6.3. Cancer - Bladder Cancer Flashcards
What is Bladder Cancer?
A Malignant Tumour lining the Bladder Epithelium
What are the the 2 types of Bladder Cancer?
- Transitional Cell Carcinoma (TCC) - 90% of cases
2. Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SSC) - 10% of cases
What are the Risk Factors for Transitional Cell Carcinoma?
- Smoking (40% of cases)
- Aromatic Amines
- Non-hereditary Genetic Abnormalities
What are the Risk Factors for Squamous Cell Carcinoma?
- Schistosomiasis
- Chronic Cystitis
- Iatrogenic
What bacteria causes Schistosomiasis?
S. haematobium
What can cause chronic Cystitis?
- Recurrent UTI’s
- Long term Catheterisation
- Bladder Stones
What Iatrogenic causes are a Risk Factor for Squamous Cell Carcinoma?
- Cyclophosphamide therapy
2. Pelvic radiotherapy
What are the Clinical Features of Bladder Cancer?
- Painless Haematuria (Frank or Microscopic)
- Metastatic Disease Symptoms
- Recurrent UTI’s
- Storage Bladder Symptoms
What are some Storage Bladder Symptoms which occur?
- Dysuria
- Increased Frequency
- Nocturia
- Urgency with / without incontinence
- Bladder Pain
What investigations are necessary for Bladder Cancer?
- Urine Cytology and Culture
- Serum Tests
- Flexible Cystouretheroscopy with biopsy
- Intravenous Urogram / CT-IVU
- Renal Ultrasound
- CT / MRI / Bone Scan
What is the purpose of the Urine Cytology and Culture?
- Dipstick for Haematuria and Proteinuria
2. Culture to exclude UTI
What are the Serum Tests which will be done?
- Urea and Electrolytes
2. Serum Creatinine
What is the purpose of the Flexible Cystourethroscopy with biopsy?
To view within the bladder and allow for the diagnosis
What is the purpose of the CT / MRI / Bone Scan?
To look for Metastases
What are the different Grading’s of Bladder Cancer?
G1 - Well differentiated - commonly non-invasive
G2 - Moderately differentiated - Often non-invasive
G3 - Poorly differentiated - Often invasive
CIS - Carcinoma in Situ - Non-muscle invasive but very aggressive
