5.7 Respiration Flashcards
What is ATP synthesised from?
ADP + inorganic phosphate (Pi)
What are three biological processes that require the use of ATP?
Active transport, endocyctosis, DNA replication
What is the structure of ATP?
-An adenine base attached to a ribose sugar, which is attached to three phosphate groups
(3 phosphate groups, 1 ribose sugar and 1 adenine base)
What is a catabolic reaction?
Occurs within a cell. Large molecules are broken into smaller molecules
What is an anabolic reaction?
Small molecules are combined into larger molecules
What is glycolysis?
The first stage of respiration, glucose is converted into pyruvate
What is NAD?
A coenzyme (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) Reduced NAD carries protons and electrons to the cristae
What is phosphorylation in glycolysis?
Where glucose has 2 phosphate groups attached to form hexose bisphosphate using 2 molecules of ATP
What is hexose bisphosphate split into during glycolysis?
2 molecules of triose phosphate
What is triose phosphate converted into during the oxidation stage of glycolysis?
Pyruvate
How many carbons are found in a molecule of pyruvate?
3
Which molecule accepts the hydrogen atoms from triose phosphate when it is oxidised?
NAD
What are the products of glycolysis for every molecule of glucose?
2 x pyruvate, 2 molecules of ATP, two reduced NAD
What is the net gain of ATP in glycolysis?
2 (four are made but two are used)
Why is glycolysis an anaerobic process?
It occurs in the cytoplasm without the need for oxygen
What is the cristae?
The inner highly folded mitochondrial membrane
What is the mitochondrial matrix?
Fluid filled inner part of the mitochondria
What is the average length of mitochondrion?
2-5 micrometers
Where does the link reaction occur in the mitochondria?
The mitochondrial matrix
What is the name of the two coenzymes found in the mitochondria?
NAD & FAD
Where is the electron transport chain found in the mitochondria?
The cristae of the inner membrane
What is the name of the enzyme found in the cristae of the enzyme that synthesises ATP?
ATP synthase
What is decarboxylation?
The removal of a carboxyl group from a substrate molecule
What is the molecule released/produced from respiration?
ATP (The universal energy currency of living cells)
What is the structure of ATP?
- 3 Phosphate groups
- 1 Adenosine (-1 adenine base and -1 ribose sugar)
How is energy released from ATP?
When ATP is hydrolysed by enzymes into ADP and Pi it releases energy (Same with ADP into AMP and Pi)
What is respiration in laymen’s terms?
Breaking the large currency of energy (Glucose) into many small manageable currencies of energy (ATP)
How is ATP made ?
- (ADP + Pi -> ATP) This is done via:
- Oxidative phosphorylation, using ATP synthase
- Substrate level phosphorylation in Glycolysis and in the Krebs cycle
What is Glycolysis?
- The first stage of respiration, occurs in the cytosol of the cytoplasm
- Makes: 2 ATP and 2 reduced NAD molecules
What is oxygens purpose in aerobic respiration?
Oxygen is the final electron acceptor meaning it accepts electrons and hydrogen atoms in order to make H2O
What are the steps of Aerobic respiration?
- Glycolysis
- Link reaction
- Krebs cycle
- Oxidative phosphorylation
What are the stages of Glycolysis?
1) Phosphorylation - Glucose is phosphorylated
2) Splitting - Where the phosphorylated glucose is split into some 3 carbon molecules
3) Oxidation - (SLP) Makes: 2 ATP and 2 reduced NAD molecules
What is the link reaction?
- The second stage of aerobic respiration, occurs in the mitochondrial matrix
- Makes 1 Reduced NAD
- Waste products made: CO2
What is the Krebs cycle?
- The third stage of aerobic respiration, occurs in the mitochondrial matrix
- Makes (Per turn): 1 ATP (SL), 3 reduced NAD and 1 reduced FAD x2 because one molecule of glucose causes two turns of the cycle
- Waste products made: x2 CO2