6. X-ray Circuit Flashcards
Primary Circuit
Main power switch, circuit breakers, the autotransformer, the timer circuit, primary side of the step-up transformer
Secondary Circuit
Secondary side of the step-up transformer, the milliampere meter, a rectifier bank, and the x-ray tube (except for the filaments)
Filament Circuit
Rheostat, step-down transformer, the filaments
incorporates a meter to measure the voltage provided to the x-ray machine and a control to adjust that voltage to precisely 220 volts
Line Compensator
included in the primary circuit to protect against short circuits and electric shock
Circuit Breakers
is an adjustable transformer controlled by the kVp selector on the operating console
Autotransformer
operators in the principle of self-induction
Autotransformer
Autotransformer sometimes called the
kVp selector
primary purpose is to provide a voltage that will be increased by the step-up transformer to produce the kilovoltage selected at the operating console
Autotransformer
the radiographer controls the ______ through the kVp selector on the operating console, and through this directly determines the voltage applied to the x-ray tube to produce x-rays
Autotransformer
when a radiographer selects a kVp setting, he or she determines the number of turns on the _______ to be included in the circuit element and with it the output voltage
secondary side
used to increase the voltage from the autotransformer to the kilovoltage necessary for x-ray production
Step-up Transformer
not adjustable and increases the voltage from the autotransformer by a fixed amount
Step-up Transformer
consists of mechanical and electronic devices whose action is to “make” and “break” the high voltage across the x-ray tube
Timer Circuit
cause the x-ray to emit x-rays for a specific time as determined by the radiographer or by AEC
Exposure Timers
controls the length of exposure
Exposure Timers
simple devices use in some portable and dental units
Mechanical Timers
operates by clockwork
Mechanical Timers
inexpensive but not very accurate
Mechanical Timers
exposure times greater than 250 ms
Mechanical Timers
minimum exposure time possible 1/60 second (17 ms)
Synchronous Timers
most sophisticated, most complicated, most accurate
Electronic Timers
used for rapid serial exposures
Electronic Timers
exposure time as small as 1 ms
Electronic Timers
wide range of time intervals
Electronic Timers
based on the time it takes to charge a capacitor through a variable resistor
Electronic Timers
designed for accurate control of tube current and exposure time
mAs Timers
terminated the exposure once desired mAs is attained
mAs Timers
located in the secondary circuit
mAs Timers
automatically terminates the exposure when sufficient radiation to provide the required optical density has reached the image receptor
Automatic Exposure Control
method used to check the accuracy of exposure timer
Spinning Top Test
is a device placed in the secondary circuit that monitors x-ray tube current
mA meter
____ rectifiers are commonly used
solid-state
is responsible for converting the low voltage from the electric power company into a kilovoltage of proper waveform
High-Voltage Generator
High-voltage generator contains the following three primary parts:
- High-voltage transformer
- Filament transformer
- Rectifiers
is a step-up transformer
High Voltage-transformer
The secondary voltage is greater than the primary voltage because the number of secondary windings is greater than the number of primary windings
High Voltage-transformer
the ratio of the number of secondary windings to the number of primary windings
Turns Ratio
is the process of converting alternating voltage to direct voltage and therefor alternating current to direct current
Rectification
property of an x-ray tube which means that it acts as a valve permitting the flow of current in only one direction, from the cathode to the anode
Self-rectification
represents condition in which the voltage is not allowed to swing negatively during the negative half of its cycle
Half-wave rectification
contain zero, one, or two diode
Half-wave rectification
x-ray output is pulsating, with 60 x-ray pulses per second
Half-wave rectification
in a full-wave rectified circuit the negative half cycle corresponding to the inverse voltage is reversed so that a positive voltage is always directed across the x-ray tube
Full-wave rectification
contains at least 4 diodes
Full-wave rectification
x-ray output – 120 x-ray pulses per second
Full-wave rectification
results in pulsating x-ray beam
Single-Phase Power
alternate swing from zero to maximum potential 120 times per second
Single-Phase Power
low energy, low penetrability, low diagnostic value
Single-Phase Power
generated three simultaneous voltage waveforms out of step with one another
Three-Phase Power
voltage across x-ray tube is nearly constant and never drops to zero during exposure
Three-Phase Power
requires additional size and cost
Three-Phase Power
can be place in the x-ray tube housing
High-Frequency Generator
produce nearly constant potential
High-Frequency Generator
improves image quality
High-Frequency Generator
lower patient dose
High-Frequency Generator
are high-speed switches, or choppers, that convert DC into a series of square pulses
Inverter Circuits
used by a high-frequency voltage generation
Inverter Circuits
Capacitor Discharge Generator uses ____ battery
nickel-cadmium (NiCd)
during capacitor discharge, the voltage falls approximately
1 kV/mAs
delivers the maximum possible mA for the selected kVp by considering the instantaneous heat load characteristics of the x-ray tube
Falling-load capability
This delivers the desired amount of radiation to the image receptor in the shortest possible exposure time
Falling-load capability
works on the principle that a small current is drawn from the mains to charge a capacitor before the x-ray exposure, and this capacitor is allowed to discharge through the x-ray tube during exposure
capacitor discharge mobile
is the variation in peak voltage waveform
Voltage Ripple
100% voltage ripple
Single-phase Generator
the voltage varies from zero to its maximum value
Single-phase Generator
3-phased, 6 pulse generator = ___ voltage ripple
13%
3-phased, 12-pulse generator= ___ voltage ripple
4%
High-Frequency Generator less than ___ voltage ripple
3%
POWER RATING
Power = current x potential Watts = amperes x volts
when specifying high-voltage generators, the industry standard is to use the maximum tube current (mA) possible at 100 kVp for an exposure of 100 ms
Maximum Available Power
a variable resistor controlled by the mA selector on the operating console
Rheostat
when the radiographer adjusts milliamperage on the operating console, he or she is adjusting the _____ and ultimately the amount of current applied to the filament (filament current) in the x-ray tube
rheostat
the higher milliamperage station number, the _____ resistance
lower
the goal of the filament circuit is to literally boil electrons out of the filament wire
Filament Circuit
normally, a rather large filament current of _____ is required to produce a tube current in the range of milliamperes
5 to 7 amperes
controls filament temperature
rheostat
used in filament circuit to increase the current by reducing the voltage that is applied to the filament
Step-down Transformer
the purpose is to control the degree and duration that the filament is heated, which in turn controls the number of electrons boiled off that will ultimately become the tube current
Filament Circuit
represented on the operating console by the “large focal spot” and “small focal spot”
Filaments
PRINCIPLES OF CIRCUIT OPERATION
- The kVp selected adjusts the autotransformer and determines the number of turns on the secondary side necessary to produce a voltage, through self-induction, that will be sent to the step-up transformer
- The step-up transformer increases this voltage by a fixed amount and, through mutual induction, produces the kilovoltage selected on the operating console
- This kilovoltage must be rectified
- The filament circuit draws electricity from the autotransformer, which then travels to the rheostat
- The selected mA station sets the resistance in the filament circuit
- From the rheostat, electricity travels to the step-down transformer
- The kilovoltage applied to the x-ray tube creates a large positive charge on the anode and a large negative charge in the cathode
Allows radiographer to control the x-ray tube current and voltage so that the useful x-ray beam is of proper quality and quantity
Operating Console/Control Panel
refers to the number of x-rays or intensity of the beam usually expressed in mR or mR per mAs
Quantity
refers to the penetrating qualities of the x-ray beam an is expressed by kVp or HVL
Quality
FACTORS THAT AFFECT X-RAY QUANTITY
- mAs
- kVp
- Distance
- Filtration
FACTORS THAT AFFECT X-RAY QUALITY
- kVp
* Filtration
Some Basic Controls for Every Panel
- On/off switch
- mAs selection
- kVp selection
- Table or wall unit activation
- Exposure switch
- mAs and kVp meters
EXTENDING TUBE LIFE
- X-ray tube life may be extended by using minimum radiographic factors of ma, kVp, and exposure time appropriate for each examination
- Use of faster image receptors
- Excessive heat results in reduced x-ray tube life
WARM UP PROCEDURES
- Prepares the x-ray tube to receive high heat load
- An example of a warm-up technique is an initial exposure of 50 kVp, 100 mA, at 1/30 second followed by a second exposure in which the mA is raised to 200
OTHERS WAYS OF EXTENDING TUBE LIFE
- Minimize filament boost (preparation) time
- Limit rotor/start/stop operations
- Use lower tube current (mA)
- Do not make a high mA exposure on a cold tube
- Adhere to rating charts and anode heating and cooling curves
- Limit operations to 80% of maximum single exposure ratings
- Do not exceed the anode thermal capacity or dissipation rate of the target
- Do not rotate the tube housing rapidly from one position to another
- Avoid long intervals between spot-films
X-RAY TUBE AGING
- Deposition of Filament Tungsten
- Produces Gas (Gassy Tube)
- Punctured Tube
- Careless
- Damages to Anode
- Damages to Rotor and Bearings
- Damages to Filament
- Damages to Tube Housing
- Damages to Stator