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Biology Module 2 > 6.4: Organisation and Specialisation of Cells > Flashcards

6.4: Organisation and Specialisation of Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

What are cells?

A

The basic unit of life.

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2
Q

State the order of size of organic components, starting from smallest.

A

Organelle, specialised cells, tissues, organsm organ system, organism

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3
Q

What does it mean for a cell to be differentiated?

A

They are specialised to carry out specific functions

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4
Q

What are erythrocytes?

A

Red blood cells

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5
Q

How are erythrocytes specialised?

A

-Flattened bioconcave shape
-Flexible
-Do not contain a nucleus or many other organelles

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6
Q

Why do erythrocytes have a bioconcave shape?

A

To increase their surface area : volume ratio, to increase the rate of diffusion, which allows them to squeeze through blood vessels

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7
Q

Why are erythrocytes flexible?

A

To squeeze through narrow capillaries and blood vessels

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8
Q

Why do erythrocytes not contain a nucleus?

A

To make space for haemoglobin, which binds to oxygen for it to be stored and transported oxygen around the body.

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9
Q

What are neutrophils?

A

A type of white blood cell that plays an essential role in the immune system

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10
Q

How are neutrophils specialised?

A

-Have a multi-lobed nucleus
-Granular cytoplasm contains many lysosomes containing enzymes used to attack pathogens
-Performs phagocytosis

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11
Q

Why do neutrophils have a multi-lobed nucleus?

A

Because it makes it easier for them to squeeze through small gaps, to get to the site of infections.

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12
Q

What are sperm cells?

A

Male gametes.

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13
Q

What is the function of sperm cells?

A

To deliver genetic information to the female gamete

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14
Q

How are sperm cells specialised?

A

-Have tail/flagellum
-Aerosome on head contains digestive enzymes, released to digest the protective layers around the ovum
-Have many mitochondria that contain ATP

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15
Q

Why do sperm cells have a tail?

A

So they are capable of movement

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16
Q

Why do sperm cells contain many mitochondria?

A

To hold ATP, which supplies the energy needed to swim

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17
Q

Why do sperm cells have digestive enzymes in the aerosome on their heads?

A

To digest the protective layers around the ovum, which allows the sperm to penetrate, leading to fertilisation.

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18
Q

Where are palisade cells found?

A

In the mesophyll of a plant

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19
Q

How are palisade cells specialised?

A

-Contain chloroplasts
-Cells are rectangular box shapes
-Have thin cell walls
-Contain large vacuoles
-Chloroplasts can move within the cytoplasm

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20
Q

Why do palisade cells contain chloroplasts?

A

To absorb large amounts of light for photosynthesis

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21
Q

Why are palisade cells rectangular box shapes?

A

So they can be closely packed to form a continuous layer

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22
Q

Why do palisade cells have thin cell walls?

A

To increase the rate of diffusion of CO2

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23
Q

Why do palisade cells contain large vacuoles?

A

To maintain turgor pressure

24
Q

Why can chloroplasts move within the cytoplasm in palisade cells?

A

To absorb more light

25
Q

Where are root hair cells present?

A

At the surfaces of roots, near growing tips in a plant

26
Q

How are root hair cells specialised?

A

-Have long extensions called root hair.

27
Q

Why do root hair cells have root hair?

A

To increase the surface area of the cell, which maximises uptake of water and minerals from the soil.

28
Q

What do pairs of guard cells form?

A

Small openings called stomata, found on the surfaces of leaves on a plant.

29
Q

What are stomata necessary for?

A

Carbon dioxide to enter plants for photosynthesis

30
Q

What happens to guard cells when they lose water?

A

They become less swollen as a result of osmotic forces, and change shape. The stoma closes to prevent further water loss.

31
Q

Which side of the cell walls of a guard cell is thicker?

A

The side of the stoma

32
Q

Why is one side of the cell wall of a guard cell thicker?

A

So the cell does not change shape symmetrically as its volume changes

33
Q

What are the 4 main categories of tissue in animals?

A

Nervous tissue, epethelial tissue, muscle tissue and connective tissue

34
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A collection of differentiated cells that have a specialised function. Each tissue is adapted for a particular function within the organism.

35
Q

What is a nervous tissue adapted for?

A

Supporting the transmission of electrical impulses

36
Q

What is an epithelial tissue adapted for?

A

Covering body surfaces, internal and external

37
Q

What is muscle tissue adapted for?

A

Contracting

38
Q

What is connective tissue adapted for?

A

Either holding other tissues together or as a transport medium

39
Q

What is squamous epithelium tissue?

A

Animal tissue made up of specialised squamous epithelial cells, also known as “pavement epithelium”

40
Q

What are the features of squamous epithelium tissue?

A

-Thin (only one cell thick)
-Present when rapid diffusion across a surface is essential
-Forms the lining of the lungs

41
Q

Why is squamous epithelium tissue one cell thick?

A

Because of the flat cells that make it up, and to allow rapid diffusion

42
Q

Why does squamous epithelium tissue form the lining of the lungs?

A

To allow rapid diffusion of oxygen into the blood

43
Q

What is ciliated epithelium tissue?

A

Animal tissue made up of ciliated epithelial cells

44
Q

What are the features of ciliated epithelium tissue?

A

-Cells have cillia on one surface
-Line the trachea
-Goblet cells are also present within the tissue

45
Q

Why does ciliated epithelium tissue line the trachea?

A

Because the cilia on its surface causes mucus to be swept away from the lungs

46
Q

Why does ciliated epithelium tissue contain goblet cells?

A

To release mucus to trap any unwanted particles, which prevents them from reaching the alveoli when in the lungs.

47
Q

What is cartilage?

A

Connective tissue found in the outer ear, nose and at the ends of and between bones

48
Q

What does cartilage contain?

A

Fibres of elastin and collagen. Composed of chondrocyte cells embedded in an extracellular matrix

49
Q

What are the properties of cartilage?

A

Firm and flexible

50
Q

What is the function of cartilage in bones?

A

Prevents the ends of bones from rubbing together and causing damage

51
Q

What is muscle?

A

Tissue that has to contract to move bones and therefore other parts of the body.

52
Q

What do skeletal muscle fibres contain?

A

Myofibrils, which contain contractile proteins

53
Q

What are the two types of plant tissue?

A

Epidermis tissue and vascular tissue

54
Q

What are epidermis tissues?

A

Plant tissues that are adapted to cover plant surfaces

55
Q

What are vascular tissues?

A

Plant tissues that are adapted for transport of water and nutrients

Biology Module 2 (9 decks)

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