3.3 - Transport in plants Flashcards
Why do plants need transport systems?
To move water and sugars around their bodies
How is water absorbed and transported in the plant?
Water is absorbed in the roots of the plants and transported up the plant to the leaves through the
xylem
How is sugar made and transported in the plant?
Sugars are made in photosynthesis, manufactured in the leaves and are transported up and down to provide fuel for respiration
How is oxygen transported in plants?
Through simple diffusion
What is the process of the movement of water into plants and up towards the xylem?
-Mineral ions are absorbed by active transport in the
roots
-This causes water to move in the roots via osmosis
-The water travels across the cells after the root hair
cells down a WP gradient in one of three ways: via the
apoplast pathway, the symplast pathway and vacuolar pathway
-When the water reaches the casparian strip, this then
causes the apoplast pathway to be blocked so the
water must go through the vacuolar or symplast
pathway
-After the water has passed the casparian strip, mineral ions are actively transported into the xylem
-This causes a high concentration of ions in the vascular bundle which lowers the water potential, water molecules then passively move into the vascular bundle containing the xylem
-This causes a high root pressure in the xylem which causes the water to be drawn up the stem towards the leaves
How are root hair cells adapted to increase water uptake?
Root hair cells have:
- A high surface area
- Large amounts of mitochondria to provide the ATP for active transport as it is quite a metabolically active cell
What is the apoplast pathway?
- Water moving through the pores of the cell walls between the cells
- This pathway is the fastest way for water to move through the roots
What is the symplast pathway?
-Water moving inside, through the cytoplasm of the
cells
-This crosses the plasmodesmata from cell to cell
What is the vacuolar pathway?
- Water moving through the cell but through the tonoplast into the vacuoles specifically
- This still crosses the plasmodesmata between cells
What is the casparian strip?
An impermeable ring around the cell that is made of suberin
What is the cross section of a root? (The star)
- Circular outside membrane
- Outside of the endodermis is the cortex
- Inner ring called the endodermis, contains the casparian strip and many mitochondria for active transport of mineral ions into the vascular bundle
- Inside the endodermis is the pericycle with meristem tissues
- Medulla inside the endothelium surrounding the phloem and the xylem
- Phloem around the star shaped xylem
- Xylem star shaped in the centre of the root
What is the purpose of the casparian strip?
-The casparian strip blocks the apoplast pathway so the water is forced into the symplast or the vacuolar
pathway
-The casparian strip also blocks the mineral ions that are actively transported into the vascular bundle from leaking back into the cells
-The casparian strip maintains the high concentration of mineral ions in the vascular bundle, allowing water to passively move into the xylem via osmosis
What are the features of the xylem?
-Made up of dead cells due to lignification which kills the cells
-Lignin in cell walls making them strong, stop it from collapsing and makes the cell walls impermeable
-Can have bordered pits that allow lateral movement
out of xylem cells to supply the tissues with water
-Continuous “tube”, as they are fused end to end
-Flexible because of spiral or annular lignin structure
-No cell contents to allow space for water movement
How are xylem cells adapted to compliment the properties of water to allow the transport of water up the plant?
- The xylem is a continuous tube with no cell contents or divisions
- This allows the cohesive and adhesive properties of water to travel up the xylem cells
What is cohesion?
- Cohesion is how the molecules are stuck together
- This means that as water exits through transpiration it causes the molecules below to be drawn up the xylem as they are held together by cohesion
What is adhesion?
- Adhesion is how the water molecules stick to the sides of the xylem walls
- This allows the molecules to travel up the walls via capillary action
What is capillary action?
The cohesive and adhesive properties of water working together to transport the water molecules