6 -Viticulture Flashcards
NAme the three cell types
Parenchumia; collenchyma; sclerenchyma
Make a card for one of each
What are tissues?
more than one cell type. More advances plants like grapes have bascular system which conducts water and nutrients.
Where are the complex systems found?
(A) vascular bundle, which may be surrounded by a bundle sheet.
Which are two primary tissues that we will mention?
These conduct sugar down the vine (the phloem) and conduct water (and nutrients) up the vine (the xylem)
What is xylem?
WAter-conducting tissue. Pipes (slide 6)
What is phloem?
Food-conducting tissue in vascular plants primary cells are called sieve elements (because there are clusters) (slide 7)
What is an element that drops the Brix?
Rain (think about it this way, if it rains, it dissolves sugars)
What are different types of soils?
Clay - rich structured wines
Sand - aromatic/light colored wines
Silt - in the middle
Loam - if too fertile, overproductive vines results, in thinner wines
Do great wines only grow on certain soils?
slide 13
Do earthy flavors in the wine come from the soil?
slide 13
What can you tell me about sandy soils?
Elegant wines, with high aromatics, pale color and low tannin
What can you tell me about famous wines from sandy soils?
Cannubi is a top gru of Barolo with sandy clay soils. Cannbi - intense aromatics, light tannin an dvery pale color.
Northern MEdoc (Close to the sea) as well as Graves in Bordeux. These regions produce lighter and more aromatic Cabernet Sauvignon. In Lodi, there are several plots of 1890’ Zinfandel including LEland Noma’s Cementery Vineyards that survived grape phylloxera because of the sandy soils/
What are clay soils?
Muscular wines with high extract and color (opposite than sand)
What are famous clary soils?
In Rioja and Ribera del Duero, Spain the highest quality TEmrpanillo vineyards grow on limestone-rich clay soils.
In Burgundy, Vosne-Romanee is noted for producing the worlds’ most acclaimed Pinot Noir on clay limestone soil called Marl.
In Chianti, the Alabarese soil is a clay-milesttone soil known for making bold SAngiovese wines.
NApa and the great Shiraz vineyards of Barossa are mostly found on clay-loam soils.
What can you tell me about silt soils?
Smooth and round wines with slightly less acidity. Silt soils retain water and heat.
Which ones are famous wines from silt soils?
The Loess (wind-blown silt) soils in eastern Washington are the top layer of soil that covers the sandy-loam ancient flood soils below.
Washington wines are highly aromatic with slightly less color and smooth tannin.
In Oregon, one of the fav soil types for Pinot Noir is a silt-clay soil called Wilakenzie.
What Soils?
Loam soils is too fertile unless it’s blended (see slide 19 for more info)
What are famous wines from loam soils?
Much of the valley parts of Sonoma valley and Napa valley is made up of a sandy-loam. The sand keeps the soil poor enough to produce high quality wine grapes.
Other soils
look at slide 20
What are famous wines from limestone wines?
The chalk soils of the Aube in Champagne;
Chablis in Burgundy; and Pouilly and Sancerre
in the **Loire Valley **produce bold-flavored zesty
white wines.
The Calcareous soils found in the
Southern Rhône region are famous for making
the classic Côtes du Rhône blend of Grenache,
Syrah and Mourvèdre. In Paso Robles,
California, the best plots of Grenache, Syrah and
Mourvèdre grow on sloped vineyards in Linne
Calodo soils, a calcareous soil.
What is microbiome?
The bacteria and fungi (including of course, yeasts) in the vineyard.
Different varietals have different resident bacteria.
Microbiome might be the largest component of terroir.
What’s the species for wine?
Vitis Vinifera
Which kind of strategeists are wines?
In ecological terms, wild vines are classic K strategists rather than R strategists. K strategists are persistent, competitive over the long haul, and have low reproductive rate.
(Slide 27)
What was afforded with wine domestication?
The problem of male and female plants was solved by selecting rare mutant wines with perfect flowers - with functional stamens and ovaries (slide 27)
What can you tell me about cane and shoots?
The canes of this year are the shoots of last year.
more cane and shoot terminology slide 29
Grape events - dormant buds and canes
Grapevines start the season with dormant buds and carbohydrate
reserves stored in canes, trunk and roots. As vines enter dormancy,
buds gain cold-hardiness through desiccation and physical isolation
of bud tissue from the vascular system. This prevents cells from
being disrupted by ice crystal formation. The living phloem tissue is
plugged when callose, accumulates in the sieve tubes. Inside the
dormant bud, the crop potential for the coming season is already
determined.
Primary buds are the most developed, and most fruitful.
Secondary and tertiary buds are less fruitful, and do not develop
further unless something happens to the primary bud or shoot. They
carry much lower crop potential than the primary buds. Much of
viticulture is about deciding how many and which buds to
retain. Buds vary in quality according to accumulated reserves,
position on the vine (and last years cane), exposure to sunlight and
weather conditions the previous year. How many and which buds
are retained affects both the quantity and quality of grapes.
Much of the viticulture is about deciding how many and which buds to retain
slide 31
What are examples of Cline’s organic cover crops?
alfalfa and grasses in the vineyard; Blanket the Sonoma Vineyards in Winter
When do grapes change color?
Veraison (start of the final ripening period when grapes change color)
OTHER INFO ON SLIDE 34
What a grape events?
Slide 36 - Early Vine Growth-Budburst to bloom
Growining season events
bloom (slide 38)
Slide 41 - phases
shatter
Cell division
lag phase
cell enlargement
Late season events
page 46
Harvest to leaf fall
slide 48
Vine Physiology
slide 51
what are the types of vine training and canopy management?
slide 53
What is compensation point?
Where respiration and photosynthesis are equal
slide 65
What are the goals of canopy management?
Goals:
1) Capture sunlight
2) Avoid shading renewal area (buds are retained for next year)
3) Control crop to attain appropriate maturity levels
4) Control vigor (balance vegetation and fruit)
5) Ripen crop
Concepts - slide 73
Ratio of exposed leaf area to fruit.
Optimal canopy density - sparse (inadequate light interception) or dense (shading, excess leaf layers)
Shoot density
PRuning weight
Node Number
Light exposure to renewal zone
MORE RESOURCES
SPLIT CANOPY
Which type of soil is known for producing wines with intense aromatics, light tannin, and pale color?
Sandy Soils
Think - “Sand Softwen” - sandy soils create softer wines with light tannin and color.
What is the primary function of xylem tissue in grapevines?
Conducting water and nutrients up the vine
Think = “xylem = water up” - xylem sounds like “zip up”, which can help you remember it moves water upward.
In viticulture, which pruning method is known for protecting vines from frost in cooler climates?
Cane pruning.
Think - “Cane Covers” - cane pruning keeps lignified (hard) growth to protect the vine from frost.
What characteristics do clay soils typically impart to wine?
Bold with high extract and color
think - “Clay Created Color” - clay makes bolder, more colorful wines
Which process marks the beginning of grape ripening, where berries soften and sugar accumulates?
Veraison
Think - “Very ripe” sounds like “Veraison” - it’s when the grapes start ripening
What is the purpose of companion cells in grapevines?
Support sieve-tube elements.
Think - Companion - company. Companion cells keep sieve-tube elements company, helping them conduct sugars.
Which soil type is considered too fertile for viticulture without rigorous pruning?
Loam.
Think - Loam is loaded. It’s loaded with nutrients, making it too fertile for good wine without extra management.
Which event in a vine’s life cycle involves clusters of flowers dropping off, typically resulting in only a portion remaining?
Shatter
Think Shatter Scatters - think of flower scattering, leaving only some remaining from fruit.
Which type of cell in grapevine tissue is associated with the phloem and assists in the delivery of substances?
Companion cells.
Think - companion = care. Companion cells “care” for sieve-tube elements by helping deliver nutrients.
Approx how many bottles of wine can one ton of grapes produce?
700 bottles.
Think - 700 hundred for a ton has a nice ring to it, making it easier to recall!
How much does a typical bottle of wine weigh, including the bottle?
2.65 pounds
Think - two-point-six five for a full bottle - just think “almost 3” not quite.
What type of vineyard soil is known for retaining heat and producing highly aromatic wines, especially in cooler regions?
Sandy soils
Think - Sandy SAves Heat - sandy soils retain heat and create aromatic wines
In which Country’s vineyards is Cabernet Sauvignon noted for growing on sandy soils near the sea?
France
Think: REmember FRance is FAncy - Think of elegant, aromatic wines from sandy soils near the sea.
Which soil is the best for producing bold red and white wines and often stays cool?
Clay
Think - Clay for cool and bold. Clay soils stay cool and produce bold wines.
Which structure in the vine’s vascular system conducts sugars down from the leaves?
Phloem
Think - Phloem = Food Flow Down (sugars go down the vine)
What is the primary function of sclerenchyma cells in grapevine tissues?
Structural support
Think: “Sclerenchyma Supports” - think of it as the sturdy structure fo the vine
Which season’s pruning controls the number of flower cluster-bearing nodes for the coming year?
Winter pruning.
Think:Winter sets for the “win” for fruit clusters - it’s critical time to manage fruit potential.
Which type of training system is widely used in warmer regions and involves shorter canes with 1-3 buds?
Spur pruning
Thnk: “Spur short” (spur pruning keeps canes short with only a few buds)
During which growth phase does the grapevine rely on stored carbohydrate reserves in canes for initial growth?
Budburst
Think: “Bursting from Bud” - the vine bursts to life using reserves at budburst
In viticulture, what is “veraison”?
The start of grape ripening when berries change color.
Think: Veraison = variation (color changes mark the start of ripening)
What does “clustering thinning” control in viniculture?
The number of clusters per vine.
How much of the berry’s weight is sugars at harvest?
15-25%
Think - Sweet SPot around 20% with the range being 15-25%
Which soil type requires mixing to reduce excessive fertility for better grape quality?
Loam
Think - Loam is loaded - too fertile without mixing or blending
What role does the microbiome in the vineyard play?
Contributes significantly to terroir
think: microbiome = mini-terroir (small things making a big impact on flavor)
What is the purpose of canopy management in viticulture?
To balance vegetative and cropping levels.
think: “Canopy for control” = managing the canopy keeps growth in check for quality.
Which cell type is primarily involved in the vine’s food-conducting tissue, also called sieve elements?
Sieve cells
Think: “Sieve for Sweet” - sieve calls conduct sugar (sweet stuff) down
How many bottles of wine are produced in a standard wine barrel (barrique)?
300 bottles
What is the legal limit for personal wine production in the US?
200 gallons
think - 200 for personal brew. Easy to remember that 200 gallons s the personal limit.
Approximately, how many grape varieties are commonly used to make wines?
1,400
As of 2016, which grape variety was the most popular globally?
Cabernet Sauvignon
How many acres of CAbernet Sauvignon were planted worldwide in 2016?
768,000 acres
By 2020, how many bottles of wine were produced globally for person?
4 bottles
What type of simple tissue in plants is responsible for storage, photosynthesis, and secretion?
Parenchymia
think = parenchymia perfroms multiple functions. Paren like parents who do a lot of things
What is the main function of collenchuma cells in grapevines?
Supporting the plant
think = collenchyma = column support
Sclerenchyma cells are primarily responsible for?
Providing structural support
think = Sclerenchyma = strong support
What are the two primary types of complex tissues in grapevines?
Xylem and phloem
think: xylem and phloem are the pipes! Xylem looks primary, phloem also starts with a “p” for primary
Xylem tissue is responsible for?
Transporting water and nutrients
think: xylem = water up
Which cells are typically the one type of xylem cells in most gymnosperms?
Tracheids
Phloem tissues conduct”
Sugars downwards
“Phloem flows sugars down”
What are companion cells associated with in grapevines?
Sieve-tube elements
“Companions support sieve-tubes”
Which soil type is known for being well-drained and retaining heat, beneficial in warm climates?
Sandy
Think: Sandy soils are sunny and dry.
What is a side benefit of sandy soils in vineyards?
Resistance to pests.
“Sandy soils keep pests at bay”
Which region is known for its sandy clay soils producing intense aromatics in Barolo?
Cannubi
“Cannubi’s Clay creates aromatic Barolo”
Clay soils are particularly famous for producing:
Bold red and white wines
“Clay creates bold wines”
Which Spanish regions are known for high-quality Tempraniool grown on limestone-rich clay soils?
Rioja and Ribera del Duero
“Rioja and Ribera refine Tempranillo”
What type of soil is the Willankenzie in Oregon known for, ideal for pinot noir?
Slit-clay
Loam soil is characterized by being”
a balanced mix of silt, clay, and sand
Why are loam soils typically too fertile for quality viticulture?
They promote excessive vine vigor
