6.1 - Cellular control Flashcards
What is a genome?
All the genetic material of an organism, including genes and non-coding DNA
What is a histone?
A protein DNA which has wrapped around to form a chromatin. This allows DNA to be more compactly packaged
What is a gene?
A section of DNA that codes for a polypeptide
What is transcription?
The process of copying DNA’s base sequence into mRNA
What is translation?
The process of using mRNA base sequences to produce a specific polypeptide chain
What is a mutation?
A change to the DNA code’s bases/nucleotides
What is a chromosomal mutation?
Mutations that affect the whole chromosome or a number of chromosomes within a cell
What are gene mutations?
Changes to the base sequence of genes in DNA
What is substitution? (Point mutation)
When one or more bases are swapped for others
What are the three sub-types of substitution?
1) Mis-sense
2) Nonsense
3) Silent
What is insertion?
When one or more bases are added into the sequence of the gene
What is deletion?
When one or more bases are removed from the sequence of the gene
What is a frameshift?
- When every codon after the mutation is effected the protein will have a different sequence of amino acids and a different tertiary structure
- This can change the function of the protein as well
- This is caused by insertions and deletions
What is a mis-sense mutation?
- Where a substitution causes a different amino acid to be coded for
- This could affect the protein’s tertiary structure
- This can stop the protein from doing its normal function
What is a nonsense mutation?
- Where one base is substituted with another causing a stop codon to be created
- This creates a truncated protein (A protein that has been stopped, resulting in it being too short)
- This results in a protein which has a part missing from its tertiary structure
What is a silent mutation?
-Where a substitution occurs that has no effect on the amino acid coded for
-This is because the altered code could still code for the same amino acid, due to the degenerate nature of the code
(Different triplet code, still codes for the same amino acid)
What are chromosomal mutations?
- Mutations that occur during meiosis that affect the whole chromosome/number of chromosomes within a cell
- Chromosomal mutations normally lead to too many chromosomes being inherited
- This can sometimes lead to polyploid offspring from meiosis
- This happens when diploid gametes come together to form a 4n offspring that is polyploid
- This would kill any mammal offspring however in plants, this mutation can occur and the plant can still survive
- Orchid breeders often breed to make flowers that are polyploids as they look unique
What is translocation?
When a section of one chromosome breaks off and joins another non-homologous chromosome
What is inversion?
When a section of one chromosome breaks off, is reversed, and joins back to the chromosome
What is the purpose of the regulatory gene’s products?
It switches genes off and on
What is the purpose of the structural gene’s products?
- Makes the enzyme
- E.g: Beta galactosidase or Lactose permease
What is the purpose of the lac operon?
- The lac operon is usually found in bacterial cells
- Its purpose is to regulate the expression of enzymes that break down lactose
- The lac operon determines whether hydrolytic enzymes are needed for breaking down lactose if it is present
What occurs when glucose is not present for aerobic respiration in bacterial cells?
- Lactose is used
- The bacteria must produce proteins to transport the lactose inside the bacterial cell
- This lactose must then be broken down by hydrolytic enzymes
What is the purpose of the regulatory gene?
To code for the repressor protein that switches genes on and off
What is the purpose of the promoter region?
The repressor protein aims to bind to the promoter region
What is the process of transcription when lactose is present?
- Lactose binds to the repressor protein
- The repressor protein changes shape
- This stops the repressor protein from being able to bind to the operator
- RNA polymerase can now bind to the promoter region and structural genes
- The enzymes can then be transcribed to hydrolyse the lactose
What are introns?
Non-coding regions inside genes
What are exons?
Coding regions inside genes