11.02 Sleep Flashcards

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1
Q

describes any biological rhythm that takes one day to complete

A

circadian

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2
Q

brain structure that controls the sleep-wake cycle; the hormones it regulates are also involved in body temperature, thirst, hunger, moods, and sex drive

A

hypothalamus

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3
Q

the light-sensitive structure within the hypothalamus that acts as an internal clock, letting people know when to fall asleep and when to wake up

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

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4
Q

hormone secreted by the pineal gland, under the control of the SCN; though it is naturally occurring in the body, supplements can be used to treat jet lag

A

melatonin

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5
Q

high levels of melatonin cause the body to __; low levels of melatonin cause the body to __

A

sleep; awaken

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6
Q

brief “sidesteps” into sleep that last just seconds

A

microsleeps

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7
Q

three benefits of sleep for the brain

A
  • enhances synaptic connections
  • strengthens memories
  • increases the plasticity of the brain
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8
Q

theory of sleep that states that sleep is a product of evolution that helps potential prey to avoid the active time of predators

A

adaptive theory of sleep

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9
Q

theory of sleep that states that sleep is vital to the physical health of the body, it provides time for growth and repair

A

restorative theory of sleep

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10
Q

two main stages of sleep

A

REM and NREM

rapid eye movement and non-rapid eye movement

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11
Q

two characteristics of NREM sleep

A
  • deeper, restful sleep

- muscle movement common

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12
Q

five characteristics of REM sleep

A
  • psychologically active
  • dreaming
  • little muscle movement (sleep paralysis)
  • activation of the sympathetic nervous system
  • occurs up to five times a night, in intervals of about 30 minutes
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13
Q

test that is used during sleep studies to record the brain-wave activity of sleepers

A

electroencephalogram (EEG)

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14
Q

four types of brain waves (that we’ve studied)

A

alpha, beta, delta, theta

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15
Q

brain waves that occur when a person is awake and mentally active

A

beta waves

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16
Q

brain waves that occur when a person is relaxed and drowsy

A

alpha waves

17
Q

brain waves that occur when a person is in a light sleep

A

theta waves

18
Q

brain waves that occur when a person is in a deep sleep

A

delta waves

19
Q

three stages of NREM sleep

A

N1, N2, N3

20
Q

characteristics of N1 sleep

A

drowsiness; theta waves; five minutes when body temperature drops, muscles relax, you lose awareness but are easily jarred awake

21
Q

characteristics of N2 sleep

A

light sleep; sleep spindles and K-complexes

22
Q

characteristics of N3 sleep

A

deep sleep; renewal and repair; immune system activated; growth hormone released; vital processes slow down; occurs several times in 30 minute stretches; large, slow delta waves

23
Q

EEG pattern that occurs during the N2 stage and might represent a vigilance system that can wake us up, if we are prompted by an environmental change (meaning the possibility of danger)

A

K-complex

24
Q

extreme muscle weakness that can occur during REM

A

atonia

25
Q

bad dreams, more common in children, often remembered upon waking

A

nightmares

26
Q

rare disorder in which people can act out nightmares because their voluntary muscles remain active during REM sleep

A

REM behavior disorder

27
Q

state of panic experienced during NREM sleep, more common in children, occurs during N3

A

night terrors

28
Q

an episode of moving around in one’s sleep, more common in male children, occurs during N3

A

sleepwalking/somnambulism

29
Q

inability to get to sleep, stay asleep, or get good quality sleep; can result from physiological or psychological conditions

A

insomnia

30
Q

disorder that causes a person to stop breathing for 10 seconds or more during sleep

A

sleep apnea

31
Q

disorder in which a person falls immediately into REM sleep during the day, without warning

A

narcolepsy

32
Q

three psychological approaches to dreaming

A
  • psychoanalysis
  • activation-synthesis hypothesis
  • activation-information-mode
33
Q

characteristics of the psychoanalytic hypothesis of dreaming

A

dreams are…

  • fulfillments of unconscious desires
  • highly symbolic, with certain elements having universal meanings
  • a way to examine early, buried memories
  • made of manifest (literal) content and latent (hidden) content
34
Q

characteristics of the activation-synthesis hypothesis of dreaming

A

dreams are…

  • products of random signals coming from the pons
  • the brain’s failed attempt to interpret the random signals by mixing them with our stored memories
  • a less realistic form of the thinking that we do during the day
35
Q

characteristics of the activation-information-mode model of dreaming

A

essentially restates the activation-synthesis hypothesis, but argues that how our brains assemble dreams is not entirely random, but the result of recent experiences during our waking hours