6 -Viticulture Flashcards
NAme the three cell types
Parenchumia; collenchyma; sclerenchyma
Make a card for one of each
What are tissues?
more than one cell type. More advances plants like grapes have bascular system which conducts water and nutrients.
Where are the complex systems found?
(A) vascular bundle, which may be surrounded by a bundle sheet.
Which are two primary tissues that we will mention?
These conduct sugar down the vine (the phloem) and conduct water (and nutrients) up the vine (the xylem)
What is xylem?
WAter-conducting tissue. Pipes (slide 6)
What is phloem?
Food-conducting tissue in vascular plants primary cells are called sieve elements (because there are clusters) (slide 7)
What is an element that drops the Brix?
Rain (think about it this way, if it rains, it dissolves sugars)
What are different types of soils?
Clay - rich structured wines
Sand - aromatic/light colored wines
Silt - in the middle
Loam - if too fertile, overproductive vines results, in thinner wines
Do great wines only grow on certain soils?
slide 13
Do earthy flavors in the wine come from the soil?
slide 13
What can you tell me about sandy soils?
Elegant wines, with high aromatics, pale color and low tannin
What can you tell me about famous wines from sandy soils?
Cannubi is a top gru of Barolo with sandy clay soils. Cannbi - intense aromatics, light tannin an dvery pale color.
Northern MEdoc (Close to the sea) as well as Graves in Bordeux. These regions produce lighter and more aromatic Cabernet Sauvignon. In Lodi, there are several plots of 1890’ Zinfandel including LEland Noma’s Cementery Vineyards that survived grape phylloxera because of the sandy soils/
What are clay soils?
Muscular wines with high extract and color (opposite than sand)
What are famous clary soils?
In Rioja and Ribera del Duero, Spain the highest quality TEmrpanillo vineyards grow on limestone-rich clay soils.
In Burgundy, Vosne-Romanee is noted for producing the worlds’ most acclaimed Pinot Noir on clay limestone soil called Marl.
In Chianti, the Alabarese soil is a clay-milesttone soil known for making bold SAngiovese wines.
NApa and the great Shiraz vineyards of Barossa are mostly found on clay-loam soils.
What can you tell me about silt soils?
Smooth and round wines with slightly less acidity. Silt soils retain water and heat.
Which ones are famous wines from silt soils?
The Loess (wind-blown silt) soils in eastern Washington are the top layer of soil that covers the sandy-loam ancient flood soils below.
Washington wines are highly aromatic with slightly less color and smooth tannin.
In Oregon, one of the fav soil types for Pinot Noir is a silt-clay soil called Wilakenzie.
What Soils?
Loam soils is too fertile unless it’s blended (see slide 19 for more info)
What are famous wines from loam soils?
Much of the valley parts of Sonoma valley and Napa valley is made up of a sandy-loam. The sand keeps the soil poor enough to produce high quality wine grapes.
Other soils
look at slide 20
What are famous wines from limestone wines?
The chalk soils of the Aube in Champagne;
Chablis in Burgundy; and Pouilly and Sancerre
in the **Loire Valley **produce bold-flavored zesty
white wines.
The Calcareous soils found in the
Southern Rhône region are famous for making
the classic Côtes du Rhône blend of Grenache,
Syrah and Mourvèdre. In Paso Robles,
California, the best plots of Grenache, Syrah and
Mourvèdre grow on sloped vineyards in Linne
Calodo soils, a calcareous soil.
What is microbiome?
The bacteria and fungi (including of course, yeasts) in the vineyard.
Different varietals have different resident bacteria.
Microbiome might be the largest component of terroir.
What’s the species for wine?
Vitis Vinifera
Which kind of strategeists are wines?
In ecological terms, wild vines are classic K strategists rather than R strategists. K strategists are persistent, competitive over the long haul, and have low reproductive rate.
(Slide 27)
What was afforded with wine domestication?
The problem of male and female plants was solved by selecting rare mutant wines with perfect flowers - with functional stamens and ovaries (slide 27)
What can you tell me about cane and shoots?
The canes of this year are the shoots of last year.
more cane and shoot terminology slide 29
Grape events - dormant buds and canes
Grapevines start the season with dormant buds and carbohydrate
reserves stored in canes, trunk and roots. As vines enter dormancy,
buds gain cold-hardiness through desiccation and physical isolation
of bud tissue from the vascular system. This prevents cells from
being disrupted by ice crystal formation. The living phloem tissue is
plugged when callose, accumulates in the sieve tubes. Inside the
dormant bud, the crop potential for the coming season is already
determined.
Primary buds are the most developed, and most fruitful.
Secondary and tertiary buds are less fruitful, and do not develop
further unless something happens to the primary bud or shoot. They
carry much lower crop potential than the primary buds. Much of
viticulture is about deciding how many and which buds to
retain. Buds vary in quality according to accumulated reserves,
position on the vine (and last years cane), exposure to sunlight and
weather conditions the previous year. How many and which buds
are retained affects both the quantity and quality of grapes.
Much of the viticulture is about deciding how many and which buds to retain
slide 31
What are examples of Cline’s organic cover crops?
alfalfa and grasses in the vineyard; Blanket the Sonoma Vineyards in Winter
When do grapes change color?
Veraison (start of the final ripening period when grapes change color)
OTHER INFO ON SLIDE 34
What a grape events?
Slide 36 - Early Vine Growth-Budburst to bloom
Growining season events
bloom (slide 38)
Slide 41 - phases
shatter
Cell division
lag phase
cell enlargement
Late season events
page 46
Harvest to leaf fall
slide 48
Vine Physiology
slide 51
what are the types of vine training and canopy management?
slide 53
What is compensation point?
Where respiration and photosynthesis are equal
slide 65
What are the goals of canopy management?
Goals:
1) Capture sunlight
2) Avoid shading renewal area (buds are retained for next year)
3) Control crop to attain appropriate maturity levels
4) Control vigor (balance vegetation and fruit)
5) Ripen crop
Concepts - slide 73
Ratio of exposed leaf area to fruit.
Optimal canopy density - sparse (inadequate light interception) or dense (shading, excess leaf layers)
Shoot density
PRuning weight
Node Number
Light exposure to renewal zone
MORE RESOURCES
SPLIT CANOPY
Which type of soil is known for producing wines with intense aromatics, light tannin, and pale color?
Sandy Soils
Think - “Sand Softwen” - sandy soils create softer wines with light tannin and color.
What is the primary function of xylem tissue in grapevines?
Conducting water and nutrients up the vine
Think = “xylem = water up” - xylem sounds like “zip up”, which can help you remember it moves water upward.
In viticulture, which pruning method is known for protecting vines from frost in cooler climates?
Cane pruning.
Think - “Cane Covers” - cane pruning keeps lignified (hard) growth to protect the vine from frost.
What characteristics do clay soils typically impart to wine?
Bold with high extract and color
think - “Clay Created Color” - clay makes bolder, more colorful wines
Which process marks the beginning of grape ripening, where berries soften and sugar accumulates?
Veraison
Think - “Very ripe” sounds like “Veraison” - it’s when the grapes start ripening
What is the purpose of companion cells in grapevines?
Support sieve-tube elements.
Think - Companion - company. Companion cells keep sieve-tube elements company, helping them conduct sugars.
Which soil type is considered too fertile for viticulture without rigorous pruning?
Loam.
Think - Loam is loaded. It’s loaded with nutrients, making it too fertile for good wine without extra management.
Which event in a vine’s life cycle involves clusters of flowers dropping off, typically resulting in only a portion remaining?
Shatter
Think Shatter Scatters - think of flower scattering, leaving only some remaining from fruit.
Which type of cell in grapevine tissue is associated with the phloem and assists in the delivery of substances?
Companion cells.
Think - companion = care. Companion cells “care” for sieve-tube elements by helping deliver nutrients.
Approx how many bottles of wine can one ton of grapes produce?
700 bottles.
Think - 700 hundred for a ton has a nice ring to it, making it easier to recall!
How much does a typical bottle of wine weigh, including the bottle?
2.65 pounds
Think - two-point-six five for a full bottle - just think “almost 3” not quite.
What type of vineyard soil is known for retaining heat and producing highly aromatic wines, especially in cooler regions?
Sandy soils
Think - Sandy SAves Heat - sandy soils retain heat and create aromatic wines
In which Country’s vineyards is Cabernet Sauvignon noted for growing on sandy soils near the sea?
France
Think: REmember FRance is FAncy - Think of elegant, aromatic wines from sandy soils near the sea.
Which soil is the best for producing bold red and white wines and often stays cool?
Clay
Think - Clay for cool and bold. Clay soils stay cool and produce bold wines.
Which structure in the vine’s vascular system conducts sugars down from the leaves?
Phloem
Think - Phloem = Food Flow Down (sugars go down the vine)
What is the primary function of sclerenchyma cells in grapevine tissues?
Structural support
Think: “Sclerenchyma Supports” - think of it as the sturdy structure fo the vine
Which season’s pruning controls the number of flower cluster-bearing nodes for the coming year?
Winter pruning.
Think:Winter sets for the “win” for fruit clusters - it’s critical time to manage fruit potential.
Which type of training system is widely used in warmer regions and involves shorter canes with 1-3 buds?
Spur pruning
Thnk: “Spur short” (spur pruning keeps canes short with only a few buds)
During which growth phase does the grapevine rely on stored carbohydrate reserves in canes for initial growth?
Budburst
Think: “Bursting from Bud” - the vine bursts to life using reserves at budburst
In viticulture, what is “veraison”?
The start of grape ripening when berries change color.
Think: Veraison = variation (color changes mark the start of ripening)
What does “clustering thinning” control in viniculture?
The number of clusters per vine.
How much of the berry’s weight is sugars at harvest?
15-25%
Think - Sweet SPot around 20% with the range being 15-25%
Which soil type requires mixing to reduce excessive fertility for better grape quality?
Loam
Think - Loam is loaded - too fertile without mixing or blending
What role does the microbiome in the vineyard play?
Contributes significantly to terroir
think: microbiome = mini-terroir (small things making a big impact on flavor)
What is the purpose of canopy management in viticulture?
To balance vegetative and cropping levels.
think: “Canopy for control” = managing the canopy keeps growth in check for quality.
Which cell type is primarily involved in the vine’s food-conducting tissue, also called sieve elements?
Sieve cells
Think: “Sieve for Sweet” - sieve calls conduct sugar (sweet stuff) down
How many bottles of wine are produced in a standard wine barrel (barrique)?
300 bottles
What is the legal limit for personal wine production in the US?
200 gallons
think - 200 for personal brew. Easy to remember that 200 gallons s the personal limit.
Approximately, how many grape varieties are commonly used to make wines?
1,400
As of 2016, which grape variety was the most popular globally?
Cabernet Sauvignon
How many acres of CAbernet Sauvignon were planted worldwide in 2016?
768,000 acres
By 2020, how many bottles of wine were produced globally for person?
4 bottles
What type of simple tissue in plants is responsible for storage, photosynthesis, and secretion?
Parenchymia
think = parenchymia perfroms multiple functions. Paren like parents who do a lot of things
What is the main function of collenchuma cells in grapevines?
Supporting the plant
think = collenchyma = column support
Sclerenchyma cells are primarily responsible for?
Providing structural support
think = Sclerenchyma = strong support
What are the two primary types of complex tissues in grapevines?
Xylem and phloem
think: xylem and phloem are the pipes! Xylem looks primary, phloem also starts with a “p” for primary
Xylem tissue is responsible for?
Transporting water and nutrients
think: xylem = water up
Which cells are typically the one type of xylem cells in most gymnosperms?
Tracheids
Phloem tissues conduct”
Sugars downwards
“Phloem flows sugars down”
What are companion cells associated with in grapevines?
Sieve-tube elements
“Companions support sieve-tubes”
Which soil type is known for being well-drained and retaining heat, beneficial in warm climates?
Sandy
Think: Sandy soils are sunny and dry.
What is a side benefit of sandy soils in vineyards?
Resistance to pests.
“Sandy soils keep pests at bay”
Which region is known for its sandy clay soils producing intense aromatics in Barolo?
Cannubi
“Cannubi’s Clay creates aromatic Barolo”
Clay soils are particularly famous for producing:
Bold red and white wines
“Clay creates bold wines”
Which Spanish regions are known for high-quality Tempraniool grown on limestone-rich clay soils?
Rioja and Ribera del Duero
“Rioja and Ribera refine Tempranillo”
What type of soil is the Willankenzie in Oregon known for, ideal for pinot noir?
Slit-clay
Loam soil is characterized by being”
a balanced mix of silt, clay, and sand
Why are loam soils typically too fertile for quality viticulture?
They promote excessive vine vigor
Which practice can mitigate the excessive fertility of loam soils?
Selective pruning
Which soil type is known for retaining water and heat, making root growth difficult due to its fine grains?
Silt
think:Silt holds water, roots find it tough.
What is the main characteristic of veraison in grape development?
Start ripening and color change.
Think: Veraison - very ripe change.
During veraison, which of the following occurs?
Berries accumulate sugars.
What is the primary focus during canopy management in viticulture?
Balance vegetative and reproductive growth.
Which pruning method is commonly used in cooler climates, like Burgundy and Oregon?
CAne pruning.
Think: Cane in cool climates.
Spur pruning is more common in which type of climate?
warmer climates
What is the main advantage of cane pruning over spur pruning?
Better frost protection.
Think: Cane protects from cold.
What does VSP stand for in grapevine training systems?
VErtical Shoot Positioning
What is the primary goal of balanced pruning in viticulture?
To match fruit production with vine capacity.
Think: Balanced pruning = balanced fruit
In balanced pruning, how many nodes should typically be left per pound of dormant cane pruning?
10 nodes
10 nodes per pound - easy count
What is the primary difference between head and cordon training systems?
Number of trunks
“Head has multiple, cordon has controlled”
What is the main purpose of canopy management?
To promote desirable fruit characteristics
Think: “Canopy shapes quality grapes”
What are “woolly weeders” used for in vineyards?
Grazing to manage weeds.
What is a key characteristic of biodynamic vineyards?
Incorporation of Rudolf Steiner’s Philosophies
What does the microbiome in the vineyard contribute to?K
Terroir and wine characteristics
Wild grapevines are classified as which type of strategist?
K strategists
What challenge did early viticulturists face with wild vines?
Only male or female flowers on vines
How did humans solve the issue of dioecious wild grapevines?
By selecting mutant vines with perfect flowers
What is the main focus of viticulture practices?
Harvesting fruit while limiting vegetative growth
What determines the crop potential of dormant buds in grapevines?
Position on the vine and reserves
What is the primary function of shoots in grapevines?
Bearning fruit clusters
What are canes in grapevines?
Last year’s shoots
Think: Canes carry last year’s shoots
How many buds are typically left on each cane during pruning?
Two
Think: Two buds per cane, it’s true
What are spurs in grapevines?
Points on the cordon where new shoots emerge.
What happens to grapevines during the harvest to leaf fall period?
Vines become dormant and mobilize nutrients
Which of the following is NOT a component of vineyard site factors?
Vine spacing
Vine spacing is a cultural practice
What are the primary cultural practices affecting grapevines?
Rootstock selection and canopy management
What is the goal of shoot thining in viticulture?
To control the number of lower clusters
What does “fruit set” refer to in grapevine development?
The fertilization and development of flowers into fruit
What happens during the lag phase of berry growth?
Seed formation progress
What marks the end of the lag phase in grape development?
Completion of cell division
What is the relationship between vegetative growth and fruit production in grapevines?
They compete for resources.
Think: Growth and fruit compete for loot.
What is the primary source of carbohydrates for grapevines before bloom?
Stored reserves in canes and trunks
When does the grapevine’s vascular cambium become fully activated?
Around bloom
What occurs during the post-harvest period in grapevines?
Mobilization of nutrients for the next year
How many individual berries are typically found in one bunch of grapes?
520 berries
Five-two-zero: 520 berries per bunch
How many serviings are in a standard 750 mililiters bottle of wine?
5 servings
How many individual grape berries are typically in a bunch?
520
How many bottles can be made from a ton of grapes?
700 bottles
What is a key component that viticulturists neglected to bring from French vineyards to the US?
soil microbes
What is the main characteristic of wild grapevines regarding reproduction?
They are dioecious, with separate male and female vines.
What does K strategist mean in ecological terms for wild grapevines?
They are long-lived with low reproductive rates
What was a major goal in domesticating wild grapevines?
Harvesting fruit
What is the primary focus during winter-dormant pruning?
Selecting and retaining budwood
Approx how many plants are there per acre in an average vineyard?
1,000 plants
What percentage of time is typically spent in the vineyard versus the winery?
90% vineayrd, 10% winery
What certification must vine-growers follow to be consider biodynamic?3
ORganic criteria plus Rudolf Steiner’s philosophies
What percentage of the grapevine’s labor is required per plant annually?
30 minutes
How are “woolly weeders” typically herded in vineyards?
USing sheep-dogs
What is one mehtod mentioned for protecting vineyards from frost?
Smudge pots
What is the “Light compensation point” in grapevine leaves?
The light level where photosynthesis equals respiration
What is the effect of too many grape clusters on a vine?
Poor fruit set
What is the primary function of canopy management regarding light?
To optimize light penetration and fruit quality
What are “periderm” and “cork cambium” associated with in grapevines?
Protective layers forming on canes
What is the role of winter-dormant pruning in grapevines?
To manage bud selection for next year
What is “green harvesting” in viticulture?
Removing excess shoots and clusters early in the season
What is the primary purpose of using trellis and training systems in vineyards?
To maximize sunlight interception and support
How are dwarfing rootstocks beneficial in viticulture?
They reduce vine size for easier management
What is the main goal of crop load management in grapevines?
To ensure adequate ripening of grapes
What is the function of periderm in grapevines?
Protecting the vine from external damage
What is the impact of excessive vegetative growth in grapevines?
REduce grape quality
What does the GEneva Double Curtain system aim to achieve?
Double canopy with minimal shading
What is the Scott Henry System designed for?
High vigor sites
What is the primary characteristic of the Vertical Shoot Positioning (VSP) system?
Upright shoot growth
What is the main advantage of the Geneva Double Curtain system?
It allows better light penetration and air flow
How does the Lyre training system benefit grapevines?
It promotes even canopy distribution
What is a key feature of mechanical thinning/pruning in vineyards?
Use of specialized machinery
What does “shoot carbohydrate translocation” refer to in grapevines?
Movement of carbohydrates from shoot to the fruit
What is the primary focus during the bud selection process in viticulture?
Selecting high-quality buds for fruit production
What role do ray parenchyma cells play in xylem?
Assisting in water transport
Which training system is ideal for areas prone to drought?
Goblet method
What is the primary benefit of trellising system in vineyards?
Optimizing canopy structure
What is the main characteristic of the Lyre training system?
Double canopy with an open center
What is the role of smudge pots in vineyards?
Preventing frost damage
How do companion cells assist sieve-tube elements in phloem?
By facilitating sugar transport
What is the primary focus during the veraison to harvest period?
Sugar accumulation in berries
What happens to acid levels in berries during veraison?
they drop
What is the main characteristic of High Cordon Training?
Limited lignified growth to protect from frost
What is the key difference between spur and cane pruning?
Spur pruning involves leaving short canes with a few buds
What does “minimal/hedge pruning” aim to achieve in viticulture?
reduce production costs
How does the scott henry system benefit vineyards in the Willamette valley?
It reduces vigor and enhances crop quality
What is the main purpose of “leaf pulling” in canopy management?
To expose fruit to more sunlight and air
What is the main characteristic of spur-pruned training systems in warmer climates?
Short spurs with 1-3 buds
What does the term “primordia” refer to in viticulture?
Buds bearing flower clusters
What is the primary reason for selective pruning in loam soils?
To control excessive fertility
What is the primary reason of periderm in grapevines during veraison?
Forming protective layers
During which period do grapevines primarily direct photosynthate to developing berries?
Veraison to harvest
What is the main purpose of bud selection in viticulture?
To determine next year’s crop potential
How do high-cordon training systems benefit grapevines?
Protect vines from frost
What is the primary function of sieve-tube elements in phloem?
Conducting sugars
What is the main characteristic of K strategists like wild grapevines?
Long-term persistence with low reproductive rates
What is the main advantage of using the VSP (Vertical Shoot Positioning) system?
Enhanced light penetration and air flow
What does “canopy density” refer to in viticulture?
The thickness of the leaf layers
What is the main focus during late May in vineyard management?
Excess leaf and lateral shoot removal
What is the purpose of the “lag phase” in berry growth?
Allowing seed formation to progress
What does “albuminous cells” refer to in phloem of gymnosperms?
Companion cells
What is the primary role of cluster thinning in viticulture?
To reduce the number of clusters per vine for better quality
What is the effect of shaded leaves on grapevines?
They do not significantly contribute to vine or fruit carbon requirements
What is the primary function of companion cells in grapevine phloem?
Assist in sugar transport
How are sclereids different from fibers in sclerenchyma?
Sclereids are shorter and variable in shape
What is the main purpose of winter-dormant pruning?
To control bud selection for next year’s fruit
What are the primary components of soil affecting viticulture?
soil type, depth, water, and nutrients
What is the main characteristic of calcareous clay soils?
even cooler temperatures
How do decomposed volcanic soils benefit vineyards in dry regions?
they retain water
What is the role of the microbiome in terroir?
It significantly influences wine cahracteristics
What is the purpose of using cover crops like alfalfa and grasses in vineyards?
To manage soil fertility and prevent erosion
What is the primary characteristic of Sieve-Tube Elements in phloem?
Living cells with sieve plates
During which period does the grapevine prioritize string carbohydrate reserves for the following year?
Harvest to dormancy
What is the main function of tracheids in xylem?
Conducting water
What is the purpose of trellis systems in vineyards?
To support vien growth and optimize light
What is the main function of ray parenchyma in xylem?
Assisting in water transport across the plant
What are the primary factors influencing which soil is best for a vineyard?
Climate, elevation, microbiome, grape type, and wine style
What is the prupose of bud desiccation in grapevines?
To gain cold-hardiness
What is the main role of periderm formation in grapevines during veraison?
Protecting the vine’s internal tissues
How does loam soil affect grape quality without proper management?
Causes over-vegetative growth leading to low flavor
What is the typical carb reserve location in grapevines?
CAnes, trunk, and roots
What is the effect of poor weather during bloom on grapevines?
Reduced pollination and fruit set
What is the main characteristic of spur pruning systems in warmer climates?
Short canes with 1-3 buds
What is the key benefit of using lyre training systems?
Promotes even canopy distribution
What is the primary role of smudge pots in vineyards?
Preventing frost damage
What is the main funciton of sieve-tube elements in phloem?
Conducting sugars
What is the typical number of buds retained during winter pruning for balanced pruning?
20 nodes + 10 per pound of cane
What is the main characheristic of the High Cordon Training system?
Limited lignified growth to protect from frost
What is the main purpose of grapevine canopy management?
To balance vegetative and reproductive growth for optimal fruit quality
What is the primary function of pruning tractors in Burgundy?
To roll over short vines for pruning
What is the relationship between shoot growth and berry development after bloom?
Berry growth becomes a greater sink, slowing shoot growth
What is the main purpose of using smudge pots in vineyards?
To prevent frost damage
What is the primary goal of canopy management in viticulture?
To balance vegetative and reproductive growth
What is the main role of parenchyma cells in grapevine tissues?
Storage, photosynthesis, and secretion
What is the main function of collencvym cells in grapevines?
Providing structural support
What is the primary function of periderm in grapevines during veraison?
Forming protective layers
What is the main advantage of using the Lyre training system?
Promotes even canopy distribution
What is the primary purpose of using cover crops in vineyards?
To manage soil fertility and prevent erosion
What is the primary focus durign the bloom period in grapevines?
Polliniation and fruit set
What is the primary role of companion cells in grapevine phloem?
Assisting in sugar transport
What is the main function of tracheids in xylem?
Conducting water
What is the purpose of using pruning attractors in Burgundy?
to roll over short vines for pruning
What is the primary function of parenchyma cells in grapevine tissues?
Storage, photosynthesis, and secretion
