6.4: Drug therapies

Question 1

Describe and evaluate antipsychotics as a treatment for schizophrenia (16 marks)

Answer 1

There are two types of antipsychotics:

1. Typical (traditional)
2. Typical

Question 2

Describe and evaluate antipsychotics as a treatment for schizophrenia (16 marks).
There are two types of antipsychotics - typical (traditional) and atypical.
Typical antipsychotics

Answer 2

Typical antipsychotics have been around since the 1950s and include Chlorpromazine

Question 3

Describe and evaluate antipsychotics as a treatment for schizophrenia (16 marks).
There are two types of antipsychotics - typical (traditional) and atypical.
Typical antipsychotics have been around since the 1950s and include Chlorpromazine.
How can chlorpromazine be taken?

Answer 3

Chlorpromazine can be taken as tablets, syrup or by injection (the maximum dosage for most patients is 400 to 800 mg), but according to Liu and de Haan (2009), typical prescribed doses have declined over the last 50 years

Question 4

Describe and evaluate antipsychotics as a treatment for schizophrenia (16 marks).
There are two types of antipsychotics - typical (traditional) and atypical.
Typical antipsychotics have been around since the 1950s and include Chlorpromazine.
Chlorpromazine can be taken as tablets, syrup or by injection (the maximum dosage for most patients is 400 to 800 mg), but according to Liu and de Haan (2009), typical prescribed doses have declined over the last 50 years.
Typical antipsychotics

Answer 4

Typical antipsychotics are dopamine antagonists

Question 5

Describe and evaluate antipsychotics as a treatment for schizophrenia (16 marks).
There are two types of antipsychotics - typical (traditional) and atypical.
Typical antipsychotics have been around since the 1950s and include Chlorpromazine.
Chlorpromazine can be taken as tablets, syrup or by injection (the maximum dosage for most patients is 400 to 800 mg), but according to Liu and de Haan (2009), typical prescribed doses have declined over the last 50 years.
Typical antipsychotics are dopamine antagonists, which means what?

Answer 5

Typical antipsychotics are dopamine antagonists, which means that they reduce dopamine activity by blocking dopamine receptors at the synapse

Question 6

Describe and evaluate antipsychotics as a treatment for schizophrenia (16 marks).
There are two types of antipsychotics - typical (traditional) and atypical.
Typical antipsychotics have been around since the 1950s and include Chlorpromazine.
Chlorpromazine can be taken as tablets, syrup or by injection (the maximum dosage for most patients is 400 to 800 mg), but according to Liu and de Haan (2009), typical prescribed doses have declined over the last 50 years.
Typical antipsychotics are dopamine antagonists, which means that they reduce dopamine activity by blocking dopamine receptors at the synapse.
What does this do?

Answer 6

This reduces positive symptoms such as hallucinations and has a calming, sedative effect

Question 7

Describe and evaluate antipsychotics as a treatment for schizophrenia (16 marks).
There are two types of antipsychotics - typical (traditional) and atypical.
Typical antipsychotics have been around since the 1950s and include Chlorpromazine.
Chlorpromazine can be taken as tablets, syrup or by injection (the maximum dosage for most patients is 400 to 800 mg), but according to Liu and de Haan (2009), typical prescribed doses have declined over the last 50 years.
Typical antipsychotics are dopamine antagonists, which means that they reduce dopamine activity by blocking dopamine receptors at the synapse.
This reduces positive symptoms such as hallucinations and has a calming, sedative effect.

Atypical antipsychotics

Answer 7

Atypical antipsychotics have been used since the 1970s and there are a range of atypical antipsychotics, but they do not all work in the same way

Question 8

Describe and evaluate antipsychotics as a treatment for schizophrenia (16 marks).
There are two types of antipsychotics - typical (traditional) and atypical.
Typical antipsychotics have been around since the 1950s and include Chlorpromazine.
Chlorpromazine can be taken as tablets, syrup or by injection (the maximum dosage for most patients is 400 to 800 mg), but according to Liu and de Haan (2009), typical prescribed doses have declined over the last 50 years.
Typical antipsychotics are dopamine antagonists, which means that they reduce dopamine activity by blocking dopamine receptors at the synapse.
This reduces positive symptoms such as hallucinations and has a calming, sedative effect.

Atypical antipsychotics have been used since the 1970s and there are a range of atypical antipsychotics, but they do not all work in the same way.
Two examples

Answer 8

Two examples are:

1. Clozapine
2. Risperidone

Question 9

Describe and evaluate antipsychotics as a treatment for schizophrenia (16 marks).
There are two types of antipsychotics - typical (traditional) and atypical.
Typical antipsychotics have been around since the 1950s and include Chlorpromazine.
Chlorpromazine can be taken as tablets, syrup or by injection (the maximum dosage for most patients is 400 to 800 mg), but according to Liu and de Haan (2009), typical prescribed doses have declined over the last 50 years.
Typical antipsychotics are dopamine antagonists, which means that they reduce dopamine activity by blocking dopamine receptors at the synapse.
This reduces positive symptoms such as hallucinations and has a calming, sedative effect.

Atypical antipsychotics have been used since the 1970s and there are a range of atypical antipsychotics, but they do not all work in the same way.
Two examples are clozapine and risperidone.

Answer 9

After being withdrawn in the 1970s following the deaths of some patients from a blood condition, agranulocytosis, clozapine was withdrawn, but in the 1980s when it was discovered to be more effective than typical antipsychotics, clozapine was remarketed as a treatment for schizophrenia to be used when other treatments failed

Question 10

Describe and evaluate antipsychotics as a treatment for schizophrenia (16 marks).
There are two types of antipsychotics - typical (traditional) and atypical.
Typical antipsychotics have been around since the 1950s and include Chlorpromazine.
Chlorpromazine can be taken as tablets, syrup or by injection (the maximum dosage for most patients is 400 to 800 mg), but according to Liu and de Haan (2009), typical prescribed doses have declined over the last 50 years.
Typical antipsychotics are dopamine antagonists, which means that they reduce dopamine activity by blocking dopamine receptors at the synapse.
This reduces positive symptoms such as hallucinations and has a calming, sedative effect.

Atypical antipsychotics have been used since the 1970s and there are a range of atypical antipsychotics, but they do not all work in the same way.
Two examples are clozapine and risperidone.
After being withdrawn in the 1970s following the deaths of some patients from a blood condition, agranulocytosis, clozapine was withdrawn, but in the 1980s when it was discovered to be more effective than typical antipsychotics, clozapine was remarketed as a treatment for schizophrenia to be used when other treatments failed.
Because of its potentially fatal side effects,

Answer 10

Because of its potentially fatal side effects, clozapine is not available as an injection and the daily dosage is slightly lower than for chlorpromazine, typically 300 to 450 mg

Question 11

Describe and evaluate antipsychotics as a treatment for schizophrenia (16 marks).
There are two types of antipsychotics - typical (traditional) and atypical.
Typical antipsychotics have been around since the 1950s and include Chlorpromazine.
Chlorpromazine can be taken as tablets, syrup or by injection (the maximum dosage for most patients is 400 to 800 mg), but according to Liu and de Haan (2009), typical prescribed doses have declined over the last 50 years.
Typical antipsychotics are dopamine antagonists, which means that they reduce dopamine activity by blocking dopamine receptors at the synapse.
This reduces positive symptoms such as hallucinations and has a calming, sedative effect.

Atypical antipsychotics have been used since the 1970s and there are a range of atypical antipsychotics, but they do not all work in the same way.
Two examples are clozapine and risperidone.
After being withdrawn in the 1970s following the deaths of some patients from a blood condition, agranulocytosis, clozapine was withdrawn, but in the 1980s when it was discovered to be more effective than typical antipsychotics, clozapine was remarketed as a treatment for schizophrenia to be used when other treatments failed.
Because of its potentially fatal side effects, clozapine is not available as an injection and the daily dosage is slightly lower than for chlorpromazine, typically 300 to 450 mg.
Risperidone

Answer 11

Risperidone has been around since the 1990s and was developed in an attempt to produce a drug as affective as clozapine, but without its serious side effects

Question 12

Describe and evaluate antipsychotics as a treatment for schizophrenia (16 marks).
There are two types of antipsychotics - typical (traditional) and atypical.
Typical antipsychotics have been around since the 1950s and include Chlorpromazine.
Chlorpromazine can be taken as tablets, syrup or by injection (the maximum dosage for most patients is 400 to 800 mg), but according to Liu and de Haan (2009), typical prescribed doses have declined over the last 50 years.
Typical antipsychotics are dopamine antagonists, which means that they reduce dopamine activity by blocking dopamine receptors at the synapse.
This reduces positive symptoms such as hallucinations and has a calming, sedative effect.

Atypical antipsychotics have been used since the 1970s and there are a range of atypical antipsychotics, but they do not all work in the same way.
Two examples are clozapine and risperidone.
After being withdrawn in the 1970s following the deaths of some patients from a blood condition, agranulocytosis, clozapine was withdrawn, but in the 1980s when it was discovered to be more effective than typical antipsychotics, clozapine was remarketed as a treatment for schizophrenia to be used when other treatments failed.
Because of its potentially fatal side effects, clozapine is not available as an injection and the daily dosage is slightly lower than for chlorpromazine, typically 300 to 450 mg.
Risperidone has been around since the 1990s and was developed in an attempt to produce a drug as affective as clozapine, but without its serious side effects.
Atypical antipsychotics

Answer 12

Atypical antipsychotics block dopamine receptors and also act on other neurotransmitters such as glutamate and serotonin

Question 13

Describe and evaluate antipsychotics as a treatment for schizophrenia (16 marks).
There are two types of antipsychotics - typical (traditional) and atypical.
Typical antipsychotics have been around since the 1950s and include Chlorpromazine.
Chlorpromazine can be taken as tablets, syrup or by injection (the maximum dosage for most patients is 400 to 800 mg), but according to Liu and de Haan (2009), typical prescribed doses have declined over the last 50 years.
Typical antipsychotics are dopamine antagonists, which means that they reduce dopamine activity by blocking dopamine receptors at the synapse.
This reduces positive symptoms such as hallucinations and has a calming, sedative effect.

Atypical antipsychotics have been used since the 1970s and there are a range of atypical antipsychotics, but they do not all work in the same way.
Two examples are clozapine and risperidone.
After being withdrawn in the 1970s following the deaths of some patients from a blood condition, agranulocytosis, clozapine was withdrawn, but in the 1980s when it was discovered to be more effective than typical antipsychotics, clozapine was remarketed as a treatment for schizophrenia to be used when other treatments failed.
Because of its potentially fatal side effects, clozapine is not available as an injection and the daily dosage is slightly lower than for chlorpromazine, typically 300 to 450 mg.
Risperidone has been around since the 1990s and was developed in an attempt to produce a drug as affective as clozapine, but without its serious side effects.
Atypical antipsychotics block dopamine receptors and also act on other neurotransmitters such as glutamate and serotonin.
Risperidone

Answer 13

Risperidone binds more strongly to dopamine receptors than clozapine and is therefore effective in much smaller doses than most antipsychotics

Question 14

Describe and evaluate antipsychotics as a treatment for schizophrenia (16 marks).
There are two types of antipsychotics - typical (traditional) and atypical.
Typical antipsychotics have been around since the 1950s and include Chlorpromazine.
Chlorpromazine can be taken as tablets, syrup or by injection (the maximum dosage for most patients is 400 to 800 mg), but according to Liu and de Haan (2009), typical prescribed doses have declined over the last 50 years.
Typical antipsychotics are dopamine antagonists, which means that they reduce dopamine activity by blocking dopamine receptors at the synapse.
This reduces positive symptoms such as hallucinations and has a calming, sedative effect.

Atypical antipsychotics have been used since the 1970s and there are a range of atypical antipsychotics, but they do not all work in the same way.
Two examples are clozapine and risperidone.
After being withdrawn in the 1970s following the deaths of some patients from a blood condition, agranulocytosis, clozapine was withdrawn, but in the 1980s when it was discovered to be more effective than typical antipsychotics, clozapine was remarketed as a treatment for schizophrenia to be used when other treatments failed.
Because of its potentially fatal side effects, clozapine is not available as an injection and the daily dosage is slightly lower than for chlorpromazine, typically 300 to 450 mg.
Risperidone has been around since the 1990s and was developed in an attempt to produce a drug as affective as clozapine, but without its serious side effects.
Atypical antipsychotics block dopamine receptors and also act on other neurotransmitters such as glutamate and serotonin.
Risperidone binds more strongly to dopamine receptors than clozapine and is therefore effective in much smaller doses than most antipsychotics.
Like chlorpromazine, risperidone

Answer 14

Like chlorpromazine, risperidone can be taken in the form of tablets, syrup or an injection, but the maximum typical daily dose is 12mg

Question 15

Describe and evaluate antipsychotics as a treatment for schizophrenia (16 marks).
There are two types of antipsychotics - typical (traditional) and atypical.
Typical antipsychotics have been around since the 1950s and include Chlorpromazine.
Chlorpromazine can be taken as tablets, syrup or by injection (the maximum dosage for most patients is 400 to 800 mg), but according to Liu and de Haan (2009), typical prescribed doses have declined over the last 50 years.
Typical antipsychotics are dopamine antagonists, which means that they reduce dopamine activity by blocking dopamine receptors at the synapse.
This reduces positive symptoms such as hallucinations and has a calming, sedative effect.

Atypical antipsychotics have been used since the 1970s and there are a range of atypical antipsychotics, but they do not all work in the same way.
Two examples are clozapine and risperidone.
After being withdrawn in the 1970s following the deaths of some patients from a blood condition, agranulocytosis, clozapine was withdrawn, but in the 1980s when it was discovered to be more effective than typical antipsychotics, clozapine was remarketed as a treatment for schizophrenia to be used when other treatments failed.
Because of its potentially fatal side effects, clozapine is not available as an injection and the daily dosage is slightly lower than for chlorpromazine, typically 300 to 450 mg.
Risperidone has been around since the 1990s and was developed in an attempt to produce a drug as affective as clozapine, but without its serious side effects.
Atypical antipsychotics block dopamine receptors and also act on other neurotransmitters such as glutamate and serotonin.
Risperidone binds more strongly to dopamine receptors than clozapine and is therefore effective in much smaller doses than most antipsychotics.
Like chlorpromazine, risperidone can be taken in the form of tablets, syrup or an injection, but the maximum typical daily dose is 12mg.
Atypical antipsychotics

Answer 15

Atypical antipsychotics address the negative symptoms of schizophrenia, such as avolition

Question 16

Describe and evaluate antipsychotics as a treatment for schizophrenia (16 marks).
There are two types of antipsychotics - typical (traditional) and atypical.
Typical antipsychotics have been around since the 1950s and include Chlorpromazine.
Chlorpromazine can be taken as tablets, syrup or by injection (the maximum dosage for most patients is 400 to 800 mg), but according to Liu and de Haan (2009), typical prescribed doses have declined over the last 50 years.
Typical antipsychotics are dopamine antagonists, which means that they reduce dopamine activity by blocking dopamine receptors at the synapse.
This reduces positive symptoms such as hallucinations and has a calming, sedative effect.

Atypical antipsychotics have been used since the 1970s and there are a range of atypical antipsychotics, but they do not all work in the same way.
Two examples are clozapine and risperidone.
After being withdrawn in the 1970s following the deaths of some patients from a blood condition, agranulocytosis, clozapine was withdrawn, but in the 1980s when it was discovered to be more effective than typical antipsychotics, clozapine was remarketed as a treatment for schizophrenia to be used when other treatments failed.
Because of its potentially fatal side effects, clozapine is not available as an injection and the daily dosage is slightly lower than for chlorpromazine, typically 300 to 450 mg.
Risperidone has been around since the 1990s and was developed in an attempt to produce a drug as affective as clozapine, but without its serious side effects.
Atypical antipsychotics block dopamine receptors and also act on other neurotransmitters such as glutamate and serotonin.
Risperidone binds more strongly to dopamine receptors than clozapine and is therefore effective in much smaller doses than most antipsychotics.
Like chlorpromazine, risperidone can be taken in the form of tablets, syrup or an injection, but the maximum typical daily dose is 12mg.
Atypical antipsychotics address the negative symptoms of schizophrenia, such as avolition.

First AO3 PEEL paragraph

Answer 16

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for both typical and atypical antipsychotics being effective in treating the symptoms of schizophrenia

Question 17

Describe and evaluate antipsychotics as a treatment for schizophrenia (16 marks).
There are two types of antipsychotics - typical (traditional) and atypical.
Typical antipsychotics have been around since the 1950s and include Chlorpromazine.
Chlorpromazine can be taken as tablets, syrup or by injection (the maximum dosage for most patients is 400 to 800 mg), but according to Liu and de Haan (2009), typical prescribed doses have declined over the last 50 years.
Typical antipsychotics are dopamine antagonists, which means that they reduce dopamine activity by blocking dopamine receptors at the synapse.
This reduces positive symptoms such as hallucinations and has a calming, sedative effect.

Atypical antipsychotics have been used since the 1970s and there are a range of atypical antipsychotics, but they do not all work in the same way.
Two examples are clozapine and risperidone.
After being withdrawn in the 1970s following the deaths of some patients from a blood condition, agranulocytosis, clozapine was withdrawn, but in the 1980s when it was discovered to be more effective than typical antipsychotics, clozapine was remarketed as a treatment for schizophrenia to be used when other treatments failed.
Because of its potentially fatal side effects, clozapine is not available as an injection and the daily dosage is slightly lower than for chlorpromazine, typically 300 to 450 mg.
Risperidone has been around since the 1990s and was developed in an attempt to produce a drug as affective as clozapine, but without its serious side effects.
Atypical antipsychotics block dopamine receptors and also act on other neurotransmitters such as glutamate and serotonin.
Risperidone binds more strongly to dopamine receptors than clozapine and is therefore effective in much smaller doses than most antipsychotics.
Like chlorpromazine, risperidone can be taken in the form of tablets, syrup or an injection, but the maximum typical daily dose is 12mg.
Atypical antipsychotics address the negative symptoms of schizophrenia, such as avolition.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for both typical and atypical antipsychotics being effective in treating the symptoms of schizophrenia.
Example

Answer 17

For example, Thornley et al. (2003) reviewed studies comparing the effects of chlorpromazine and a placebo. Data from 13 trials of 1,121 participants found that chlorpromazine was associated with better overall functioning and reduced symptom severity.
Data from 3 trials of 512 participants found that the relapse rate was also lower when chlorpromazine was taken

Question 18

Describe and evaluate antipsychotics as a treatment for schizophrenia (16 marks).
There are two types of antipsychotics - typical (traditional) and atypical.
Typical antipsychotics have been around since the 1950s and include Chlorpromazine.
Chlorpromazine can be taken as tablets, syrup or by injection (the maximum dosage for most patients is 400 to 800 mg), but according to Liu and de Haan (2009), typical prescribed doses have declined over the last 50 years.
Typical antipsychotics are dopamine antagonists, which means that they reduce dopamine activity by blocking dopamine receptors at the synapse.
This reduces positive symptoms such as hallucinations and has a calming, sedative effect.

Atypical antipsychotics have been used since the 1970s and there are a range of atypical antipsychotics, but they do not all work in the same way.
Two examples are clozapine and risperidone.
After being withdrawn in the 1970s following the deaths of some patients from a blood condition, agranulocytosis, clozapine was withdrawn, but in the 1980s when it was discovered to be more effective than typical antipsychotics, clozapine was remarketed as a treatment for schizophrenia to be used when other treatments failed.
Because of its potentially fatal side effects, clozapine is not available as an injection and the daily dosage is slightly lower than for chlorpromazine, typically 300 to 450 mg.
Risperidone has been around since the 1990s and was developed in an attempt to produce a drug as affective as clozapine, but without its serious side effects.
Atypical antipsychotics block dopamine receptors and also act on other neurotransmitters such as glutamate and serotonin.
Risperidone binds more strongly to dopamine receptors than clozapine and is therefore effective in much smaller doses than most antipsychotics.
Like chlorpromazine, risperidone can be taken in the form of tablets, syrup or an injection, but the maximum typical daily dose is 12mg.
Atypical antipsychotics address the negative symptoms of schizophrenia, such as avolition.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for both typical and atypical antipsychotics being effective in treating the symptoms of schizophrenia.
For example, Thornley et al. (2003) reviewed studies comparing the effects of chlorpromazine and a placebo. Data from 13 trials of 1,121 participants found that chlorpromazine was associated with better overall functioning and reduced symptom severity.
Data from 3 trials of 512 participants found that the relapse rate was also lower when chlorpromazine was taken.
As well as this,

Answer 18

As well as this, there is also support for the benefits of atypical antipsychotics

Question 19

Describe and evaluate antipsychotics as a treatment for schizophrenia (16 marks).
There are two types of antipsychotics - typical (traditional) and atypical.
Typical antipsychotics have been around since the 1950s and include Chlorpromazine.
Chlorpromazine can be taken as tablets, syrup or by injection (the maximum dosage for most patients is 400 to 800 mg), but according to Liu and de Haan (2009), typical prescribed doses have declined over the last 50 years.
Typical antipsychotics are dopamine antagonists, which means that they reduce dopamine activity by blocking dopamine receptors at the synapse.
This reduces positive symptoms such as hallucinations and has a calming, sedative effect.

Atypical antipsychotics have been used since the 1970s and there are a range of atypical antipsychotics, but they do not all work in the same way.
Two examples are clozapine and risperidone.
After being withdrawn in the 1970s following the deaths of some patients from a blood condition, agranulocytosis, clozapine was withdrawn, but in the 1980s when it was discovered to be more effective than typical antipsychotics, clozapine was remarketed as a treatment for schizophrenia to be used when other treatments failed.
Because of its potentially fatal side effects, clozapine is not available as an injection and the daily dosage is slightly lower than for chlorpromazine, typically 300 to 450 mg.
Risperidone has been around since the 1990s and was developed in an attempt to produce a drug as affective as clozapine, but without its serious side effects.
Atypical antipsychotics block dopamine receptors and also act on other neurotransmitters such as glutamate and serotonin.
Risperidone binds more strongly to dopamine receptors than clozapine and is therefore effective in much smaller doses than most antipsychotics.
Like chlorpromazine, risperidone can be taken in the form of tablets, syrup or an injection, but the maximum typical daily dose is 12mg.
Atypical antipsychotics address the negative symptoms of schizophrenia, such as avolition.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for both typical and atypical antipsychotics being effective in treating the symptoms of schizophrenia.
For example, Thornley et al. (2003) reviewed studies comparing the effects of chlorpromazine and a placebo. Data from 13 trials of 1,121 participants found that chlorpromazine was associated with better overall functioning and reduced symptom severity.
Data from 3 trials of 512 participants found that the relapse rate was also lower when chlorpromazine was taken.
As well as this, there is also support for the benefits of atypical antipsychotics.
Example

Answer 19

For example, in a review, Meltzer (2012) concluded that clozapine is more effective than typical antipsychotics and other atypical antipsychotics, and that it is effective in 30-50% of treatment-resistant cases where typical antipsychotics have failed

Question 20

Describe and evaluate antipsychotics as a treatment for schizophrenia (16 marks).
There are two types of antipsychotics - typical (traditional) and atypical.
Typical antipsychotics have been around since the 1950s and include Chlorpromazine.
Chlorpromazine can be taken as tablets, syrup or by injection (the maximum dosage for most patients is 400 to 800 mg), but according to Liu and de Haan (2009), typical prescribed doses have declined over the last 50 years.
Typical antipsychotics are dopamine antagonists, which means that they reduce dopamine activity by blocking dopamine receptors at the synapse.
This reduces positive symptoms such as hallucinations and has a calming, sedative effect.

Atypical antipsychotics have been used since the 1970s and there are a range of atypical antipsychotics, but they do not all work in the same way.
Two examples are clozapine and risperidone.
After being withdrawn in the 1970s following the deaths of some patients from a blood condition, agranulocytosis, clozapine was withdrawn, but in the 1980s when it was discovered to be more effective than typical antipsychotics, clozapine was remarketed as a treatment for schizophrenia to be used when other treatments failed.
Because of its potentially fatal side effects, clozapine is not available as an injection and the daily dosage is slightly lower than for chlorpromazine, typically 300 to 450 mg.
Risperidone has been around since the 1990s and was developed in an attempt to produce a drug as affective as clozapine, but without its serious side effects.
Atypical antipsychotics block dopamine receptors and also act on other neurotransmitters such as glutamate and serotonin.
Risperidone binds more strongly to dopamine receptors than clozapine and is therefore effective in much smaller doses than most antipsychotics.
Like chlorpromazine, risperidone can be taken in the form of tablets, syrup or an injection, but the maximum typical daily dose is 12mg.
Atypical antipsychotics address the negative symptoms of schizophrenia, such as avolition.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for both typical and atypical antipsychotics being effective in treating the symptoms of schizophrenia.
For example, Thornley et al. (2003) reviewed studies comparing the effects of chlorpromazine and a placebo. Data from 13 trials of 1,121 participants found that chlorpromazine was associated with better overall functioning and reduced symptom severity.
Data from 3 trials of 512 participants found that the relapse rate was also lower when chlorpromazine was taken.
As well as this, there is also support for the benefits of atypical antipsychotics.
For example, in a review, Meltzer (2012) concluded that clozapine is more effective than typical antipsychotics and other atypical antipsychotics, and that it is effective in 30-50% of treatment-resistant cases where typical antipsychotics have failed.
Why is this a great strength of antipsychotics?

Answer 20

This is a great strength of antipsychotics, because it shows that antipsychotics are effective and also appropriate for many schizophrenics, including seemingly treatment-resistant cases, meaning that antipsychotics are applicable to many cases of schizophrenia for treatment

Question 21

Describe and evaluate antipsychotics as a treatment for schizophrenia (16 marks).
There are two types of antipsychotics - typical (traditional) and atypical.
Typical antipsychotics have been around since the 1950s and include Chlorpromazine.
Chlorpromazine can be taken as tablets, syrup or by injection (the maximum dosage for most patients is 400 to 800 mg), but according to Liu and de Haan (2009), typical prescribed doses have declined over the last 50 years.
Typical antipsychotics are dopamine antagonists, which means that they reduce dopamine activity by blocking dopamine receptors at the synapse.
This reduces positive symptoms such as hallucinations and has a calming, sedative effect.

Atypical antipsychotics have been used since the 1970s and there are a range of atypical antipsychotics, but they do not all work in the same way.
Two examples are clozapine and risperidone.
After being withdrawn in the 1970s following the deaths of some patients from a blood condition, agranulocytosis, clozapine was withdrawn, but in the 1980s when it was discovered to be more effective than typical antipsychotics, clozapine was remarketed as a treatment for schizophrenia to be used when other treatments failed.
Because of its potentially fatal side effects, clozapine is not available as an injection and the daily dosage is slightly lower than for chlorpromazine, typically 300 to 450 mg.
Risperidone has been around since the 1990s and was developed in an attempt to produce a drug as affective as clozapine, but without its serious side effects.
Atypical antipsychotics block dopamine receptors and also act on other neurotransmitters such as glutamate and serotonin.
Risperidone binds more strongly to dopamine receptors than clozapine and is therefore effective in much smaller doses than most antipsychotics.
Like chlorpromazine, risperidone can be taken in the form of tablets, syrup or an injection, but the maximum typical daily dose is 12mg.
Atypical antipsychotics address the negative symptoms of schizophrenia, such as avolition.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for both typical and atypical antipsychotics being effective in treating the symptoms of schizophrenia.
For example, Thornley et al. (2003) reviewed studies comparing the effects of chlorpromazine and a placebo. Data from 13 trials of 1,121 participants found that chlorpromazine was associated with better overall functioning and reduced symptom severity.
Data from 3 trials of 512 participants found that the relapse rate was also lower when chlorpromazine was taken.
As well as this, there is also support for the benefits of atypical antipsychotics.
For example, in a review, Meltzer (2012) concluded that clozapine is more effective than typical antipsychotics and other atypical antipsychotics, and that it is effective in 30-50% of treatment-resistant cases where typical antipsychotics have failed.
This is a great strength of antipsychotics, because it shows that antipsychotics are effective and also appropriate for many schizophrenics, including seemingly treatment-resistant cases, meaning that antipsychotics are applicable to many cases of schizophrenia for treatment.
Antipsychotics also

Answer 21

Antipsychotics also enhance the quality of life for patients, as they allow them to live independently or outside of institutional care

Question 22

Describe and evaluate antipsychotics as a treatment for schizophrenia (16 marks).
There are two types of antipsychotics - typical (traditional) and atypical.
Typical antipsychotics have been around since the 1950s and include Chlorpromazine.
Chlorpromazine can be taken as tablets, syrup or by injection (the maximum dosage for most patients is 400 to 800 mg), but according to Liu and de Haan (2009), typical prescribed doses have declined over the last 50 years.
Typical antipsychotics are dopamine antagonists, which means that they reduce dopamine activity by blocking dopamine receptors at the synapse.
This reduces positive symptoms such as hallucinations and has a calming, sedative effect.

Atypical antipsychotics have been used since the 1970s and there are a range of atypical antipsychotics, but they do not all work in the same way.
Two examples are clozapine and risperidone.
After being withdrawn in the 1970s following the deaths of some patients from a blood condition, agranulocytosis, clozapine was withdrawn, but in the 1980s when it was discovered to be more effective than typical antipsychotics, clozapine was remarketed as a treatment for schizophrenia to be used when other treatments failed.
Because of its potentially fatal side effects, clozapine is not available as an injection and the daily dosage is slightly lower than for chlorpromazine, typically 300 to 450 mg.
Risperidone has been around since the 1990s and was developed in an attempt to produce a drug as affective as clozapine, but without its serious side effects.
Atypical antipsychotics block dopamine receptors and also act on other neurotransmitters such as glutamate and serotonin.
Risperidone binds more strongly to dopamine receptors than clozapine and is therefore effective in much smaller doses than most antipsychotics.
Like chlorpromazine, risperidone can be taken in the form of tablets, syrup or an injection, but the maximum typical daily dose is 12mg.
Atypical antipsychotics address the negative symptoms of schizophrenia, such as avolition.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for both typical and atypical antipsychotics being effective in treating the symptoms of schizophrenia.
For example, Thornley et al. (2003) reviewed studies comparing the effects of chlorpromazine and a placebo. Data from 13 trials of 1,121 participants found that chlorpromazine was associated with better overall functioning and reduced symptom severity.
Data from 3 trials of 512 participants found that the relapse rate was also lower when chlorpromazine was taken.
As well as this, there is also support for the benefits of atypical antipsychotics.
For example, in a review, Meltzer (2012) concluded that clozapine is more effective than typical antipsychotics and other atypical antipsychotics, and that it is effective in 30-50% of treatment-resistant cases where typical antipsychotics have failed.
This is a great strength of antipsychotics, because it shows that antipsychotics are effective and also appropriate for many schizophrenics, including seemingly treatment-resistant cases, meaning that antipsychotics are applicable to many cases of schizophrenia for treatment.
Antipsychotics also enhance the quality of life for patients, as they allow them to live independently or outside of institutional care.
What do they also do?

Answer 22

They also enhance the quality of life for family members who are able to live their lives rather than continuously care for their relative

Question 23

Describe and evaluate antipsychotics as a treatment for schizophrenia (16 marks).
There are two types of antipsychotics - typical (traditional) and atypical.
Typical antipsychotics have been around since the 1950s and include Chlorpromazine.
Chlorpromazine can be taken as tablets, syrup or by injection (the maximum dosage for most patients is 400 to 800 mg), but according to Liu and de Haan (2009), typical prescribed doses have declined over the last 50 years.
Typical antipsychotics are dopamine antagonists, which means that they reduce dopamine activity by blocking dopamine receptors at the synapse.
This reduces positive symptoms such as hallucinations and has a calming, sedative effect.

Atypical antipsychotics have been used since the 1970s and there are a range of atypical antipsychotics, but they do not all work in the same way.
Two examples are clozapine and risperidone.
After being withdrawn in the 1970s following the deaths of some patients from a blood condition, agranulocytosis, clozapine was withdrawn, but in the 1980s when it was discovered to be more effective than typical antipsychotics, clozapine was remarketed as a treatment for schizophrenia to be used when other treatments failed.
Because of its potentially fatal side effects, clozapine is not available as an injection and the daily dosage is slightly lower than for chlorpromazine, typically 300 to 450 mg.
Risperidone has been around since the 1990s and was developed in an attempt to produce a drug as affective as clozapine, but without its serious side effects.
Atypical antipsychotics block dopamine receptors and also act on other neurotransmitters such as glutamate and serotonin.
Risperidone binds more strongly to dopamine receptors than clozapine and is therefore effective in much smaller doses than most antipsychotics.
Like chlorpromazine, risperidone can be taken in the form of tablets, syrup or an injection, but the maximum typical daily dose is 12mg.
Atypical antipsychotics address the negative symptoms of schizophrenia, such as avolition.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for both typical and atypical antipsychotics being effective in treating the symptoms of schizophrenia.
For example, Thornley et al. (2003) reviewed studies comparing the effects of chlorpromazine and a placebo. Data from 13 trials of 1,121 participants found that chlorpromazine was associated with better overall functioning and reduced symptom severity.
Data from 3 trials of 512 participants found that the relapse rate was also lower when chlorpromazine was taken.
As well as this, there is also support for the benefits of atypical antipsychotics.
For example, in a review, Meltzer (2012) concluded that clozapine is more effective than typical antipsychotics and other atypical antipsychotics, and that it is effective in 30-50% of treatment-resistant cases where typical antipsychotics have failed.
This is a great strength of antipsychotics, because it shows that antipsychotics are effective and also appropriate for many schizophrenics, including seemingly treatment-resistant cases, meaning that antipsychotics are applicable to many cases of schizophrenia for treatment.
Antipsychotics also enhance the quality of life for patients, as they allow them to live independently or outside of institutional care.
They also enhance the quality of life for family members who are able to live their lives rather than continuously care for their relative.
What does this further support?

Answer 23

This further supports the appropriateness of antipsychotics to treat schizophrenia

Question 24

Describe and evaluate antipsychotics as a treatment for schizophrenia (16 marks).
There are two types of antipsychotics - typical (traditional) and atypical.
Typical antipsychotics have been around since the 1950s and include Chlorpromazine.
Chlorpromazine can be taken as tablets, syrup or by injection (the maximum dosage for most patients is 400 to 800 mg), but according to Liu and de Haan (2009), typical prescribed doses have declined over the last 50 years.
Typical antipsychotics are dopamine antagonists, which means that they reduce dopamine activity by blocking dopamine receptors at the synapse.
This reduces positive symptoms such as hallucinations and has a calming, sedative effect.

Atypical antipsychotics have been used since the 1970s and there are a range of atypical antipsychotics, but they do not all work in the same way.
Two examples are clozapine and risperidone.
After being withdrawn in the 1970s following the deaths of some patients from a blood condition, agranulocytosis, clozapine was withdrawn, but in the 1980s when it was discovered to be more effective than typical antipsychotics, clozapine was remarketed as a treatment for schizophrenia to be used when other treatments failed.
Because of its potentially fatal side effects, clozapine is not available as an injection and the daily dosage is slightly lower than for chlorpromazine, typically 300 to 450 mg.
Risperidone has been around since the 1990s and was developed in an attempt to produce a drug as affective as clozapine, but without its serious side effects.
Atypical antipsychotics block dopamine receptors and also act on other neurotransmitters such as glutamate and serotonin.
Risperidone binds more strongly to dopamine receptors than clozapine and is therefore effective in much smaller doses than most antipsychotics.
Like chlorpromazine, risperidone can be taken in the form of tablets, syrup or an injection, but the maximum typical daily dose is 12mg.
Atypical antipsychotics address the negative symptoms of schizophrenia, such as avolition.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for both typical and atypical antipsychotics being effective in treating the symptoms of schizophrenia.
For example, Thornley et al. (2003) reviewed studies comparing the effects of chlorpromazine and a placebo. Data from 13 trials of 1,121 participants found that chlorpromazine was associated with better overall functioning and reduced symptom severity.
Data from 3 trials of 512 participants found that the relapse rate was also lower when chlorpromazine was taken.
As well as this, there is also support for the benefits of atypical antipsychotics.
For example, in a review, Meltzer (2012) concluded that clozapine is more effective than typical antipsychotics and other atypical antipsychotics, and that it is effective in 30-50% of treatment-resistant cases where typical antipsychotics have failed.
This is a great strength of antipsychotics, because it shows that antipsychotics are effective and also appropriate for many schizophrenics, including seemingly treatment-resistant cases, meaning that antipsychotics are applicable to many cases of schizophrenia for treatment.
Antipsychotics also enhance the quality of life for patients, as they allow them to live independently or outside of institutional care.
They also enhance the quality of life for family members who are able to live their lives rather than continuously care for their relative.
This further supports the appropriateness of antipsychotics to treat schizophrenia.

Second AO3 PEEL paragraph

Answer 24

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, there are issues with the evidence for the effectiveness of antipsychotics, as there have been some vigorous challenges to their usefulness

Question 25

Describe and evaluate antipsychotics as a treatment for schizophrenia (16 marks).
There are two types of antipsychotics - typical (traditional) and atypical.
Typical antipsychotics have been around since the 1950s and include Chlorpromazine.
Chlorpromazine can be taken as tablets, syrup or by injection (the maximum dosage for most patients is 400 to 800 mg), but according to Liu and de Haan (2009), typical prescribed doses have declined over the last 50 years.
Typical antipsychotics are dopamine antagonists, which means that they reduce dopamine activity by blocking dopamine receptors at the synapse.
This reduces positive symptoms such as hallucinations and has a calming, sedative effect.

Atypical antipsychotics have been used since the 1970s and there are a range of atypical antipsychotics, but they do not all work in the same way.
Two examples are clozapine and risperidone.
After being withdrawn in the 1970s following the deaths of some patients from a blood condition, agranulocytosis, clozapine was withdrawn, but in the 1980s when it was discovered to be more effective than typical antipsychotics, clozapine was remarketed as a treatment for schizophrenia to be used when other treatments failed.
Because of its potentially fatal side effects, clozapine is not available as an injection and the daily dosage is slightly lower than for chlorpromazine, typically 300 to 450 mg.
Risperidone has been around since the 1990s and was developed in an attempt to produce a drug as affective as clozapine, but without its serious side effects.
Atypical antipsychotics block dopamine receptors and also act on other neurotransmitters such as glutamate and serotonin.
Risperidone binds more strongly to dopamine receptors than clozapine and is therefore effective in much smaller doses than most antipsychotics.
Like chlorpromazine, risperidone can be taken in the form of tablets, syrup or an injection, but the maximum typical daily dose is 12mg.
Atypical antipsychotics address the negative symptoms of schizophrenia, such as avolition.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for both typical and atypical antipsychotics being effective in treating the symptoms of schizophrenia.
For example, Thornley et al. (2003) reviewed studies comparing the effects of chlorpromazine and a placebo. Data from 13 trials of 1,121 participants found that chlorpromazine was associated with better overall functioning and reduced symptom severity.
Data from 3 trials of 512 participants found that the relapse rate was also lower when chlorpromazine was taken.
As well as this, there is also support for the benefits of atypical antipsychotics.
For example, in a review, Meltzer (2012) concluded that clozapine is more effective than typical antipsychotics and other atypical antipsychotics, and that it is effective in 30-50% of treatment-resistant cases where typical antipsychotics have failed.
This is a great strength of antipsychotics, because it shows that antipsychotics are effective and also appropriate for many schizophrenics, including seemingly treatment-resistant cases, meaning that antipsychotics are applicable to many cases of schizophrenia for treatment.
Antipsychotics also enhance the quality of life for patients, as they allow them to live independently or outside of institutional care.
They also enhance the quality of life for family members who are able to live their lives rather than continuously care for their relative.
This further supports the appropriateness of antipsychotics to treat schizophrenia.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, there are issues with the evidence for the effectiveness of antipsychotics, as there have been some vigorous challenges to their usefulness.
Example

Answer 25

For example, Healy (2012) argues that some successful trials have had their data published multiple times, exaggerating the evidence for positive effects.
As antipsychotics have powerful calming effects, it is easy to demonstrate that they have some positive effect on patients

Question 26

Describe and evaluate antipsychotics as a treatment for schizophrenia (16 marks).
There are two types of antipsychotics - typical (traditional) and atypical.
Typical antipsychotics have been around since the 1950s and include Chlorpromazine.
Chlorpromazine can be taken as tablets, syrup or by injection (the maximum dosage for most patients is 400 to 800 mg), but according to Liu and de Haan (2009), typical prescribed doses have declined over the last 50 years.
Typical antipsychotics are dopamine antagonists, which means that they reduce dopamine activity by blocking dopamine receptors at the synapse.
This reduces positive symptoms such as hallucinations and has a calming, sedative effect.

Atypical antipsychotics have been used since the 1970s and there are a range of atypical antipsychotics, but they do not all work in the same way.
Two examples are clozapine and risperidone.
After being withdrawn in the 1970s following the deaths of some patients from a blood condition, agranulocytosis, clozapine was withdrawn, but in the 1980s when it was discovered to be more effective than typical antipsychotics, clozapine was remarketed as a treatment for schizophrenia to be used when other treatments failed.
Because of its potentially fatal side effects, clozapine is not available as an injection and the daily dosage is slightly lower than for chlorpromazine, typically 300 to 450 mg.
Risperidone has been around since the 1990s and was developed in an attempt to produce a drug as affective as clozapine, but without its serious side effects.
Atypical antipsychotics block dopamine receptors and also act on other neurotransmitters such as glutamate and serotonin.
Risperidone binds more strongly to dopamine receptors than clozapine and is therefore effective in much smaller doses than most antipsychotics.
Like chlorpromazine, risperidone can be taken in the form of tablets, syrup or an injection, but the maximum typical daily dose is 12mg.
Atypical antipsychotics address the negative symptoms of schizophrenia, such as avolition.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for both typical and atypical antipsychotics being effective in treating the symptoms of schizophrenia.
For example, Thornley et al. (2003) reviewed studies comparing the effects of chlorpromazine and a placebo. Data from 13 trials of 1,121 participants found that chlorpromazine was associated with better overall functioning and reduced symptom severity.
Data from 3 trials of 512 participants found that the relapse rate was also lower when chlorpromazine was taken.
As well as this, there is also support for the benefits of atypical antipsychotics.
For example, in a review, Meltzer (2012) concluded that clozapine is more effective than typical antipsychotics and other atypical antipsychotics, and that it is effective in 30-50% of treatment-resistant cases where typical antipsychotics have failed.
This is a great strength of antipsychotics, because it shows that antipsychotics are effective and also appropriate for many schizophrenics, including seemingly treatment-resistant cases, meaning that antipsychotics are applicable to many cases of schizophrenia for treatment.
Antipsychotics also enhance the quality of life for patients, as they allow them to live independently or outside of institutional care.
They also enhance the quality of life for family members who are able to live their lives rather than continuously care for their relative.
This further supports the appropriateness of antipsychotics to treat schizophrenia.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, there are issues with the evidence for the effectiveness of antipsychotics, as there have been some vigorous challenges to their usefulness.
For example, Healy (2012) argues that some successful trials have had their data published multiple times, exaggerating the evidence for positive effects.
As antipsychotics have powerful calming effects, it is easy to demonstrate that they have some positive effect on patients.
What is this not the same as saying?

Answer 26

This is not the same as saying they really reduce the severity of psychosis

Question 27

Describe and evaluate antipsychotics as a treatment for schizophrenia (16 marks).
There are two types of antipsychotics - typical (traditional) and atypical.
Typical antipsychotics have been around since the 1950s and include Chlorpromazine.
Chlorpromazine can be taken as tablets, syrup or by injection (the maximum dosage for most patients is 400 to 800 mg), but according to Liu and de Haan (2009), typical prescribed doses have declined over the last 50 years.
Typical antipsychotics are dopamine antagonists, which means that they reduce dopamine activity by blocking dopamine receptors at the synapse.
This reduces positive symptoms such as hallucinations and has a calming, sedative effect.

Atypical antipsychotics have been used since the 1970s and there are a range of atypical antipsychotics, but they do not all work in the same way.
Two examples are clozapine and risperidone.
After being withdrawn in the 1970s following the deaths of some patients from a blood condition, agranulocytosis, clozapine was withdrawn, but in the 1980s when it was discovered to be more effective than typical antipsychotics, clozapine was remarketed as a treatment for schizophrenia to be used when other treatments failed.
Because of its potentially fatal side effects, clozapine is not available as an injection and the daily dosage is slightly lower than for chlorpromazine, typically 300 to 450 mg.
Risperidone has been around since the 1990s and was developed in an attempt to produce a drug as affective as clozapine, but without its serious side effects.
Atypical antipsychotics block dopamine receptors and also act on other neurotransmitters such as glutamate and serotonin.
Risperidone binds more strongly to dopamine receptors than clozapine and is therefore effective in much smaller doses than most antipsychotics.
Like chlorpromazine, risperidone can be taken in the form of tablets, syrup or an injection, but the maximum typical daily dose is 12mg.
Atypical antipsychotics address the negative symptoms of schizophrenia, such as avolition.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for both typical and atypical antipsychotics being effective in treating the symptoms of schizophrenia.
For example, Thornley et al. (2003) reviewed studies comparing the effects of chlorpromazine and a placebo. Data from 13 trials of 1,121 participants found that chlorpromazine was associated with better overall functioning and reduced symptom severity.
Data from 3 trials of 512 participants found that the relapse rate was also lower when chlorpromazine was taken.
As well as this, there is also support for the benefits of atypical antipsychotics.
For example, in a review, Meltzer (2012) concluded that clozapine is more effective than typical antipsychotics and other atypical antipsychotics, and that it is effective in 30-50% of treatment-resistant cases where typical antipsychotics have failed.
This is a great strength of antipsychotics, because it shows that antipsychotics are effective and also appropriate for many schizophrenics, including seemingly treatment-resistant cases, meaning that antipsychotics are applicable to many cases of schizophrenia for treatment.
Antipsychotics also enhance the quality of life for patients, as they allow them to live independently or outside of institutional care.
They also enhance the quality of life for family members who are able to live their lives rather than continuously care for their relative.
This further supports the appropriateness of antipsychotics to treat schizophrenia.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, there are issues with the evidence for the effectiveness of antipsychotics, as there have been some vigorous challenges to their usefulness.
For example, Healy (2012) argues that some successful trials have had their data published multiple times, exaggerating the evidence for positive effects.
As antipsychotics have powerful calming effects, it is easy to demonstrate that they have some positive effect on patients.
This is not the same as saying they really reduce the severity of psychosis.
What does this suggest?

Answer 27

This suggests that the effectiveness of drug therapies to treat schizophrenia may be over-exaggerated and so may not be as effective as initially thought

Question 28

Describe and evaluate antipsychotics as a treatment for schizophrenia (16 marks).
There are two types of antipsychotics - typical (traditional) and atypical.
Typical antipsychotics have been around since the 1950s and include Chlorpromazine.
Chlorpromazine can be taken as tablets, syrup or by injection (the maximum dosage for most patients is 400 to 800 mg), but according to Liu and de Haan (2009), typical prescribed doses have declined over the last 50 years.
Typical antipsychotics are dopamine antagonists, which means that they reduce dopamine activity by blocking dopamine receptors at the synapse.
This reduces positive symptoms such as hallucinations and has a calming, sedative effect.

Atypical antipsychotics have been used since the 1970s and there are a range of atypical antipsychotics, but they do not all work in the same way.
Two examples are clozapine and risperidone.
After being withdrawn in the 1970s following the deaths of some patients from a blood condition, agranulocytosis, clozapine was withdrawn, but in the 1980s when it was discovered to be more effective than typical antipsychotics, clozapine was remarketed as a treatment for schizophrenia to be used when other treatments failed.
Because of its potentially fatal side effects, clozapine is not available as an injection and the daily dosage is slightly lower than for chlorpromazine, typically 300 to 450 mg.
Risperidone has been around since the 1990s and was developed in an attempt to produce a drug as affective as clozapine, but without its serious side effects.
Atypical antipsychotics block dopamine receptors and also act on other neurotransmitters such as glutamate and serotonin.
Risperidone binds more strongly to dopamine receptors than clozapine and is therefore effective in much smaller doses than most antipsychotics.
Like chlorpromazine, risperidone can be taken in the form of tablets, syrup or an injection, but the maximum typical daily dose is 12mg.
Atypical antipsychotics address the negative symptoms of schizophrenia, such as avolition.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for both typical and atypical antipsychotics being effective in treating the symptoms of schizophrenia.
For example, Thornley et al. (2003) reviewed studies comparing the effects of chlorpromazine and a placebo. Data from 13 trials of 1,121 participants found that chlorpromazine was associated with better overall functioning and reduced symptom severity.
Data from 3 trials of 512 participants found that the relapse rate was also lower when chlorpromazine was taken.
As well as this, there is also support for the benefits of atypical antipsychotics.
For example, in a review, Meltzer (2012) concluded that clozapine is more effective than typical antipsychotics and other atypical antipsychotics, and that it is effective in 30-50% of treatment-resistant cases where typical antipsychotics have failed.
This is a great strength of antipsychotics, because it shows that antipsychotics are effective and also appropriate for many schizophrenics, including seemingly treatment-resistant cases, meaning that antipsychotics are applicable to many cases of schizophrenia for treatment.
Antipsychotics also enhance the quality of life for patients, as they allow them to live independently or outside of institutional care.
They also enhance the quality of life for family members who are able to live their lives rather than continuously care for their relative.
This further supports the appropriateness of antipsychotics to treat schizophrenia.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, there are issues with the evidence for the effectiveness of antipsychotics, as there have been some vigorous challenges to their usefulness.
For example, Healy (2012) argues that some successful trials have had their data published multiple times, exaggerating the evidence for positive effects.
As antipsychotics have powerful calming effects, it is easy to demonstrate that they have some positive effect on patients.
This is not the same as saying they really reduce the severity of psychosis.
This suggests that the effectiveness of drug therapies to treat schizophrenia may be over-exaggerated and so may not be as effective as initially thought.

Third AO3 PEEL paragraph

Answer 28

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a weakness of antipsychotics is the likelihood of side effects, ranging from the mild to the serious to the fatal

Question 29

Describe and evaluate antipsychotics as a treatment for schizophrenia (16 marks).
There are two types of antipsychotics - typical (traditional) and atypical.
Typical antipsychotics have been around since the 1950s and include Chlorpromazine.
Chlorpromazine can be taken as tablets, syrup or by injection (the maximum dosage for most patients is 400 to 800 mg), but according to Liu and de Haan (2009), typical prescribed doses have declined over the last 50 years.
Typical antipsychotics are dopamine antagonists, which means that they reduce dopamine activity by blocking dopamine receptors at the synapse.
This reduces positive symptoms such as hallucinations and has a calming, sedative effect.

Atypical antipsychotics have been used since the 1970s and there are a range of atypical antipsychotics, but they do not all work in the same way.
Two examples are clozapine and risperidone.
After being withdrawn in the 1970s following the deaths of some patients from a blood condition, agranulocytosis, clozapine was withdrawn, but in the 1980s when it was discovered to be more effective than typical antipsychotics, clozapine was remarketed as a treatment for schizophrenia to be used when other treatments failed.
Because of its potentially fatal side effects, clozapine is not available as an injection and the daily dosage is slightly lower than for chlorpromazine, typically 300 to 450 mg.
Risperidone has been around since the 1990s and was developed in an attempt to produce a drug as affective as clozapine, but without its serious side effects.
Atypical antipsychotics block dopamine receptors and also act on other neurotransmitters such as glutamate and serotonin.
Risperidone binds more strongly to dopamine receptors than clozapine and is therefore effective in much smaller doses than most antipsychotics.
Like chlorpromazine, risperidone can be taken in the form of tablets, syrup or an injection, but the maximum typical daily dose is 12mg.
Atypical antipsychotics address the negative symptoms of schizophrenia, such as avolition.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for both typical and atypical antipsychotics being effective in treating the symptoms of schizophrenia.
For example, Thornley et al. (2003) reviewed studies comparing the effects of chlorpromazine and a placebo. Data from 13 trials of 1,121 participants found that chlorpromazine was associated with better overall functioning and reduced symptom severity.
Data from 3 trials of 512 participants found that the relapse rate was also lower when chlorpromazine was taken.
As well as this, there is also support for the benefits of atypical antipsychotics.
For example, in a review, Meltzer (2012) concluded that clozapine is more effective than typical antipsychotics and other atypical antipsychotics, and that it is effective in 30-50% of treatment-resistant cases where typical antipsychotics have failed.
This is a great strength of antipsychotics, because it shows that antipsychotics are effective and also appropriate for many schizophrenics, including seemingly treatment-resistant cases, meaning that antipsychotics are applicable to many cases of schizophrenia for treatment.
Antipsychotics also enhance the quality of life for patients, as they allow them to live independently or outside of institutional care.
They also enhance the quality of life for family members who are able to live their lives rather than continuously care for their relative.
This further supports the appropriateness of antipsychotics to treat schizophrenia.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, there are issues with the evidence for the effectiveness of antipsychotics, as there have been some vigorous challenges to their usefulness.
For example, Healy (2012) argues that some successful trials have had their data published multiple times, exaggerating the evidence for positive effects.
As antipsychotics have powerful calming effects, it is easy to demonstrate that they have some positive effect on patients.
This is not the same as saying they really reduce the severity of psychosis.
This suggests that the effectiveness of drug therapies to treat schizophrenia may be over-exaggerated and so may not be as effective as initially thought.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a weakness of antipsychotics is the likelihood of side effects, ranging from the mild to the serious to the fatal.
Typical antipsychotics

Answer 29

Typical antipsychotics are associated with a range of side effects including dizziness, agitation and sleepiness and long-term use can result in tardive dyskinesia, which manifests as involuntary facial movements such as grimacing, blinking and lip smacking

Question 30

Describe and evaluate antipsychotics as a treatment for schizophrenia (16 marks).
There are two types of antipsychotics - typical (traditional) and atypical.
Typical antipsychotics have been around since the 1950s and include Chlorpromazine.
Chlorpromazine can be taken as tablets, syrup or by injection (the maximum dosage for most patients is 400 to 800 mg), but according to Liu and de Haan (2009), typical prescribed doses have declined over the last 50 years.
Typical antipsychotics are dopamine antagonists, which means that they reduce dopamine activity by blocking dopamine receptors at the synapse.
This reduces positive symptoms such as hallucinations and has a calming, sedative effect.

Atypical antipsychotics have been used since the 1970s and there are a range of atypical antipsychotics, but they do not all work in the same way.
Two examples are clozapine and risperidone.
After being withdrawn in the 1970s following the deaths of some patients from a blood condition, agranulocytosis, clozapine was withdrawn, but in the 1980s when it was discovered to be more effective than typical antipsychotics, clozapine was remarketed as a treatment for schizophrenia to be used when other treatments failed.
Because of its potentially fatal side effects, clozapine is not available as an injection and the daily dosage is slightly lower than for chlorpromazine, typically 300 to 450 mg.
Risperidone has been around since the 1990s and was developed in an attempt to produce a drug as affective as clozapine, but without its serious side effects.
Atypical antipsychotics block dopamine receptors and also act on other neurotransmitters such as glutamate and serotonin.
Risperidone binds more strongly to dopamine receptors than clozapine and is therefore effective in much smaller doses than most antipsychotics.
Like chlorpromazine, risperidone can be taken in the form of tablets, syrup or an injection, but the maximum typical daily dose is 12mg.
Atypical antipsychotics address the negative symptoms of schizophrenia, such as avolition.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for both typical and atypical antipsychotics being effective in treating the symptoms of schizophrenia.
For example, Thornley et al. (2003) reviewed studies comparing the effects of chlorpromazine and a placebo. Data from 13 trials of 1,121 participants found that chlorpromazine was associated with better overall functioning and reduced symptom severity.
Data from 3 trials of 512 participants found that the relapse rate was also lower when chlorpromazine was taken.
As well as this, there is also support for the benefits of atypical antipsychotics.
For example, in a review, Meltzer (2012) concluded that clozapine is more effective than typical antipsychotics and other atypical antipsychotics, and that it is effective in 30-50% of treatment-resistant cases where typical antipsychotics have failed.
This is a great strength of antipsychotics, because it shows that antipsychotics are effective and also appropriate for many schizophrenics, including seemingly treatment-resistant cases, meaning that antipsychotics are applicable to many cases of schizophrenia for treatment.
Antipsychotics also enhance the quality of life for patients, as they allow them to live independently or outside of institutional care.
They also enhance the quality of life for family members who are able to live their lives rather than continuously care for their relative.
This further supports the appropriateness of antipsychotics to treat schizophrenia.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, there are issues with the evidence for the effectiveness of antipsychotics, as there have been some vigorous challenges to their usefulness.
For example, Healy (2012) argues that some successful trials have had their data published multiple times, exaggerating the evidence for positive effects.
As antipsychotics have powerful calming effects, it is easy to demonstrate that they have some positive effect on patients.
This is not the same as saying they really reduce the severity of psychosis.
This suggests that the effectiveness of drug therapies to treat schizophrenia may be over-exaggerated and so may not be as effective as initially thought.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a weakness of antipsychotics is the likelihood of side effects, ranging from the mild to the serious to the fatal.
Typical antipsychotics are associated with a range of side effects including dizziness, agitation and sleepiness and long-term use can result in tardive dyskinesia, which manifests as involuntary facial movements such as grimacing, blinking and lip smacking.
The most serious side effect of typical antipsychotics

Answer 30

The most serious side effect of typical antipsychotics is neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS), which results in high temperature, delirium and coma, and can be fatal

Question 31

Describe and evaluate antipsychotics as a treatment for schizophrenia (16 marks).
There are two types of antipsychotics - typical (traditional) and atypical.
Typical antipsychotics have been around since the 1950s and include Chlorpromazine.
Chlorpromazine can be taken as tablets, syrup or by injection (the maximum dosage for most patients is 400 to 800 mg), but according to Liu and de Haan (2009), typical prescribed doses have declined over the last 50 years.
Typical antipsychotics are dopamine antagonists, which means that they reduce dopamine activity by blocking dopamine receptors at the synapse.
This reduces positive symptoms such as hallucinations and has a calming, sedative effect.

Atypical antipsychotics have been used since the 1970s and there are a range of atypical antipsychotics, but they do not all work in the same way.
Two examples are clozapine and risperidone.
After being withdrawn in the 1970s following the deaths of some patients from a blood condition, agranulocytosis, clozapine was withdrawn, but in the 1980s when it was discovered to be more effective than typical antipsychotics, clozapine was remarketed as a treatment for schizophrenia to be used when other treatments failed.
Because of its potentially fatal side effects, clozapine is not available as an injection and the daily dosage is slightly lower than for chlorpromazine, typically 300 to 450 mg.
Risperidone has been around since the 1990s and was developed in an attempt to produce a drug as affective as clozapine, but without its serious side effects.
Atypical antipsychotics block dopamine receptors and also act on other neurotransmitters such as glutamate and serotonin.
Risperidone binds more strongly to dopamine receptors than clozapine and is therefore effective in much smaller doses than most antipsychotics.
Like chlorpromazine, risperidone can be taken in the form of tablets, syrup or an injection, but the maximum typical daily dose is 12mg.
Atypical antipsychotics address the negative symptoms of schizophrenia, such as avolition.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for both typical and atypical antipsychotics being effective in treating the symptoms of schizophrenia.
For example, Thornley et al. (2003) reviewed studies comparing the effects of chlorpromazine and a placebo. Data from 13 trials of 1,121 participants found that chlorpromazine was associated with better overall functioning and reduced symptom severity.
Data from 3 trials of 512 participants found that the relapse rate was also lower when chlorpromazine was taken.
As well as this, there is also support for the benefits of atypical antipsychotics.
For example, in a review, Meltzer (2012) concluded that clozapine is more effective than typical antipsychotics and other atypical antipsychotics, and that it is effective in 30-50% of treatment-resistant cases where typical antipsychotics have failed.
This is a great strength of antipsychotics, because it shows that antipsychotics are effective and also appropriate for many schizophrenics, including seemingly treatment-resistant cases, meaning that antipsychotics are applicable to many cases of schizophrenia for treatment.
Antipsychotics also enhance the quality of life for patients, as they allow them to live independently or outside of institutional care.
They also enhance the quality of life for family members who are able to live their lives rather than continuously care for their relative.
This further supports the appropriateness of antipsychotics to treat schizophrenia.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, there are issues with the evidence for the effectiveness of antipsychotics, as there have been some vigorous challenges to their usefulness.
For example, Healy (2012) argues that some successful trials have had their data published multiple times, exaggerating the evidence for positive effects.
As antipsychotics have powerful calming effects, it is easy to demonstrate that they have some positive effect on patients.
This is not the same as saying they really reduce the severity of psychosis.
This suggests that the effectiveness of drug therapies to treat schizophrenia may be over-exaggerated and so may not be as effective as initially thought.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a weakness of antipsychotics is the likelihood of side effects, ranging from the mild to the serious to the fatal.
Typical antipsychotics are associated with a range of side effects including dizziness, agitation and sleepiness and long-term use can result in tardive dyskinesia, which manifests as involuntary facial movements such as grimacing, blinking and lip smacking.
The most serious side effect of typical antipsychotics is neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS), which results in high temperature, delirium and coma, and can be fatal.
Atypical antipsychotics

Answer 31

Atypical antipsychotics have fewer side effects because of their mechanism of action, but the side effects still exist and patients taking clozapine have to have regular blood tests to alert doctors to early signs of agranulocytosis

Question 32

Describe and evaluate antipsychotics as a treatment for schizophrenia (16 marks).
There are two types of antipsychotics - typical (traditional) and atypical.
Typical antipsychotics have been around since the 1950s and include Chlorpromazine.
Chlorpromazine can be taken as tablets, syrup or by injection (the maximum dosage for most patients is 400 to 800 mg), but according to Liu and de Haan (2009), typical prescribed doses have declined over the last 50 years.
Typical antipsychotics are dopamine antagonists, which means that they reduce dopamine activity by blocking dopamine receptors at the synapse.
This reduces positive symptoms such as hallucinations and has a calming, sedative effect.

Atypical antipsychotics have been used since the 1970s and there are a range of atypical antipsychotics, but they do not all work in the same way.
Two examples are clozapine and risperidone.
After being withdrawn in the 1970s following the deaths of some patients from a blood condition, agranulocytosis, clozapine was withdrawn, but in the 1980s when it was discovered to be more effective than typical antipsychotics, clozapine was remarketed as a treatment for schizophrenia to be used when other treatments failed.
Because of its potentially fatal side effects, clozapine is not available as an injection and the daily dosage is slightly lower than for chlorpromazine, typically 300 to 450 mg.
Risperidone has been around since the 1990s and was developed in an attempt to produce a drug as affective as clozapine, but without its serious side effects.
Atypical antipsychotics block dopamine receptors and also act on other neurotransmitters such as glutamate and serotonin.
Risperidone binds more strongly to dopamine receptors than clozapine and is therefore effective in much smaller doses than most antipsychotics.
Like chlorpromazine, risperidone can be taken in the form of tablets, syrup or an injection, but the maximum typical daily dose is 12mg.
Atypical antipsychotics address the negative symptoms of schizophrenia, such as avolition.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for both typical and atypical antipsychotics being effective in treating the symptoms of schizophrenia.
For example, Thornley et al. (2003) reviewed studies comparing the effects of chlorpromazine and a placebo. Data from 13 trials of 1,121 participants found that chlorpromazine was associated with better overall functioning and reduced symptom severity.
Data from 3 trials of 512 participants found that the relapse rate was also lower when chlorpromazine was taken.
As well as this, there is also support for the benefits of atypical antipsychotics.
For example, in a review, Meltzer (2012) concluded that clozapine is more effective than typical antipsychotics and other atypical antipsychotics, and that it is effective in 30-50% of treatment-resistant cases where typical antipsychotics have failed.
This is a great strength of antipsychotics, because it shows that antipsychotics are effective and also appropriate for many schizophrenics, including seemingly treatment-resistant cases, meaning that antipsychotics are applicable to many cases of schizophrenia for treatment.
Antipsychotics also enhance the quality of life for patients, as they allow them to live independently or outside of institutional care.
They also enhance the quality of life for family members who are able to live their lives rather than continuously care for their relative.
This further supports the appropriateness of antipsychotics to treat schizophrenia.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, there are issues with the evidence for the effectiveness of antipsychotics, as there have been some vigorous challenges to their usefulness.
For example, Healy (2012) argues that some successful trials have had their data published multiple times, exaggerating the evidence for positive effects.
As antipsychotics have powerful calming effects, it is easy to demonstrate that they have some positive effect on patients.
This is not the same as saying they really reduce the severity of psychosis.
This suggests that the effectiveness of drug therapies to treat schizophrenia may be over-exaggerated and so may not be as effective as initially thought.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a weakness of antipsychotics is the likelihood of side effects, ranging from the mild to the serious to the fatal.
Typical antipsychotics are associated with a range of side effects including dizziness, agitation and sleepiness and long-term use can result in tardive dyskinesia, which manifests as involuntary facial movements such as grimacing, blinking and lip smacking.
The most serious side effect of typical antipsychotics is neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS), which results in high temperature, delirium and coma, and can be fatal.
Atypical antipsychotics have fewer side effects because of their mechanism of action, but the side effects still exist and patients taking clozapine have to have regular blood tests to alert doctors to early signs of agranulocytosis.
Why are side effects thus a significant limitation of antipsychotics?

Answer 32

Side effects are thus a significant limitation of antipsychotics, because the side effects can be so distressing for patients that they stop taking the medication entirely, which then impacts the effectiveness of them

Question 33

Describe and evaluate antipsychotics as a treatment for schizophrenia (16 marks).
There are two types of antipsychotics - typical (traditional) and atypical.
Typical antipsychotics have been around since the 1950s and include Chlorpromazine.
Chlorpromazine can be taken as tablets, syrup or by injection (the maximum dosage for most patients is 400 to 800 mg), but according to Liu and de Haan (2009), typical prescribed doses have declined over the last 50 years.
Typical antipsychotics are dopamine antagonists, which means that they reduce dopamine activity by blocking dopamine receptors at the synapse.
This reduces positive symptoms such as hallucinations and has a calming, sedative effect.

Atypical antipsychotics have been used since the 1970s and there are a range of atypical antipsychotics, but they do not all work in the same way.
Two examples are clozapine and risperidone.
After being withdrawn in the 1970s following the deaths of some patients from a blood condition, agranulocytosis, clozapine was withdrawn, but in the 1980s when it was discovered to be more effective than typical antipsychotics, clozapine was remarketed as a treatment for schizophrenia to be used when other treatments failed.
Because of its potentially fatal side effects, clozapine is not available as an injection and the daily dosage is slightly lower than for chlorpromazine, typically 300 to 450 mg.
Risperidone has been around since the 1990s and was developed in an attempt to produce a drug as affective as clozapine, but without its serious side effects.
Atypical antipsychotics block dopamine receptors and also act on other neurotransmitters such as glutamate and serotonin.
Risperidone binds more strongly to dopamine receptors than clozapine and is therefore effective in much smaller doses than most antipsychotics.
Like chlorpromazine, risperidone can be taken in the form of tablets, syrup or an injection, but the maximum typical daily dose is 12mg.
Atypical antipsychotics address the negative symptoms of schizophrenia, such as avolition.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for both typical and atypical antipsychotics being effective in treating the symptoms of schizophrenia.
For example, Thornley et al. (2003) reviewed studies comparing the effects of chlorpromazine and a placebo. Data from 13 trials of 1,121 participants found that chlorpromazine was associated with better overall functioning and reduced symptom severity.
Data from 3 trials of 512 participants found that the relapse rate was also lower when chlorpromazine was taken.
As well as this, there is also support for the benefits of atypical antipsychotics.
For example, in a review, Meltzer (2012) concluded that clozapine is more effective than typical antipsychotics and other atypical antipsychotics, and that it is effective in 30-50% of treatment-resistant cases where typical antipsychotics have failed.
This is a great strength of antipsychotics, because it shows that antipsychotics are effective and also appropriate for many schizophrenics, including seemingly treatment-resistant cases, meaning that antipsychotics are applicable to many cases of schizophrenia for treatment.
Antipsychotics also enhance the quality of life for patients, as they allow them to live independently or outside of institutional care.
They also enhance the quality of life for family members who are able to live their lives rather than continuously care for their relative.
This further supports the appropriateness of antipsychotics to treat schizophrenia.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, there are issues with the evidence for the effectiveness of antipsychotics, as there have been some vigorous challenges to their usefulness.
For example, Healy (2012) argues that some successful trials have had their data published multiple times, exaggerating the evidence for positive effects.
As antipsychotics have powerful calming effects, it is easy to demonstrate that they have some positive effect on patients.
This is not the same as saying they really reduce the severity of psychosis.
This suggests that the effectiveness of drug therapies to treat schizophrenia may be over-exaggerated and so may not be as effective as initially thought.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a weakness of antipsychotics is the likelihood of side effects, ranging from the mild to the serious to the fatal.
Typical antipsychotics are associated with a range of side effects including dizziness, agitation and sleepiness and long-term use can result in tardive dyskinesia, which manifests as involuntary facial movements such as grimacing, blinking and lip smacking.
The most serious side effect of typical antipsychotics is neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS), which results in high temperature, delirium and coma, and can be fatal.
Atypical antipsychotics have fewer side effects because of their mechanism of action, but the side effects still exist and patients taking clozapine have to have regular blood tests to alert doctors to early signs of agranulocytosis.
Side effects are thus a significant limitation of antipsychotics, because the side effects can be so distressing for patients that they stop taking the medication entirely, which then impacts the effectiveness of them.
Nevertheless,

Answer 33

Nevertheless, atypical antipsychotics have fewer side effects than typical antipsychotics, suggesting that people are more likely to continue with them and so are more likely to see a reduction in symptoms

Question 34

Describe and evaluate antipsychotics as a treatment for schizophrenia (16 marks).
There are two types of antipsychotics - typical (traditional) and atypical.
Typical antipsychotics have been around since the 1950s and include Chlorpromazine.
Chlorpromazine can be taken as tablets, syrup or by injection (the maximum dosage for most patients is 400 to 800 mg), but according to Liu and de Haan (2009), typical prescribed doses have declined over the last 50 years.
Typical antipsychotics are dopamine antagonists, which means that they reduce dopamine activity by blocking dopamine receptors at the synapse.
This reduces positive symptoms such as hallucinations and has a calming, sedative effect.

Atypical antipsychotics have been used since the 1970s and there are a range of atypical antipsychotics, but they do not all work in the same way.
Two examples are clozapine and risperidone.
After being withdrawn in the 1970s following the deaths of some patients from a blood condition, agranulocytosis, clozapine was withdrawn, but in the 1980s when it was discovered to be more effective than typical antipsychotics, clozapine was remarketed as a treatment for schizophrenia to be used when other treatments failed.
Because of its potentially fatal side effects, clozapine is not available as an injection and the daily dosage is slightly lower than for chlorpromazine, typically 300 to 450 mg.
Risperidone has been around since the 1990s and was developed in an attempt to produce a drug as affective as clozapine, but without its serious side effects.
Atypical antipsychotics block dopamine receptors and also act on other neurotransmitters such as glutamate and serotonin.
Risperidone binds more strongly to dopamine receptors than clozapine and is therefore effective in much smaller doses than most antipsychotics.
Like chlorpromazine, risperidone can be taken in the form of tablets, syrup or an injection, but the maximum typical daily dose is 12mg.
Atypical antipsychotics address the negative symptoms of schizophrenia, such as avolition.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for both typical and atypical antipsychotics being effective in treating the symptoms of schizophrenia.
For example, Thornley et al. (2003) reviewed studies comparing the effects of chlorpromazine and a placebo. Data from 13 trials of 1,121 participants found that chlorpromazine was associated with better overall functioning and reduced symptom severity.
Data from 3 trials of 512 participants found that the relapse rate was also lower when chlorpromazine was taken.
As well as this, there is also support for the benefits of atypical antipsychotics.
For example, in a review, Meltzer (2012) concluded that clozapine is more effective than typical antipsychotics and other atypical antipsychotics, and that it is effective in 30-50% of treatment-resistant cases where typical antipsychotics have failed.
This is a great strength of antipsychotics, because it shows that antipsychotics are effective and also appropriate for many schizophrenics, including seemingly treatment-resistant cases, meaning that antipsychotics are applicable to many cases of schizophrenia for treatment.
Antipsychotics also enhance the quality of life for patients, as they allow them to live independently or outside of institutional care.
They also enhance the quality of life for family members who are able to live their lives rather than continuously care for their relative.
This further supports the appropriateness of antipsychotics to treat schizophrenia.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, there are issues with the evidence for the effectiveness of antipsychotics, as there have been some vigorous challenges to their usefulness.
For example, Healy (2012) argues that some successful trials have had their data published multiple times, exaggerating the evidence for positive effects.
As antipsychotics have powerful calming effects, it is easy to demonstrate that they have some positive effect on patients.
This is not the same as saying they really reduce the severity of psychosis.
This suggests that the effectiveness of drug therapies to treat schizophrenia may be over-exaggerated and so may not be as effective as initially thought.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a weakness of antipsychotics is the likelihood of side effects, ranging from the mild to the serious to the fatal.
Typical antipsychotics are associated with a range of side effects including dizziness, agitation and sleepiness and long-term use can result in tardive dyskinesia, which manifests as involuntary facial movements such as grimacing, blinking and lip smacking.
The most serious side effect of typical antipsychotics is neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS), which results in high temperature, delirium and coma, and can be fatal.
Atypical antipsychotics have fewer side effects because of their mechanism of action, but the side effects still exist and patients taking clozapine have to have regular blood tests to alert doctors to early signs of agranulocytosis.
Side effects are thus a significant limitation of antipsychotics, because the side effects can be so distressing for patients that they stop taking the medication entirely, which then impacts the effectiveness of them.
Nevertheless, atypical antipsychotics have fewer side effects than typical antipsychotics, suggesting that people are more likely to continue with them and so are more likely to see a reduction in symptoms.
What does this show?

Answer 34

This shows that antipsychotics may not be appropriate for all patients and so should be prescribed with caution

Question 35

Describe and evaluate antipsychotics as a treatment for schizophrenia (16 marks).
There are two types of antipsychotics - typical (traditional) and atypical.
Typical antipsychotics have been around since the 1950s and include Chlorpromazine.
Chlorpromazine can be taken as tablets, syrup or by injection (the maximum dosage for most patients is 400 to 800 mg), but according to Liu and de Haan (2009), typical prescribed doses have declined over the last 50 years.
Typical antipsychotics are dopamine antagonists, which means that they reduce dopamine activity by blocking dopamine receptors at the synapse.
This reduces positive symptoms such as hallucinations and has a calming, sedative effect.

Atypical antipsychotics have been used since the 1970s and there are a range of atypical antipsychotics, but they do not all work in the same way.
Two examples are clozapine and risperidone.
After being withdrawn in the 1970s following the deaths of some patients from a blood condition, agranulocytosis, clozapine was withdrawn, but in the 1980s when it was discovered to be more effective than typical antipsychotics, clozapine was remarketed as a treatment for schizophrenia to be used when other treatments failed.
Because of its potentially fatal side effects, clozapine is not available as an injection and the daily dosage is slightly lower than for chlorpromazine, typically 300 to 450 mg.
Risperidone has been around since the 1990s and was developed in an attempt to produce a drug as affective as clozapine, but without its serious side effects.
Atypical antipsychotics block dopamine receptors and also act on other neurotransmitters such as glutamate and serotonin.
Risperidone binds more strongly to dopamine receptors than clozapine and is therefore effective in much smaller doses than most antipsychotics.
Like chlorpromazine, risperidone can be taken in the form of tablets, syrup or an injection, but the maximum typical daily dose is 12mg.
Atypical antipsychotics address the negative symptoms of schizophrenia, such as avolition.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for both typical and atypical antipsychotics being effective in treating the symptoms of schizophrenia.
For example, Thornley et al. (2003) reviewed studies comparing the effects of chlorpromazine and a placebo. Data from 13 trials of 1,121 participants found that chlorpromazine was associated with better overall functioning and reduced symptom severity.
Data from 3 trials of 512 participants found that the relapse rate was also lower when chlorpromazine was taken.
As well as this, there is also support for the benefits of atypical antipsychotics.
For example, in a review, Meltzer (2012) concluded that clozapine is more effective than typical antipsychotics and other atypical antipsychotics, and that it is effective in 30-50% of treatment-resistant cases where typical antipsychotics have failed.
This is a great strength of antipsychotics, because it shows that antipsychotics are effective and also appropriate for many schizophrenics, including seemingly treatment-resistant cases, meaning that antipsychotics are applicable to many cases of schizophrenia for treatment.
Antipsychotics also enhance the quality of life for patients, as they allow them to live independently or outside of institutional care.
They also enhance the quality of life for family members who are able to live their lives rather than continuously care for their relative.
This further supports the appropriateness of antipsychotics to treat schizophrenia.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, there are issues with the evidence for the effectiveness of antipsychotics, as there have been some vigorous challenges to their usefulness.
For example, Healy (2012) argues that some successful trials have had their data published multiple times, exaggerating the evidence for positive effects.
As antipsychotics have powerful calming effects, it is easy to demonstrate that they have some positive effect on patients.
This is not the same as saying they really reduce the severity of psychosis.
This suggests that the effectiveness of drug therapies to treat schizophrenia may be over-exaggerated and so may not be as effective as initially thought.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a weakness of antipsychotics is the likelihood of side effects, ranging from the mild to the serious to the fatal.
Typical antipsychotics are associated with a range of side effects including dizziness, agitation and sleepiness and long-term use can result in tardive dyskinesia, which manifests as involuntary facial movements such as grimacing, blinking and lip smacking.
The most serious side effect of typical antipsychotics is neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS), which results in high temperature, delirium and coma, and can be fatal.
Atypical antipsychotics have fewer side effects because of their mechanism of action, but the side effects still exist and patients taking clozapine have to have regular blood tests to alert doctors to early signs of agranulocytosis.
Side effects are thus a significant limitation of antipsychotics, because the side effects can be so distressing for patients that they stop taking the medication entirely, which then impacts the effectiveness of them.
Nevertheless, atypical antipsychotics have fewer side effects than typical antipsychotics, suggesting that people are more likely to continue with them and so are more likely to see a reduction in symptoms.
This shows that antipsychotics may not be appropriate for all patients and so should be prescribed with caution.

Fourth AO3 PEEL paragraph

Answer 35

The fourth AO3 PEEL paragraph is that it would be more effectual/efficacious to combine antipsychotics and psychological treatments for schizophrenia, compared to only antipsychotics and there is research support for the effectiveness of this

Question 36

Describe and evaluate antipsychotics as a treatment for schizophrenia (16 marks).
There are two types of antipsychotics - typical (traditional) and atypical.
Typical antipsychotics have been around since the 1950s and include Chlorpromazine.
Chlorpromazine can be taken as tablets, syrup or by injection (the maximum dosage for most patients is 400 to 800 mg), but according to Liu and de Haan (2009), typical prescribed doses have declined over the last 50 years.
Typical antipsychotics are dopamine antagonists, which means that they reduce dopamine activity by blocking dopamine receptors at the synapse.
This reduces positive symptoms such as hallucinations and has a calming, sedative effect.

Atypical antipsychotics have been used since the 1970s and there are a range of atypical antipsychotics, but they do not all work in the same way.
Two examples are clozapine and risperidone.
After being withdrawn in the 1970s following the deaths of some patients from a blood condition, agranulocytosis, clozapine was withdrawn, but in the 1980s when it was discovered to be more effective than typical antipsychotics, clozapine was remarketed as a treatment for schizophrenia to be used when other treatments failed.
Because of its potentially fatal side effects, clozapine is not available as an injection and the daily dosage is slightly lower than for chlorpromazine, typically 300 to 450 mg.
Risperidone has been around since the 1990s and was developed in an attempt to produce a drug as affective as clozapine, but without its serious side effects.
Atypical antipsychotics block dopamine receptors and also act on other neurotransmitters such as glutamate and serotonin.
Risperidone binds more strongly to dopamine receptors than clozapine and is therefore effective in much smaller doses than most antipsychotics.
Like chlorpromazine, risperidone can be taken in the form of tablets, syrup or an injection, but the maximum typical daily dose is 12mg.
Atypical antipsychotics address the negative symptoms of schizophrenia, such as avolition.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for both typical and atypical antipsychotics being effective in treating the symptoms of schizophrenia.
For example, Thornley et al. (2003) reviewed studies comparing the effects of chlorpromazine and a placebo. Data from 13 trials of 1,121 participants found that chlorpromazine was associated with better overall functioning and reduced symptom severity.
Data from 3 trials of 512 participants found that the relapse rate was also lower when chlorpromazine was taken.
As well as this, there is also support for the benefits of atypical antipsychotics.
For example, in a review, Meltzer (2012) concluded that clozapine is more effective than typical antipsychotics and other atypical antipsychotics, and that it is effective in 30-50% of treatment-resistant cases where typical antipsychotics have failed.
This is a great strength of antipsychotics, because it shows that antipsychotics are effective and also appropriate for many schizophrenics, including seemingly treatment-resistant cases, meaning that antipsychotics are applicable to many cases of schizophrenia for treatment.
Antipsychotics also enhance the quality of life for patients, as they allow them to live independently or outside of institutional care.
They also enhance the quality of life for family members who are able to live their lives rather than continuously care for their relative.
This further supports the appropriateness of antipsychotics to treat schizophrenia.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, there are issues with the evidence for the effectiveness of antipsychotics, as there have been some vigorous challenges to their usefulness.
For example, Healy (2012) argues that some successful trials have had their data published multiple times, exaggerating the evidence for positive effects.
As antipsychotics have powerful calming effects, it is easy to demonstrate that they have some positive effect on patients.
This is not the same as saying they really reduce the severity of psychosis.
This suggests that the effectiveness of drug therapies to treat schizophrenia may be over-exaggerated and so may not be as effective as initially thought.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a weakness of antipsychotics is the likelihood of side effects, ranging from the mild to the serious to the fatal.
Typical antipsychotics are associated with a range of side effects including dizziness, agitation and sleepiness and long-term use can result in tardive dyskinesia, which manifests as involuntary facial movements such as grimacing, blinking and lip smacking.
The most serious side effect of typical antipsychotics is neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS), which results in high temperature, delirium and coma, and can be fatal.
Atypical antipsychotics have fewer side effects because of their mechanism of action, but the side effects still exist and patients taking clozapine have to have regular blood tests to alert doctors to early signs of agranulocytosis.
Side effects are thus a significant limitation of antipsychotics, because the side effects can be so distressing for patients that they stop taking the medication entirely, which then impacts the effectiveness of them.
Nevertheless, atypical antipsychotics have fewer side effects than typical antipsychotics, suggesting that people are more likely to continue with them and so are more likely to see a reduction in symptoms.
This shows that antipsychotics may not be appropriate for all patients and so should be prescribed with caution.

The fourth AO3 PEEL paragraph is that it would be more effectual/efficacious to combine antipsychotics and psychological treatments for schizophrenia, compared to only antipsychotics and there is research support for the effectiveness of this.
Why is this?

Answer 36

This is because as Turkington et al. (2006) point out, it is not possible to adopt a purely biological approach and simultaneously treat schizophrenics with CBT to relieve psychological symptoms – it requires adopting an interactionist model

Question 37

Describe and evaluate antipsychotics as a treatment for schizophrenia (16 marks).
There are two types of antipsychotics - typical (traditional) and atypical.
Typical antipsychotics have been around since the 1950s and include Chlorpromazine.
Chlorpromazine can be taken as tablets, syrup or by injection (the maximum dosage for most patients is 400 to 800 mg), but according to Liu and de Haan (2009), typical prescribed doses have declined over the last 50 years.
Typical antipsychotics are dopamine antagonists, which means that they reduce dopamine activity by blocking dopamine receptors at the synapse.
This reduces positive symptoms such as hallucinations and has a calming, sedative effect.

Atypical antipsychotics have been used since the 1970s and there are a range of atypical antipsychotics, but they do not all work in the same way.
Two examples are clozapine and risperidone.
After being withdrawn in the 1970s following the deaths of some patients from a blood condition, agranulocytosis, clozapine was withdrawn, but in the 1980s when it was discovered to be more effective than typical antipsychotics, clozapine was remarketed as a treatment for schizophrenia to be used when other treatments failed.
Because of its potentially fatal side effects, clozapine is not available as an injection and the daily dosage is slightly lower than for chlorpromazine, typically 300 to 450 mg.
Risperidone has been around since the 1990s and was developed in an attempt to produce a drug as affective as clozapine, but without its serious side effects.
Atypical antipsychotics block dopamine receptors and also act on other neurotransmitters such as glutamate and serotonin.
Risperidone binds more strongly to dopamine receptors than clozapine and is therefore effective in much smaller doses than most antipsychotics.
Like chlorpromazine, risperidone can be taken in the form of tablets, syrup or an injection, but the maximum typical daily dose is 12mg.
Atypical antipsychotics address the negative symptoms of schizophrenia, such as avolition.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for both typical and atypical antipsychotics being effective in treating the symptoms of schizophrenia.
For example, Thornley et al. (2003) reviewed studies comparing the effects of chlorpromazine and a placebo. Data from 13 trials of 1,121 participants found that chlorpromazine was associated with better overall functioning and reduced symptom severity.
Data from 3 trials of 512 participants found that the relapse rate was also lower when chlorpromazine was taken.
As well as this, there is also support for the benefits of atypical antipsychotics.
For example, in a review, Meltzer (2012) concluded that clozapine is more effective than typical antipsychotics and other atypical antipsychotics, and that it is effective in 30-50% of treatment-resistant cases where typical antipsychotics have failed.
This is a great strength of antipsychotics, because it shows that antipsychotics are effective and also appropriate for many schizophrenics, including seemingly treatment-resistant cases, meaning that antipsychotics are applicable to many cases of schizophrenia for treatment.
Antipsychotics also enhance the quality of life for patients, as they allow them to live independently or outside of institutional care.
They also enhance the quality of life for family members who are able to live their lives rather than continuously care for their relative.
This further supports the appropriateness of antipsychotics to treat schizophrenia.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, there are issues with the evidence for the effectiveness of antipsychotics, as there have been some vigorous challenges to their usefulness.
For example, Healy (2012) argues that some successful trials have had their data published multiple times, exaggerating the evidence for positive effects.
As antipsychotics have powerful calming effects, it is easy to demonstrate that they have some positive effect on patients.
This is not the same as saying they really reduce the severity of psychosis.
This suggests that the effectiveness of drug therapies to treat schizophrenia may be over-exaggerated and so may not be as effective as initially thought.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a weakness of antipsychotics is the likelihood of side effects, ranging from the mild to the serious to the fatal.
Typical antipsychotics are associated with a range of side effects including dizziness, agitation and sleepiness and long-term use can result in tardive dyskinesia, which manifests as involuntary facial movements such as grimacing, blinking and lip smacking.
The most serious side effect of typical antipsychotics is neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS), which results in high temperature, delirium and coma, and can be fatal.
Atypical antipsychotics have fewer side effects because of their mechanism of action, but the side effects still exist and patients taking clozapine have to have regular blood tests to alert doctors to early signs of agranulocytosis.
Side effects are thus a significant limitation of antipsychotics, because the side effects can be so distressing for patients that they stop taking the medication entirely, which then impacts the effectiveness of them.
Nevertheless, atypical antipsychotics have fewer side effects than typical antipsychotics, suggesting that people are more likely to continue with them and so are more likely to see a reduction in symptoms.
This shows that antipsychotics may not be appropriate for all patients and so should be prescribed with caution.

The fourth AO3 PEEL paragraph is that it would be more effectual/efficacious to combine antipsychotics and psychological treatments for schizophrenia, compared to only antipsychotics and there is research support for the effectiveness of this.
This is because as Turkington et al. (2006) point out, it is not possible to adopt a purely biological approach and simultaneously treat schizophrenics with CBT to relieve psychological symptoms – it requires adopting an interactionist model.
Example

Answer 37

For example, Tarrier et al. (2004) randomly allocated 315 patients to a medication and CBT group, medication and supportive counselling group or a control group of medication only.
Patients in the two combination groups showed lower symptom levels than those in the control group

Question 38

Describe and evaluate antipsychotics as a treatment for schizophrenia (16 marks).
There are two types of antipsychotics - typical (traditional) and atypical.
Typical antipsychotics have been around since the 1950s and include Chlorpromazine.
Chlorpromazine can be taken as tablets, syrup or by injection (the maximum dosage for most patients is 400 to 800 mg), but according to Liu and de Haan (2009), typical prescribed doses have declined over the last 50 years.
Typical antipsychotics are dopamine antagonists, which means that they reduce dopamine activity by blocking dopamine receptors at the synapse.
This reduces positive symptoms such as hallucinations and has a calming, sedative effect.

Atypical antipsychotics have been used since the 1970s and there are a range of atypical antipsychotics, but they do not all work in the same way.
Two examples are clozapine and risperidone.
After being withdrawn in the 1970s following the deaths of some patients from a blood condition, agranulocytosis, clozapine was withdrawn, but in the 1980s when it was discovered to be more effective than typical antipsychotics, clozapine was remarketed as a treatment for schizophrenia to be used when other treatments failed.
Because of its potentially fatal side effects, clozapine is not available as an injection and the daily dosage is slightly lower than for chlorpromazine, typically 300 to 450 mg.
Risperidone has been around since the 1990s and was developed in an attempt to produce a drug as affective as clozapine, but without its serious side effects.
Atypical antipsychotics block dopamine receptors and also act on other neurotransmitters such as glutamate and serotonin.
Risperidone binds more strongly to dopamine receptors than clozapine and is therefore effective in much smaller doses than most antipsychotics.
Like chlorpromazine, risperidone can be taken in the form of tablets, syrup or an injection, but the maximum typical daily dose is 12mg.
Atypical antipsychotics address the negative symptoms of schizophrenia, such as avolition.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for both typical and atypical antipsychotics being effective in treating the symptoms of schizophrenia.
For example, Thornley et al. (2003) reviewed studies comparing the effects of chlorpromazine and a placebo. Data from 13 trials of 1,121 participants found that chlorpromazine was associated with better overall functioning and reduced symptom severity.
Data from 3 trials of 512 participants found that the relapse rate was also lower when chlorpromazine was taken.
As well as this, there is also support for the benefits of atypical antipsychotics.
For example, in a review, Meltzer (2012) concluded that clozapine is more effective than typical antipsychotics and other atypical antipsychotics, and that it is effective in 30-50% of treatment-resistant cases where typical antipsychotics have failed.
This is a great strength of antipsychotics, because it shows that antipsychotics are effective and also appropriate for many schizophrenics, including seemingly treatment-resistant cases, meaning that antipsychotics are applicable to many cases of schizophrenia for treatment.
Antipsychotics also enhance the quality of life for patients, as they allow them to live independently or outside of institutional care.
They also enhance the quality of life for family members who are able to live their lives rather than continuously care for their relative.
This further supports the appropriateness of antipsychotics to treat schizophrenia.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that However, there are issues with the evidence for the effectiveness of antipsychotics, as there have been some vigorous challenges to their usefulness.
For example, Healy (2012) argues that some successful trials have had their data published multiple times, exaggerating the evidence for positive effects.
As antipsychotics have powerful calming effects, it is easy to demonstrate that they have some positive effect on patients.
This is not the same as saying they really reduce the severity of psychosis.
This suggests that the effectiveness of drug therapies to treat schizophrenia may be over-exaggerated and so may not be as effective as initially thought.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that a weakness of antipsychotics is the likelihood of side effects, ranging from the mild to the serious to the fatal.
Typical antipsychotics are associated with a range of side effects including dizziness, agitation and sleepiness and long-term use can result in tardive dyskinesia, which manifests as involuntary facial movements such as grimacing, blinking and lip smacking.
The most serious side effect of typical antipsychotics is neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS), which results in high temperature, delirium and coma, and can be fatal.
Atypical antipsychotics have fewer side effects because of their mechanism of action, but the side effects still exist and patients taking clozapine have to have regular blood tests to alert doctors to early signs of agranulocytosis.
Side effects are thus a significant limitation of antipsychotics, because the side effects can be so distressing for patients that they stop taking the medication entirely, which then impacts the effectiveness of them.
Nevertheless, atypical antipsychotics have fewer side effects than typical antipsychotics, suggesting that people are more likely to continue with them and so are more likely to see a reduction in symptoms.
This shows that antipsychotics may not be appropriate for all patients and so should be prescribed with caution.

The fourth AO3 PEEL paragraph is that it would be more effectual/efficacious to combine antipsychotics and psychological treatments for schizophrenia, compared to only antipsychotics and there is research support for the effectiveness of this.
This is because as Turkington et al. (2006) point out, it is not possible to adopt a purely biological approach and simultaneously treat schizophrenics with CBT to relieve psychological symptoms – it requires adopting an interactionist model.
For example, Tarrier et al. (2004) randomly allocated 315 patients to a medication and CBT group, medication and supportive counselling group or a control group of medication only.
Patients in the two combination groups showed lower symptom levels than those in the control group.
What does this illustrate?

Answer 38

This illustrates the usefulness of adopting an interactionist approach in the treatment of schizophrenia and therefore using antipsychotics as part of a combined treatment for schizophrenia, along with a therapy such as CBT, since it is more effective

Question 39

‘Therapies can be time-consuming and, in some cases, uncomfortable for the client. It is, therefore, very important to offer the most appropriate and effective type of treatment.’

Outline and evaluate two or more therapies used in the treatment of schizophrenia (16 marks)
What would your two therapies for AO1 be?

Answer 39

Your two therapies for AO1 would be drug therapy and CBT.

For CBT, give a firm example of it in action, for example test thoughts of … by …

Question 40

‘Therapies can be time-consuming and, in some cases, uncomfortable for the client. It is, therefore, very important to offer the most appropriate and effective type of treatment.’

Outline and evaluate two or more therapies used in the treatment of schizophrenia (16 marks)
Your two therapies for AO1 would be drug therapy and CBT.
For CBT, give a firm example of it in action, for example test thoughts of … by ….

AO3:
Effective

Appropriate - Drugs can treat severe

Answer 40

Appropriate - Drugs can treat severe positive and negative symptoms

Question 41

‘Therapies can be time-consuming and, in some cases, uncomfortable for the client. It is, therefore, very important to offer the most appropriate and effective type of treatment.’

Outline and evaluate two or more therapies used in the treatment of schizophrenia (16 marks)
Your two therapies for AO1 would be drug therapy and CBT.
For CBT, give a firm example of it in action, for example test thoughts of … by ….

AO3:
Effective

Appropriate - Drugs can treat severe positive and negative symptoms

Time-consuming - CBT

Answer 41

Time-consuming - The individual sessions of CBT are usually atleast an hour and a one-off session would not be the most effective for a schizophrenic - the sessions would have to be over a long-term basis and this would take more time

Question 42

‘Therapies can be time-consuming and, in some cases, uncomfortable for the client. It is, therefore, very important to offer the most appropriate and effective type of treatment.’

Outline and evaluate two or more therapies used in the treatment of schizophrenia (16 marks)
Your two therapies for AO1 would be drug therapy and CBT.
For CBT, give a firm example of it in action, for example test thoughts of … by ….

AO3:
Effective

Appropriate - Drugs can treat severe positive and negative symptoms

Time-consuming - The individual sessions of CBT are usually atleast an hour and a one-off session would not be the most effective for a schizophrenic - the sessions would have to be over a long-term basis and this would take more time

Uncomfortable - CBT

Answer 42

Uncomfortable - CBT is more uncomfortable than drugs, because it is more invasive, as it is more personal.
CBT is also only appropriate if the symptoms are controlled by drugs, as they need motivation to engage

Question 43

‘Therapies can be time-consuming and, in some cases, uncomfortable for the client. It is, therefore, very important to offer the most appropriate and effective type of treatment.’

Outline and evaluate two or more therapies used in the treatment of schizophrenia (16 marks)
Your two therapies for AO1 would be drug therapy and CBT.
For CBT, give a firm example of it in action, for example test thoughts of … by ….

AO3:
Effective

Appropriate - Drugs can treat severe positive and negative symptoms

Time-consuming - The individual sessions of CBT are usually atleast an hour and a one-off session would not be the most effective for a schizophrenic - the sessions would have to be over a long-term basis and this would take more time

Uncomfortable - CBT is more uncomfortable than drugs, because it is more invasive, as it is more personal.
CBT is also only appropriate if the symptoms are controlled by drugs, as they need motivation to engage.
However,

Answer 43

However, drugs are uncomfortable because of their side effects and the long-term risks/side effects, too

Question 44

‘Therapies can be time-consuming and, in some cases, uncomfortable for the client. It is, therefore, very important to offer the most appropriate and effective type of treatment.’

Outline and evaluate two or more therapies used in the treatment of schizophrenia (16 marks)
Your two therapies for AO1 would be drug therapy and CBT.
For CBT, give a firm example of it in action, for example test thoughts of … by ….

AO3:
Effective

Appropriate - Drugs can treat severe positive and negative symptoms

Time-consuming - The individual sessions of CBT are usually atleast an hour and a one-off session would not be the most effective for a schizophrenic - the sessions would have to be over a long-term basis and this would take more time

Uncomfortable - CBT is more uncomfortable than drugs, because it is more invasive, as it is more personal.
CBT is also only appropriate if the symptoms are controlled by drugs, as they need motivation to engage.
However, drugs are uncomfortable because of their side effects and the long-term risks/side effects, too.

Speak of how it undermines

Answer 44

Speak of how it undermines the cause of schizophrenia

Question 45

‘Therapies can be time-consuming and, in some cases, uncomfortable for the client. It is, therefore, very important to offer the most appropriate and effective type of treatment.’

Outline and evaluate two or more therapies used in the treatment of schizophrenia (16 marks)
Your two therapies for AO1 would be drug therapy and CBT.
For CBT, give a firm example of it in action, for example test thoughts of … by ….

AO3:
Effective

Appropriate - Drugs can treat severe positive and negative symptoms

Time-consuming - The individual sessions of CBT are usually atleast an hour and a one-off session would not be the most effective for a schizophrenic - the sessions would have to be over a long-term basis and this would take more time

Uncomfortable - CBT is more uncomfortable than drugs, because it is more invasive, as it is more personal.
CBT is also only appropriate if the symptoms are controlled by drugs, as they need motivation to engage.
However, drugs are uncomfortable because of their side effects and the long-term risks/side effects, too.

Speak of how it undermines the cause of schizophrenia, how?

Answer 45

Speak of how it undermines the cause of schizophrenia, because if drug therapy only masks the symptoms and they come back when drug therapy is stopped, then schizophrenia can’t be fully biological and if CBT is ineffective for all patients, then the cause of schizophrenia can’t be purely psychological either

Question 46

‘Therapies can be time-consuming and, in some cases, uncomfortable for the client. It is, therefore, very important to offer the most appropriate and effective type of treatment.’

Outline and evaluate two or more therapies used in the treatment of schizophrenia (16 marks)
Your two therapies for AO1 would be drug therapy and CBT.
For CBT, give a firm example of it in action, for example test thoughts of … by ….

AO3:
Effective

Appropriate - Drugs can treat severe positive and negative symptoms

Time-consuming - The individual sessions of CBT are usually atleast an hour and a one-off session would not be the most effective for a schizophrenic - the sessions would have to be over a long-term basis and this would take more time

Uncomfortable - CBT is more uncomfortable than drugs, because it is more invasive, as it is more personal.
CBT is also only appropriate if the symptoms are controlled by drugs, as they need motivation to engage.
However, drugs are uncomfortable because of their side effects and the long-term risks/side effects, too.

Speak of how it undermines the cause of schizophrenia, because if drug therapy only masks the symptoms and they come back when drug therapy is stopped, then schizophrenia can’t be fully biological and if CBT is ineffective for all patients, then the cause of schizophrenia can’t be purely psychological either.

End by saying how what is better?

Answer 46

End by saying how a combination of drug therapy and CBT is better (interactionist approach), with Tarrier as supporting evidence