6.4. Cancer - Prostate Cancer Flashcards
What is significance of Prostate Cancer?
- This has the highest new cases of all cancers in men
2. Its prevalence is on the rise
What are the main contributing factor to Prostate Cancer?
- Age
- Race
- Geography
- Family
- Drugs
What is the significance of Age as a Risk Factor for Prostate Cancer?
75% of new cases are > 65 years old
45% of new cases are < 70 years old
1% of new cases <50 years old
Which race is prostate cancer more common in?
African / Afro-Caribbean men in Western Countries
Where is Prostate Cancer most common?
Countries of Western Civilization
What is the significance of Family History as a Risk Factor for Prostate Cancer?
Diagnosed 1st degree relatives doubles the risk
What drugs cause increased risk of Prostate Cancer?
- Alpha Blockers
2. 5-Alpha-Reductase Inhibitors
What are the Clinical Features of Prostate Cancer?
- Asymptomatic (the Majority)
- Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Symptoms
a) Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms
b) Acute / Chronic Urinary Retention
c) Recurrent UTI’s - Haemospermia/Haematuria
- Pain
- Renal Failure
- Metastatic Symptoms
What are the Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms?
- Incomplete Emptying
- Increased Frequency
- Increased Intermittent
- Increased
What is Haemospermia?
Blood in the Semen
How is the Pain described?
- Perineal
- Suprapubic
- Loin (due to the obstruction)
What investigations are required for Prostate Cancer?
- Screening Triad
a) Prostate Specific Antigen
b) Digital Rectal Examination
c) Trans-Rectal Ultrasound and Prostate Biopsy - CT / MRI
What is purpose of the CT / MRI?
For the staging of the cancer
What grading system is used for grading prostate cancer?
Gleason Grading System
What is involved in Gleason Grading System?
- This is ranked from 1 to 5 (well to poorly differentiated)
- A combination of the most and second most common grade is used to make a score out of 9
