6.4 Flashcards

1
Q

Unified Atomic Mass Unit

A

1/12 the mass of a carbon-12 atom.

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2
Q

Proton number

A

the number of protons inside the nucleus of a particular atom.

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3
Q

Nucleon number

A

the number of nucleons (protons and neutrons) inside the nucleus of a particular atom.

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4
Q

Isotopes

A

atoms of the same element which contain the same number of protons but varying numbers of neutrons.

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5
Q

Alpha particle scattering experiment

A

1908 Rutherford: Geiger and Marsden
vast majority empty space
most of mass in central nucleus
nucleus small positive charge

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6
Q

Strong nuclear force

A

acts between nucleons and holds the nucleus together against the electrostatic repulsion of protons

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7
Q

Nuclear diameter order

A

10^-14 m

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8
Q

How does the strong force vary with distance?

A

Repulsive force between nucleons for distance of separation up to e. 0.510^15 m
Attractive between distances of 3
10^-15 and 0.510^-15m
Beyond a separation of 3
10^-15m the force approaches zero

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9
Q

Fundamental particles

A

Particles that cannot be broken down into smaller components

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10
Q

Hadrons

A

Particles consisting of a combination of quarks to give a net zero or whole number charge (protons and neutrons)

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11
Q

Leptons

A

Electrons and Neutrinos

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12
Q

Quarks

A

Components of Hadrons, have a fractional electric charge. They are the fundamental particles

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13
Q

Neutrino

A

almost no mass, zero charge.

antimatter partner: anti-neutrino

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14
Q

Weak nuclear force

A

Felt by quarks and leptons.
Can change quarks from one type to another.
Can change leptons from one type to another.
Responsible for beta decay

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15
Q

Antiparticle

A

Particle of antimatter that has the same rest mass as its matter counterpart.
When charged has equal and opposite charge to matter counterpart.

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16
Q

Alpha particle

A

Two protons & two neutrons ejected from the nucleus during radioactive decay
Emitted due to high instability

17
Q

Beta particle

A

High speed electron emitted from the nucleus during beta decay
Produced when a neutron turns into a proton

18
Q

Gamma ray

A

Form of electromagnetic wave with wavelength between 10^-16 and 10^-9
Emitted during gamma decay

19
Q

Beta-minus decay

A

Neutron in the nucleus breaks down into a proton under weak nuclear force, and a beta-minus particle and an anti neutrino are emitted
A beta-minus particle is an electron

20
Q

Beta-plus decay

A

Proton in the nucleus breaks down into a neutron under the influence of the weak nuclear force, and a beta plus particle and a neutrino are emitted.
A beta-plus particle is a positron

21
Q

Activity

A

The number of nuclear decays (gamma rays emitted) per unit time.
Activity of one decay a second is a becquerel (Bq)

22
Q

Decay constant

A

The probability that an individual nucleus will decay per unit time.
A/N

23
Q

Half life

A

The mean time taken for the activity of a source, or number of undecayed nuclei present, to halve.

24
Q

Carbon dating

A

Technique used to determine the age of organic matter form the relative proportions of carbon-12 and carbon-14 isotopes that it contains.
Half life or carbon 14 used to relate number left to time passed

25
Annihilation
Process in which a particle and its antiparticle interact and their combined mass is converted to energy via E=mc^2
26
Pair production
Process of creating a particle-antiparticle pair from a high energy proton
27
Mass defect
Difference in mass between the mass of a nucleus and the total mass of its separate nucleons
28
Binding energy
Minimum energy required to separate the nucleus into its constituent parts
29
Induced nuclear fission
When a nucleus absorbs slow moving neutrons and the resulting unstable nucleus undergoes a fission reaction to split into two smaller nuclei and a small number of neutrons, releasing energy.
30
Chain reaction
Sequence of nuclear reactions produced when an induced nuclear fission reaction triggers more than one further fission reaction
31
Control rod
Rod that can be lowered into the core of a nuclear reactor, absorb neutrons and slow down the chain reaction. Made of boron usually
32
Moderator
Substance used in a nuclear reactor which slows down neutrons so that they have a greater chance of being absorbed by the fission reaction's nuclear fuel.0 Made of graphite usually
33
Binding energy
The energy per nucleon that each holds and can release when the binds between two nucleons is broken
34
Nuclear Fusion process
4 protons react, first in pairs then, to form one helium-4 nucleus, this also supplies 25 MeV of energy and 2 positrons, 2 neutrons and 2 gamma photons
35
Advantages of using fusion for power production
No radioactive waste products are formed by the fusion process Virtually unlimited supply of raw materials (sea water contains deuterium)