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Biology Module 2 > 2.4-2.6: Cell Structure > Flashcards

2.4-2.6: Cell Structure Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the definition of a cell?

A

The basic unit of all living things

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2
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell?

A

A cell that contains a nucleus and makes up multicellular organs

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3
Q

What kind of organisms contain eukaryotic cells?

A

Fungis, animals and plants.

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4
Q

What is the definition of the “ultrastructure of a cell”?

A

Features that can be seen using an electron microscope

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5
Q

Where is the nucleolus?

A

Within the nucleus

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6
Q

Describe the nucleolus.

A

An organelle that doesn’t have a membrane, made up of DNA, RNA and proteins.

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7
Q

Describe the role of the nucleolus

A

Produces ribosomes by making RNA, which is used to produce Ribosomal RNA, which is combined with proteins to form the ribosomes

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8
Q

How are ribosomes produced?

A

The nucleolus makes RNA, which is used to produce Ribosomal RNA (rRNA), which is combined with proteins to form the ribosomes.

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9
Q

Describe the nucleus.

A

-Contians coded genetic information in the form of DNA molecules.
-Often the biggest organelle in the cell
-Surrounded by a nuclear envelope composed of two membranes

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10
Q

Describe the role of DNA in the cell

A

-DNA controls metabolic activities of the cell
-DNA directs the synthesis of all proteins required by the cell
-DNA encodes information

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11
Q

Where is DNA contained in the nucleus?

A

In the Nuclear envelope, within the double membrane, to protect it from damage in the cytoplasm

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12
Q

What does the nuclear envelope contain to allow molecules to move in and out of the nucleus?

A

Nuclear pores

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13
Q

What is the role of nuclear pores?

A

Within the nuclear envelope to allow molecules to move in and out of the nucleus

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14
Q

How are chromosomes created?

A

-DNA associates with proteins called HISTONES to form a complex called CHROMATIN
-The chromatin coils and condenses to form chromasomes.

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15
Q

What are histones?

A

Proteins found in the nucleus that provide structural support for chromosomes

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16
Q

What is chromatin?

A

Chromatin is a mixture of DNA and proteins that form the chromosomes

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17
Q

How does DNA leave the nucleus for protein synthesis?

A

-Because DNA is too large to leave the nucleus, it is transcribed into RNA molecules which can leave via the nuclear pores.

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18
Q

Why is DNA transcribed into RNA molecules?

A

Because the DNA is too large to leave the nucleus.

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19
Q

What are the mitochondria and their function?

A

-The site of the final stages of cellular respiration, that produce ATP (energy source)
-Contain their own DNA (mtDNA)
-Can produce their own enzymes and reproduce themselves.

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20
Q

What is the number of mitochondria in the cell a reflection of?

A

The amount of energy it uses.

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21
Q

Describe the structure of mitochondria.

A

-Mitochondria have a double membrane.
-Inner membrane is highly folded to form structures called CRISTAE
-The fluid interior is called the MATRIX.
-Inner membrane forming the cristae contains the enzymes used in aerobic respiration.

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22
Q

What are Cristae?

A

The structures formed by the highly folded inner membrane of a mitochondrion.

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23
Q

What is the matrix?

A

The fluid interior of a mitochondrion

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24
Q

What are vesicles?

A

-Membranous sacs that have storage and transport roles
-A single membrane with fluid inside

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25
Q

What is the role of a vesicle?

A

To transport materials inside the cell

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26
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

Specialised forms of vesicles that contain hydrolytic enzymes that break down molecules

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27
Q

What is the role of a lysosome?

A

-Break down waste material in cells, including old organelles.
-Responsible for breaking down pathogens ingested by phagocytic cells
-Also play an important in programmed cell death (apoptosis)

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28
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

-The medium for metabolic processes (catabolism and anabolism)
-Contains enzymes and cytosol
-Where chemical reactions for the cell take place

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29
Q

What chemical do you use to stain DNA?

A

Methylene blue

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30
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

-A network of fibres necessary for the shape and stability of a cell, present throughout the cytoplasm

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31
Q

What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

A

-Holds organelles in place,
-Controls cell movement and movement of organelles within cells.

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32
Q

What are the 3 key components of the cytoskeleton?

A

Microfilaments, microtubules and intermediate fibres

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33
Q

What are microfilaments?

A

-A component of the cytoskeleton
-Formed from the protein actin
-Responsible for cell movement and cell contraction during cytokinesis

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34
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

Where the cytoplasm is divided to form 2 daughter cells

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35
Q

What is actin?

A

Protein that forms microfilaments in the cytoskeleton

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36
Q

What are microtubules?

A

-A component of the cytoskeleton
-Polymerised tubes of globular tubulin proteins
-They form a scaffold-like structure that determines the shape of a cell

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37
Q

What are intermediate fibres?

A

-A component of the cytoskeleton
-Give mechanical strength to cells and help maintain their integrity

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38
Q

What are centrioles?

A

-A component of the cytoskeleton
-Composed of microtubules
-Two associated together form the centrosome

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39
Q

What are centrioles composed of?

A

Microtubules

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40
Q

What are centrosomes?

A

Cellular structures that separate chromosomes during cell division.

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41
Q

What are both the flagella and cilia made of?

A

Microtubules from the cytoskeleton

42
Q

What are flagella?

A

-Whip-like extensions from the cell surface that are used for cell movement.

43
Q

What are cilia?

A

-Hair-like extensions from the cell surface involved in creating currents

44
Q

Which are longer: cilia or flagella?

A

Flagella

45
Q

Which are found in greater numbers: cilia or flagella?

A

Cilia

46
Q

What are actin and myosin?

A

-Microfilaments responsible for muscle contraction

47
Q

What is the difference between actin and myosin?

A

-Actin is thinner and made of two polypeptides twisted around eachother
-Myosin is thicker and bobbly.

48
Q

What does movement of the cytoskeleton by actin filaments cause?

A

Causes muscle cells to contract and allows cells to move.

49
Q

Which organelles are involved in protein synthesis?

A

The nucleus, ribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum, and the golgi apparatus

50
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

-A network of membranes enclosing flattened sacs called cisternae.
-Connected to the outer membrane of the nucleus
-Made up of two types: Smooth endoplasmic reticulum and rough endoplasmic reticulum.

51
Q

What does the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum do?

A

-Synthesises proteins
-Transports proteins made on attached ribosomes

52
Q

What does the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum do?

A

-Is responsible for lipid and carbohydrate synthesis, and storage

53
Q

What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum and Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

54
Q

What is the golgi apparatus?

A

-A structure similar to the smooth endoplasmic reiticulum
-A stack of membrane bound, flattened sacs

55
Q

What is the function of the golgi apparatus?

A

Modifies proteins and “packages” them into vesicles
(either vesicles if they leave the cell, lysosomes if they stay in the cell)

56
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

-Small, dense organelles composed of 1 large subunit and 1 small subunit.
-Manufactured in the nucleolus from rRNA and protein
-The site of protein synthesis
-Can be free-floating in the cytoplasm or attached to ER, forming Rough ER.

57
Q

What is the function of a ribosome?

A

They are the site of protein synthesis
-Act as an assembly line to use mRNA to assemble proteins
-Many ribosomes can read the same mRNA strand to create many copies of the polypeptide at the same time

58
Q

How is Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum produced?

A

-Ribosomes are attached to endoplasmic reticulum

59
Q

List the stages of protein production.

A

-Proteins are synthesised on teh ribosomes bound to the endoplasmic reticulum
-They then pass into its cisternae and are packaged itno transport vesicles
-Vesicles containing the newly synthesised proteins move towards the Golgi Apparatus through the transport function of the cytoskeleton
-Vesicles fuse with the face of the Golgi Apparatus and the proteins enter
-The proteins are structurally modified before leaving the Golgi Apparatus in vesicles from the opposite side
-Sensory vesicles carry proteins that are to be released fromt the cell, the vesicles fuse with the cell-surface membrane, releasing their contents by exocytosis

60
Q

What structures are in a plant cell that aren’t in an animal cell?

A

-Permanent vacuole,
-Cell wall,
-Chloroplasts

61
Q

What structures are in an animal cell that aren’t in a plant cell?

A

Centrosomes and lysosomes

62
Q

What is the function of a plant cell wall?

A

-Surrounds the cell-surface membrane
-Gives the plant cell its shape
-Supports both the individual cell and the plant as a whole
-Acts as a defence mechanism

63
Q

How does the plant cell wall act as a defence mechanism?

A

Protects contents of the cell against pathogens

64
Q

What makes a plant cell rigid?

A

The contents of the cell push up against the cell wall

65
Q

What is a plant cell wall made of?

A

Cellulose

66
Q

How permeable is a plant cell wall

A

Freely permeable

67
Q

What are vacuoles?

A

-Membrane-lined sacs in the cytoplasm containing cell sap.

68
Q

What is the name of the membrane of the vacuole?

A

Tonoplast

69
Q

State the functions of the vacuole.

A

-Acts as food store
-Accumulates waste products
-Maintains turgor in the plant cell

70
Q

Is the tonoplast of the vacuole permeable?

A

It is selectively permeable, only some small molecules can pass through

71
Q

What is the name of the vacuole that is exclusive to plant cells?

A

Permanent vacuole

72
Q

Can animal cells have vacuoles?

A

Yes, but they are small and transient.

73
Q

What are chloroplasts?

A

The organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plant cells.

74
Q

Where are chloroplasts found in a plant?

A

In the cells of leaves and stems

75
Q

What kind of structure do chloroplasts have?

A

Double membrane structure

76
Q

What is the name of the fluid in the chloroplast?

A

The stroma.

77
Q

What does the internal network of membranes in chloroplasts do?

A

Forms flattened sacs called thylakoids.

78
Q

What is the name for several thylakoids stacked together?

A

A granum.

79
Q

What are granum in the chloroplast joined together by?

A

Membranes called lamellae

80
Q

What do grana in the chloroplasts contain?

A

The chlorophyll pigments, where light-dependant reactions occur during photosynthesis.

81
Q

In chloroplasts, what is starch produced by photosynthesis present as?

A

Starch grains

82
Q

What do chloroplasts contain?

A

membranes, DNA, and ribosomes

83
Q

Because chloroplasts contain DNA and ribosomes, what are they therefore able to make?

A

Their own proteins.

84
Q

What do internal membranes in the chloroplasts provide?

A

The large surface area needed for the enzymes, proteins and pigment molecules necessary for photosynthesis.

85
Q

What did eukaryotic cells evolve from?

A

Less complex prokaryotic cells

86
Q

When did prokaryotic cells first appear?

A

3.5 billion years ago

87
Q

What are prokaryotic cells?

A

Cells without a nucleus

88
Q

Describe the DNA of a prokaryotic cell.

A

-The structure is fundamentally the same as eukaryotes, but packaged diffferently
-They only have 1 molecule of DNA, a chromosome

89
Q

Describe the chromosome of a prokaryotic cell.

A

-Only 1
-Supercoiled to make it more compact
-Genes on the chromosome are grouped into operons.

90
Q

What type of ribosome do eukaryotes have, and why?

A

80S Ribosome, to make more complex proteins

91
Q

What type of ribosome do prokaryotes have?

A

70S Ribosome

92
Q

Compare the size of ribosomes in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

A

Ribosomes in prokaryotic cells are smaller than ones in eukaryotic cells.

93
Q

Describe the cell wall of prokaryotes.

A

-Made from peptidoglycan, aka murein. It is a complex polymer formed from amino acids and sugars.

94
Q

Describe the structure of the flagella in prokaryotes.

A

-Thinner than the equivalent structure in eukaryotes and does not have the 9+2 arrangement

95
Q

What is the eukaryote equivalent of flagella?

A

Cilia

96
Q

How are flagella attached to the cell membrane of a bacterium?

A

By a basal body, attaching the filament of the flagellum to the cell-surface membrane.

97
Q

What rotates the flagella?

A

A molecular motor, giving it a whip-like movement that propells the cell.

98
Q

What provides the energy to rotate the flagella?

A

Energy produced from the process of chemiosmosis (the movement of ions)

99
Q

What are plasmids?

A

Satellite DNA, which can replicate independant of the main chromosome.

100
Q

What are mesosomes in a bacterial cell?

A

Inner extensions of the cell membrane, the site of respiration.

101
Q

Define “endosymbiosis”

A

Symbiosis whereby one of the organisms lives inside the other.

Biology Module 2 (9 decks)

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