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Chemistry > 6.1 > Flashcards

6.1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What were the reasons kekules structure was rejected?

A

Benzene is resistant to addition reactions

The enthalpy of hydrogenation of benzene showed it was more stable than expected

All six carbon carbon bonds were the same length

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2
Q

If the hydrogen atom is removed from a benzene ring what’s the term used to describe it

A

A phenyl group

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3
Q

Reagents and conditions for nitration of benzene

A

Conc nitric, conc sulfuric at 50•c

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4
Q

Why are multiple substitutions likely in a Fridel crafts reaction (when a haloalkane is used to add an akyl chain)

A

As each substitution makes the delocalised electrons more nucleophillic due to adding more electrons to the ring

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5
Q

Conditions for acylation and what is it

A

60•c for 30minutes under reflux with a halogen carrier like AlCl3 to get rid of the cl to form an electrophile

It uses an alkyl chloride to add on an acyl group

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6
Q

What’s a phenol called as a salt

A

Phenoxide

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7
Q

Bromination with phenol reagents, conditions and product

A

It occurs with bromine water at room temperature and creates a white ppt of 2,4,6-tribromophenol

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8
Q

Why do substitution reactions favour certain places

A

As the hydroxyl group activates the carbon atoms due to extra electrons known as the 2 and 4 directing effect

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9
Q

How to use melting points to work out the unknown carbons

A

You measure the melting point of the orange ppt formed and compare with other melting pints

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10
Q

Nucleophilic addition with NaBh4 and what else do you need to complete the reaction

A

Forms an alcohol from an aldehyde or ketone, and water

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11
Q

Why are cyanide ions useful (CN)

A

They add a carbon and are a nucleophile

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12
Q

What are chiral carbons?

A

When there are 4 different groups around it. Non superimposible mirror images

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13
Q

What happens if a carbonyl group if present when reacted with 2,4 dinitrophenylhydrazine

A

A yellow/ orange ppt

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14
Q

How halogenation of benzene works

A

A halogen carrier eg AlCl3 accepts a lone pair from the halogen eg br2 to strengthen the electrophillic properties

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15
Q

How and with what does alkylation happen

A

It’s similar to acylation where you use a haloalkane and AlCl3 under reflux

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16
Q

No2 is an electron withdrawing group when joined to a benzene ring. What does this mean and what’s the impact of this?

A

This means that it doesn’t have any orbitals that overlap with the delocalised ring so it withdraws electron Dewitt from the ring.

It especially draws density away from 2,4 and 6 so the substitution happens at 3 and 5

17
Q

What happens when you react tollens reagent with an aldehyde and a ketone

A

Nothing happens with a ketone

The aldehyde will be oxidised and the tollens’ reagent is therefore reduced and a silver ppt forms

18
Q

Why are small carboxylic acids soluble in water?

A

As they form hydrogen bonds with the water molecules

19
Q

What’s the ion formed when carboxylic acids are dissociated?

A

A carboxylate ion

20
Q

Ethanoic acid+ Mg products

A

Magnesium ethanoate +H2

21
Q

Ethanoic acid+ sodium carbonate products

A

Sodium ethanoate + carbon dioxide and water

22
Q

Ethanoic acid + magnesium oxide products

A

Magnesium ethanoate and water

23
Q

Acyl chloride functional group and what all of them end with

A

C double bond o cl

They end with -one

24
Q

How to make and acyl chloride

A

Reacting carboxylic acids with SOCl2

Makes an acyl chloride, so2 and Hal

25
Q

Reaction of acyl chloride and cold water

A

Forms a carboxylic acid and HCL

26
Q

Acyl chloride + an alcohol

A

Forms an Ester and hcl

27
Q

Acyl chloride reaction with ammonia

A

To form a primary amide which is a white smoke

The Hcl forms a salt and NH4cl this is solid ammonium chloride

28
Q

Acyl chloride and an anime reaction

A

Forms a secondary amine and hcl

29
Q

Acyl chloride and phenol reaction

A

An Ester and hcl

30
Q

How to produce an Ester With a carboxylic acid

A

Heat with a strong acid catalyst (H2SO4)

Then separate as it’s reversible harder with larger esters as they are less volatile so you hear then distil

31
Q

How to create an Ester from an acid anhydride

A

You react with alcohol to produce an Ester and ethanoic acid

32
Q

How hydrolysis is sped up.

A

By using an acid or alkali too as long as water under reflux

33
Q

What happens in base hydrolysis

A

It produces an ion from the carboxylic acid as it dissociates and then an alcohol

Chemistry (15 decks)

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