient hears voices and believes the voices are demons, they will naturally be very afraid.
Offering psychological explanations for the existence of hallucinations and delusions can help reduce this anxiety.
Delusions can also be challenged, so that a patient can come to learn that their beliefs are not based on reality.
The aim of CBT in general involves helping patients identify irrational thoughts and trying to change them.
This may involve argument or a discussion of how likely the patient’s beliefs are to be true and a consideration of other less threatening possibilities.
This will not get rid of the symptoms of schizophrenia, but it can make patients better able to cope with them.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is empirical research support for CBT.
For example, Gould et al. (2001) found that all 7 studies in their meta-analysis reported a statistically significant decrease in the positive symptoms of schizophrenia post-treatment.
This perhaps indicates that there is more to schizophrenia than abnormal levels of neurotransmitters and that there is also a need to address psychological abnormalities in thinking.
However, some could argue that the improved recovery measures are the result of a placebo effect, with patients improving because they expect to, rather than the actual action of CBT.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that further support from CBT comes from studies that indicate patients receiving CBT recover to a greater extent than those taking medication alone.
For example, Drury et al. (1996) found that those receiving CBT as well as medication experienced fewer hallucinations and delusions and a 25 – 50% reduction in recovery time.
As well as this, Kulpers et al. (1997) found a lower dropout rate and higher patient satisfaction.
However, most studies of the effectiveness of CBT have been conducted at the same time as antipsychotic medication (drug therapy).
Therefore, it is difficult to assess the effectiveness of CBT independent of biological therapies and unpick the variables involved in the recovery of schizophrenic patients.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a limitation of much of the research into CBT is subject attrition.
This refers to the problem of patients dropping out of the research sample or refusing to cooperate with the researcher midway through the study.
This results in a biased sample, as it could be, for example, that researchers are most likely to lose data from the patients with the most severe expression of schizophrenia.
As a result, the outcome results of CBT research perhaps show the therapy to be more effective than it actually is.

The fourth AO3 PEEL paragraph is that another limitation of CBT is that it is not suitable or appropriate for all types of schizophrenia patients.
For example, Kingdon and Kirschen (2006)’s study of 142 schizophrenic patients found that many of them were deemed unsuitable for CBT, because psychiatrists believed that they would not fully engage with it.
In particular, they found that older patients were deemed less suitable than younger patients.
Why does this matter?

Answer 25

This matters because the cognitive explanation assumes that maladaptive thinking is the cause of schizophrenia, so CBT should be suitable and effective for all, as this is the origin of the problem

Question 26

Outline and evaluate the use of cognitive behaviour therapy to treat schizophrenia (16 marks) - Likely to be 8 or 12 marks maximum, but just in case.
Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) is a method for treating mental disorders based on both cognitive and behavioural techniques.
CBT usually takes place for between 5 and 20 sessions, either in groups or on an individual basis.
From the cognitive viewpoint, CBT aims to deal with thinking, such as challenging negative thoughts.
Patients can be helped to make sense of how their delusions and hallucinations impact on their feelings and behaviour.
Just understanding where symptoms come from can be hugely helpful for some patients.
If, for example, a patient hears voices and believes the voices are demons, they will naturally be very afraid.
Offering psychological explanations for the existence of hallucinations and delusions can help reduce this anxiety.
Delusions can also be challenged, so that a patient can come to learn that their beliefs are not based on reality.
The aim of CBT in general involves helping patients identify irrational thoughts and trying to change them.
This may involve argument or a discussion of how likely the patient’s beliefs are to be true and a consideration of other less threatening possibilities.
This will not get rid of the symptoms of schizophrenia, but it can make patients better able to cope with them.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is empirical research support for CBT.
For example, Gould et al. (2001) found that all 7 studies in their meta-analysis reported a statistically significant decrease in the positive symptoms of schizophrenia post-treatment.
This perhaps indicates that there is more to schizophrenia than abnormal levels of neurotransmitters and that there is also a need to address psychological abnormalities in thinking.
However, some could argue that the improved recovery measures are the result of a placebo effect, with patients improving because they expect to, rather than the actual action of CBT.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that further support from CBT comes from studies that indicate patients receiving CBT recover to a greater extent than those taking medication alone.
For example, Drury et al. (1996) found that those receiving CBT as well as medication experienced fewer hallucinations and delusions and a 25 – 50% reduction in recovery time.
As well as this, Kulpers et al. (1997) found a lower dropout rate and higher patient satisfaction.
However, most studies of the effectiveness of CBT have been conducted at the same time as antipsychotic medication (drug therapy).
Therefore, it is difficult to assess the effectiveness of CBT independent of biological therapies and unpick the variables involved in the recovery of schizophrenic patients.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a limitation of much of the research into CBT is subject attrition.
This refers to the problem of patients dropping out of the research sample or refusing to cooperate with the researcher midway through the study.
This results in a biased sample, as it could be, for example, that researchers are most likely to lose data from the patients with the most severe expression of schizophrenia.
As a result, the outcome results of CBT research perhaps show the therapy to be more effective than it actually is.

The fourth AO3 PEEL paragraph is that another limitation of CBT is that it is not suitable or appropriate for all types of schizophrenia patients.
For example, Kingdon and Kirschen (2006)’s study of 142 schizophrenic patients found that many of them were deemed unsuitable for CBT, because psychiatrists believed that they would not fully engage with it.
In particular, they found that older patients were deemed less suitable than younger patients.
This matters because the cognitive explanation assumes that maladaptive thinking is the cause of schizophrenia, so CBT should be suitable and effective for all, as this is the origin of the problem.
If it only works for some,

Answer 26

If it only works for some, it undermines the validity of the explanation and CBT itself