6.05 Forming memories Flashcards
three stages of memory, according to information processing theory
sensory memory, short-term, long-term
stage of memory in which information enters the NS through sensory systems or organs
sensory
visual sensory memory that lasts a fraction of a second
iconic
his work on iconic memory showed that participants could recall information that was shown to them for just a fraction of a second, but that this memory itself lasted less than 1 second
George Sperling
process in which information that was just in iconic memory is replaced by new information
masking
“photographic” memory of someone who can access an iconic memory over a long period of time
eidetic
tiny little movements that prevent our vision from adapting to constant stimulus; iconic memory allows us to see our surroundings as continuous, in spite of these
microsaccades
the brief memory of something a person has heard
echoic
span of echoic memory
up to four seconds
second stage of memory, according to information-processing theory
short-term memory (STM)
information enters our STM through the __ __ filter
selective attention
STM is encoded primarily in this form
auditory
an active system that processes information in our STM
working memory (often used interchangeably with STM)
his digit-span studies of STM showed that people could recall 7±2 pieces of information
George Miller
the recoding of information into meaningful units to improve our STM
chunking
STM can last about __ seconds without rehearsal
12 to 30 seconds
when we repeat something that we want to remember over and over again
maintenance rehearsal
third stage of memory, according to information-processing theory
long-term memory (LTM)
capacity of LTM
unlimited
type of rehearsal in which the learner creates a link between the new information and something else that was previously known, or providing context for the information
elaborative rehearsal
which type of rehearsal is most effective at moving information from STM to LTM?
elaborative rehearsal
two types of LTM
memory for skills and memory for facts
memory for things that people know how to do, where knowledge is implied rather than stated
nondeclarative/implicit memory
memory for skills and habits
procedural memory
improvement in identifying things after having prior experience with them
priming
brain location for storing emotional associations like fear
amygdala
brain location for storing memories of conditioned responses
cerebellum
condition in which a patient cannot form new long-term declarative memories
anterograde amnesia
people with anterograde amnesia do not lose their __ memory, and they are still able to form new __ memories, like simple tasks
nondeclarative; procedural
LTM that stores general knowledge that anyone could know
semantic memory
LTM that stores personal knowledge about our own histories; tends to be updated and revised constantly
episodic memory
__memories tend to be brought from LTM to STM easily, and they can quickly be made conscious
explicit/declarative
according to this model, LTM is organized into a network, where information is categorized in a kind of hierarchy and related memories are physically close to each other
semantic network model
memory that helps us to recall information that we will need in order to perform a task in the future
prospective memory
