6.1 Cell cycle Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Interphase:

A

active phase where cells carry out all if their major functions such as production of enzymes whilst actively preparing for cell division
–> most time is spent in this phase

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2
Q

What occurs during interphase:

A
  • DNA is replicated and checked for errors in nucleus
  • protein synthesis occurs in cytoplasm
  • mitochondria grow and divide, increasing in number in the cytoplasm
  • chloroplasts grow and divide in plant and algal cell cytoplasm, increasing in number
  • normal metabolic processes of cells occur
    (some, including cell respiration, also occur throughout cell division)
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3
Q

3 stages to interphase

A

G1- First growth phase: proteins from which organelles are synthesised, are produced and organelles replicate. The cell increases in size
S- Synthesis phase: DNA is replicated in the nucleus
G2- Second growth phase: cell continues to increase in size, energy stores are increased and the duplicated DNA is checked for errors

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4
Q

What is the mitotic phase

A

period of cell division, involving 2 stages:
mitosis & cytokinesis

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5
Q

Why might a cell leave the cell cycle?

A

Phase when cells leave the cell cycle either temporarily or permanently because:

The cell has differentiated and is no longer able to divide
The DNA of the cell is damaged so the cell is no longer viable and therefore becomes senescent.
Age. The number of senescent cells increases with age and has been linked with age related diseases.

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6
Q

G0 phase

A

when cell leaves the cycle, either temporarily or permanently. Due to:
- Differentiation: specialised cell cannot divide any more and will carry out it’s function indefinitely)
- DNA is damaged: can no longer divide and enters a period of permanent cell arrest (senescent: growing old)
-Age increase= no of cells increases= growing no of senescent cells= more likelihood of disease such as cancer

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7
Q

What are checkpoints

A

control mechanisms of cell cycle:
- monitor and verify if processes at each phase have been accurately completely

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8
Q

G1 checkpoint

A

At end of G1, before S phase:
Cell size
nutrients
growth factors
DNA damage

If requirements aren’t satisfied, it enters G0

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9
Q

G2 checkpoint

A

End of G2 phase, before mitotic phase:
Cell size
DNA replication (without error)
DNA damage

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10
Q

Spindle assembly checkpoint

A

chromosome attachment to spindle

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