Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MP LAB > [6] Trematodes > Flashcards

[6] Trematodes Flashcards

1
Q

trematodes class

A

Trematoda

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

trematodes phylum

A

Platyhelminthes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

trematodes common name

A

Flukes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

types of flukes (4)

A

intestinal
liver
kung
blood flukes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

covered by cuticle (spiny or smooth)

A
  • Trematode Body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

presence of 2 oral suckers for attachment:
○ anterior oral sucker
○ ventral sucker (posterior acetabulum)

A
  • Trematode Body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

has excretory, neuromuscular, digestive, reproductive system

A

Trematode Body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

lacks circulatory and respiratory system

A

Trematode Body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Reproductive organs and their associated structures occupy most
of the parasite’s body

A

Trematode Body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

possess single ovaries and two testes

A

Trematode Body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

uterus (houses eggs) is the largest organ of most trematodes

A

Trematode Body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Covered with a smooth, transparent, yellow-brown to
brown-colored hard shell.

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Their miracidium, except that of ? , emerges through an
opening or cap, called operculum, located at one end of the egg.

A

schistosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Meanwhile, ? is released as the egg ruptures
in water.

A

schistosome miracidium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Many genera and species of intestinal, lung, and liver trematodes
are pathogenic for humans.

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Severity of the disease depends on the original infective dose of the
?

A

metacercariae.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Some cases may even be asymptomatic/symptomatic

A

asymptomatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

All or not all schistosomes are definitely pathogenic for humans.

A

all

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The loading dose of ? present from infected water sources
predicts the severity of the infection.

A

cercaria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

FASCIOLOPSIS BUSKI; Commonly known

A

Large Intestinal Fluke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

FASCIOLOPSIS BUSKI; Mode of Transmission

A

ingestion of infected aquatic plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

FASCIOLOPSIS BUSKI; Diagnostic stage:

A

unembryonated eggs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

FASCIOLOPSIS BUSKI;Intermediate host:

A

nail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

FASCIOLOPSIS BUSKI; Definitive host:

A

man and pigs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

FASCIOLOPSIS BUSKI; Habitat of adults in man:

A

maill inestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

FASCIOLOPSIS BUSKI; Infective stage:

A

metacercariae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

MORPHOLOGY: FASCIOLOPSIS BUSKI;Yellowish brown

A

EGG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

MORPHOLOGY: FASCIOLOPSIS BUSKI; has a clear, thin shell with a small operculum but
no opercular shoulders

A

EGG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

MORPHOLOGY: FASCIOLOPSIS BUSKI; the less mature the egg, the more difficult it is to
see the operculum “breaks” in the shell outline

A

EGG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

MORPHOLOGY: FASCIOLOPSIS BUSKI;Fleshy, dark red, and elongate-ovoid

A

ADULT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

MORPHOLOGY: FASCIOLOPSIS BUSKI;have no cephalic cone structures

A

ADULT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

adults inhabit the duodenum and jejunum; fasciolapsis

A

light infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

adults found in the stomach and most of the
intestinal tract; fasciolapsis

A

heavy infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Attachment of worms to the mucosal wall (5)

A

● local inflammation
● hypersecretion of mucus
● hemorrhage
● ulceration
● possible abscess formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q
  • Heavy infections (8)
A

● bowel obstruction,
● edema and ascites
● impaired vitamin B12 absorption
● marked eosinophilia and leukocytosis
● profuse and yellow-green stool
● malabsorption
● symptoms may be confused with giardiasis or peptic ulcer or with
other causes of bowel obstruction
● depending on the worm burden - severe cachexia, prostration,
and even death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Fasciolopsiasis; Laboratory diagnosis

A
  1. Eggs are found in the stool; rarely, adult worms are found during
    heavy infections
  2. Eggs when passed do not contain mature larvae but
    undifferentiated embryos
  3. Formalin-ethyl acetate sedimentation concentration is
    recommended for egg recovery
  4. The less mature the egg, the more difficult it may be to see the
    actual operculum
  5. Egg has no opercular shoulders
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Fasciolopsiasis; treatment

A

drug of choice – praziquantel
● alternative drug – niclosamide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Fasciolopsiasis; Prevention and Control:

A

● Cook all aquatic plants well before eating them (in boiling
water).
● 2. In endemic areas, prevent fecal contamination (from
● humans or pigs) of water where aquatic plants are
● grown. Do not feed raw aquatic plants to pigs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

FASCIOLA HEPATICA; common name

A

Liver fluke or sheep liver fluke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

FASCIOLA HEPATICA;Mode of Transmission:

A

Ingestion of infected aquatic plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

FASCIOLA HEPATICA;Infective stage:

A

metacercariae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

FASCIOLA HEPATICA;- Diagnostic stage:

A

Unembryonated eggs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

FASCIOLA HEPATICA;Intermediate host:

A

Snail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

FASCIOLA HEPATICA;Definitive host:

A

Man and sheep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

FASCIOLA HEPATICA; Habitat of adults in man:

A

Small intestines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

MORPHOLOGY: FASCIOLA HEPATICA; Identical to the eggs of F. buski in all respects.

A

egg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

MORPHOLOGY: FASCIOLA HEPATICA;both consist of an oblong undeveloped
miracidium equipped with a distinct operculum

A

egg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

MORPHOLOGY: FASCIOLA HEPATICA;comparable in size to F. buski

A

adult

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

MORPHOLOGY: FASCIOLA HEPATICA; unlike F. buski, F. hepatica is equipped with
so-called “shoulders”

A

adult

50
Q

FASCIOLA HEPATICA; Laboratory dioagnosis

A
  1. specimen of choice – stool
  2. patient symptoms and travel history
  3. speciation - recovery of the adult worm
  4. other methodologies
    ○ Enterotest
    ○ ELISA
    ○ Gel diffusion
51
Q

Sheep Liver Rot

A

Fascioliasis:

52
Q

Experience symptoms caused by the presence and attachment of
the adult worm to the biliary tract

A

Fascioliasis:

53
Q

Fascioliasis; symptoms

A

● Headache, fever, and chills, and pains in the liver area
● Eosinophilia
● Jaundice and liver tenderness
● Anemia
● Diarrhea
● Digestive discomfort
● biliary obstruction

54
Q

Fascioliasis; treatment

A

dichlorophenol (bithionol)

55
Q

Fascioliasis; prevention

A

● Exercise proper human fecal disposal and sanitation practices,
particularly in areas in which animal reservoir hosts reside
● Control the snail population
● Avoid the human consumption of raw water plants or
contaminated water

56
Q

PARAGONIMUS WESTERMANI; Commonly known

A

Oriental lung fluke

57
Q

PARAGONIMUS WESTERMANI; Mode of Transmission:

A

Ingestion of infected crustaceans

58
Q

PARAGONIMUS WESTERMANI; Infective stage:

A

Metacercariae

59
Q

PARAGONIMUS WESTERMANI; Diagnostic stage:

A

Unembryonated eggs

60
Q

PARAGONIMUS WESTERMANI; Intermediate host:

A

1st - snail
● 2nd - crustaceans

61
Q

PARAGONIMUS WESTERMANI; Definitive host:

A

Man

62
Q

PARAGONIMUS WESTERMANI; Habitat of adults in man:

A

Cystic cavities in lungs

63
Q

MORPHOLOGY: PARAGONIMUS WESTERMANI; 80-120 μm long by 45-70 μm wide

A

EGG

64
Q

MORPHOLOGY: PARAGONIMUS WESTERMANI; Yellow-brown, ovoid or elongate, with a thick
shell

A

EGG

65
Q

MORPHOLOGY: PARAGONIMUS WESTERMANI Often asymmetrical with one end slightly
flattened.

A

EGG

66
Q

MORPHOLOGY: PARAGONIMUS WESTERMANI; At the large end, the operculum is clearly visible.

A

EGG

67
Q

MORPHOLOGY: PARAGONIMUS WESTERMANI; Opposite (abopercular) end is thickened

A

EGG

68
Q

MORPHOLOGY: PARAGONIMUS WESTERMANI; Large, robust, ovoid flukes

A

EGG

69
Q

MORPHOLOGY: PARAGONIMUS WESTERMANI; Hermaphroditic

A

ADULT

70
Q

MORPHOLOGY: PARAGONIMUS WESTERMANI; Possess oral and ventral suckers

A

ADULT

71
Q

MORPHOLOGY: PARAGONIMUS WESTERMANI; Cuticle possesses spines, similar to the other
adult trematodes

A

ADULT

72
Q

PARAGONIMUS WESTERMANI; laboratory diagnosis -demonstration of eggs; but these are not
present until 2 to 3 months after infection.

A

Stool examination

73
Q

PARAGONIMUS WESTERMANI; laboratory diagnosis - eggs may also be encountered.

A

Effusion fluid or biopsy material

74
Q

PARAGONIMUS WESTERMANI; laboratory diagnosis - adult or developing fluke may be recovered; diagnostic
confirmation and species identification

A

Biopsy

75
Q

PARAGONIMUS WESTERMANI; laboratory diagnosis - antibody detection

A

Serologic tests

76
Q

PARAGONIMUS WESTERMANI; laboratory diagnosis - concentration

A

Concentration techniques

77
Q

PARAGONIMUS WESTERMANI; prevalent in Asia, Africa, and Central and South America.

A

Paragonimiasis

78
Q

PARAGONIMUS WESTERMANI; should be differentiated from pulmonary tuberculosis, especially
when it presents with hemoptysis.

A

Paragonimiasis

79
Q

PARAGONIMUS WESTERMANI; corresponds to invasion and migration of young flukes

A

Acute stage

80
Q

PARAGONIMUS WESTERMANI; corresponds to the adult flukes residing in a cyst in the lung
parenchyma

A

Chronic stage

81
Q

PARAGONIMUS WESTERMANI; chronic cough with gelatinous, tenacious

A

Chronic stage

82
Q

PARAGONIMUS WESTERMANI;rusty-brown sputum

A

Chronic stage

83
Q

PARAGONIMUS WESTERMANI; most important form of extrapulmonary paragonimiasis

A

Cerebral involvement

84
Q

Paragonimiasis treatment

A

● Praziquantel is the medication of choice
● alternative drug - bithionol.

85
Q

Paragonimiasis prevention

A

● avoiding human ingestion of undercooked crayfish and crabs
● exercising proper disposal of human waste products.

86
Q

SCHISTOSOMA SP.; Commonly known

A

Bilharzia

87
Q

SCHISTOSOMA SP.; Mode of Transmission:

A

skin penetration

88
Q

SCHISTOSOMA SP.;Infective stage:

A

cercariae

89
Q

SCHISTOSOMA SP.; Diagnostic stage:

A

eggs

90
Q

SCHISTOSOMA SP.; Intermediate host:

A

snail

91
Q

SCHISTOSOMA SP.; Definitive host:

A

man

92
Q

ADULT MORPHOLOGY; the only trematodes that have separate sexes (dioecious)

A

SCHISTOSOMA SP.

93
Q

ADULT MORPHOLOGY; rounder in appearance

A

SCHISTOSOMA SP.

94
Q

ADULT MORPHOLOGY; ● Female: 2 cm long

A

SCHISTOSOMA SP.

95
Q

ADULT MORPHOLOGY; Male: 1.5 cm long

A

SCHISTOSOMA SP.

96
Q

SCHISTOSOMA SP.; Laboratory Diagnosis - - detect antibodies and/or antigens in blood or urine samples

A

Serologic tests

97
Q

SCHISTOSOMA SP.; Laboratory Diagnosis -● filtration technique using nylon, paper, or
● polycarbonate filters
● microscopic blood in urine

A

Urogenital schistosomiasis

98
Q

SCHISTOSOMA SP.; Laboratory Diagnosis - methylene bluestained cellophane
soaked in glycerin or glass slides

A

Kato-Katz technique - for Intestinal schistosomiasis

99
Q

SCHISTOSOMA SP.; Laboratory Diagnosis - CCA (Circulating Cathodic Antigen) test

A

S. mansonitransmission areas

100
Q

SCHISTOSOMA SP.; Laboratory Diagnosis -serological and immunological tests

A

Non-endemic or low-transmission areas

101
Q

Schistosome eggs, and not adult worms, induce the morbidity
caused by schistosome infections.

A

Schistosomiasis

102
Q

Eggs not excreted become permanently lodged in the intestines
or liver (for S. mansoni and S. japonicum) or in the bladder and
urogenital system (for S haematobium) → granuloma formation
→ chronic inflammation

A

Schistosomiasis

103
Q

Acute schistosomiasis

A

Katayama syndrome

104
Q

● Sudden onset of fever, malaise, myalgia, headache, eosinophilia,
fatigue, and abdominal pain lasting 2– 10 weeks

A

Katayama syndrome

105
Q

Non-specific intermittent abdominal pain, diarrhea, and rectal
bleeding

A

Chronic intestinal form

106
Q

Some people develop extensive fibrosis and hepatosplenic
disease with periportal fibrosis

A

Chronic intestinal form

107
Q

Upper abdominal discomfort with palpable nodular and hard
hepatomegaly, often with splenomegaly

A

Chronic intestinal form

108
Q

Pulmonary hypertension caused by granulomatous pulmonary
arteritis can also occur in patients with advanced hepatic fibrosis
disease

A

Chronic intestinal form

109
Q

● Hematuria

A

Urogenital schistosomiasis

110
Q

urinary frequency, burning micturition, and suprapubic
discomfort

A

Urogenital schistosomiasis

111
Q

squamous-cell carcinoma of the bladder

A

Urogenital schistosomiasis

112
Q

● S. haematobium eggsin the vesical plexus migrate to the genital
tract causing inflammatory lesions in the ovaries, fallopian tubes,
cervix, vagina, and vulva.

A

Female genital schistosomiasis

113
Q

● pain, stress incontinence, infertility, and increased risk of
abortion

A

Female genital schistosomiasis

114
Q

● lesions can increase transmission of HIV

A

Female genital schistosomiasis

115
Q

hematospermia, orchitis, prostatitis, dyspareunia, and
oligospermia

A

Male urogenital schistosomiasis

116
Q

resolve more readily after anti-schistosomal treatment than
female genital schistosomiasis

A

Male urogenital schistosomiasis

117
Q

most common with S. japonicum

A

Cerebral schistosomiasis

118
Q

includes symptoms of meningoencephalitis with pyrexia,
headache, vomiting, blurred vision, and altered sensorium or
Jacksonian epilepsy

A

Cerebral schistosomiasis

119
Q

spinal cord involvement can present as acute transverse myelitis
or subacute myeloradiculopathy → paralysis or lumbar and leg pain, with muscle weakness, sensory loss, and bladder
incontinence.

A

Cerebral schistosomiasis

120
Q

Cerebral schistosomiasis; treatment

○ drug of choice
○ acts against adult schistosome worms
○ has poor activity against immature schistosome larvae

A

Praziquantel

121
Q

Cerebral schistosomiasis; treatment

○ antimalarial drugs
○ kill immature larval forms of developing schistosomes.
○ in areas of continuous transmission, artemisinin derivatives
could be used in conjunction with praziquantel to improve
overall cure rates and infection control

A

Artemisinin derivatives

122
Q

Cerebral schistosomiasis; prevention

A
  • Widespread elimination will almost certainly need integrated use
    of many or all the methods that can be applied
    ● preventive chemotherapy
    ● snail control
    ● behavioral modification
    ● water and sanitation improvements
    ● (eventually) a prophylactic or transmission-blocking vaccine

MP LAB (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions