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MP LAB > [1] Introduction to Medical Parasitology > Flashcards

[1] Introduction to Medical Parasitology Flashcards

1
Q

a branch of biology that deals with the study of the dependence of one living organism (parasite) on another (host), on
the expense of the latter.

A

Parasitology

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2
Q

is the living together of two or more organisms.

A

Symbiosis

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3
Q

SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP (4)

A

mutualism, commensalism, amensalism, parasitism

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4
Q

The association of two different organisms is
beneficial to both.

A

Mutualism

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5
Q

One organism benefits from another organism
without causing any harm nor benefit to the
other.

A

Commensalism

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6
Q

Where one member is harmed, while the other
member is neither positively or negatively
affected.

A

Amensalism

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7
Q

One of the organisms, the parasite, depends on
the host for survival. This relationship causes
harm to the host.

A

Parasitism

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8
Q

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY (5)

A
  • Prevalent infections worldwide
  • Significant morbidity and mortality
  • Significant impact on economic and social development
  • Increased mobility of individuals and populations
  • Drug resistance, climate change and opportunistic infections
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9
Q
  • a very diverse set of eukaryotic pathogens
A

parasites

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10
Q
  • unicellular eukaryote
A

Protozoa

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11
Q

flatworms these includes flukes and
tapeworms

A

Platyhelminthes

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12
Q

elongated worms with rigid cuticula

A

Nematodes

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13
Q

Insects, ticks and mites which either are parasitic
or transmit parasites as vectors

A

Arthropods

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14
Q

A parasite that lives inside the host’s body

A

Endoparasite

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15
Q

what kind of parasite is Entamoeba histolytica

A

Endoparasite

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16
Q

presence of an endoparasite in a host

A

infection

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17
Q

A parasite living outside the body of a host

A

Ectoparasite

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18
Q

presence of an ectoprasite in a
host

A

Infestation

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19
Q

A parasite found in a location other than its usual habitat.

A

Erratic parasite

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20
Q

what kind of parsite: Ascarislumbricoides adults, which inhabit the small intestines, have been reported to migrate from the nose or mouth of infected children after treatment with
mebendazole.

A

Erratic parasite

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21
Q

A parasite that cannot live outside its host.
Completely depended on the host during a
segment or all of its life cycle

A

Obligate parasite

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22
Q

what kind of parasite: Plasmodium spp.

A

Obligate parasite

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23
Q

what kind of parasite: Wuchereria bancrofti, a blood-dwelling nematode, requires a mosquito intermediate host for its larval development and man as definitive host to harbor its adult stages.

A

Obligate parasite

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24
Q

This parasite may exist in a free-living state or as a commensal. But if an opportunity presents
itself, it may become parasitic.

A

Facultative parasite

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25
Q

what kind of parasite: An organism that exhibits both parasitic and non-parasitic modes of living way of life, but is capable of adapting to it if placed on a host.

A

Facultative parasite

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26
Q

what kind of parasite: Naegleria Fowleri

A

Facultative parasite

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27
Q

what kind of parasite: Strongyloides stercoralis, a nematode,

A

Facultative parasite

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28
Q

A parasite that establishes itself in a host where
it does not ordinarily live.

A

Accidental or incidental parasite

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29
Q

what kind of parasite: Capillaria philippinensis becomes an accidental or incidental parasite of man if man ingests an improperly cooked or raw fish harboring the larval stage of said parasite. C. philippinensis typically infects fish-eating birds.

A

Accidental or incidental parasite

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30
Q

A parasite that remains in or on a host’s body all
through its life

A

Permanent parasite

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31
Q

A free-living organism that passes through the
digestive tract without causing infection.

A

Spurious parasite

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32
Q

stage where __ able to initiate an infection in a
definitive / intermediate host.

A

Infective Stage

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33
Q

Stage leaving the definitive host. It is the stage
that the parasitic way of life w/ either the
free-living phase of the life cycle or the phase of
development that occurs in an intermediate
host; detectable in the laboratory

A

Diagnostic stage

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34
Q

what host: also called final host

A

Definitive host

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35
Q

what host: is one in which the parasite attains sexual maturity.

A

Definitive host

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36
Q

what host: The adult or mature stages
of the parasite are present in this host.

A

Definitive host

37
Q

what parasites of this host: Since man
harbors the adult forms of (4) then man is a definitive host of these parasites.

A

Taenia saginata
Diphyllobothrium latum
Schistosoma species
Fasciola hepatica,

38
Q

what host: is one that harbors the asexual, immature, or larval stages of the parasite.

A

Intermediate Hosts

39
Q

(2) harbor the larval stages of (2) respectively.

A

pigs and cattles, Taenia solium and T.saginata,

40
Q

require a snail intermediate host for their larval development.

A

Schistosoma species

41
Q

requires two intermediate hosts:
a snail to serve as first intermediate host and a
freshwater fish as second intermediate host.

A

Clonorchis sinensis

42
Q

what host: is one in which the parasite does not develop further to later stages.

A

Paratenic host

43
Q

what host: Animal that harbors the parasite is an arrested state of development;
- However the parasite is capable of continuing its cycle in a subsequent suitable host

A

Paratenic Host

44
Q

what host: Act as a transportation for parasite (e.g., Reptiles and rodes as paratenic hosts of Toxocara canis)

A

Paratenic Host

45
Q

what host: More an ecological than physiological phenomenon in the transmission of helminth

A

Paratenic Host

46
Q

what host: is an animal or human that maintains the pathogen without showing any signs or symptoms

A

Reservoir host

47
Q

Host responsible for transferring a parasite from one location to another

A

Transport Host

48
Q

Parasite-harboring host that is not exhibiting any clinical symptoms but can infect others

A

Carrier

49
Q

complex life cycle: 1 host only

A

direct

50
Q

complex life cycle: Involves 2 or more hosts (intermediate and 1definitive host)

A

indirect

51
Q

is an individual who has had the disease and
recovered but continues to maintain the pathogen and spread
it to others.

A

Carrier

52
Q

are responsible for transmitting the parasite from one host to another.

A

Vectors

53
Q

kind of vector: - also serves as host in which the parasite undergoes further development. It is, therefore, essential in the parasite’ s life cycle.

A

biologic vector

54
Q

the causative agents of filariasis, are
transmitted by the bite of their mosquito vector.

A

W. bancrofti and Brugia malayi

55
Q

which cause malaria, are transmitted through the bite of their female Anopheles mosquito vector.

A

Plasmodium organisms

56
Q

where did plasmodium organisms sexual maturity takes place

A

mosquito

57
Q

is only an intermediate host since it is the
larval or immature stages of the parasites that he harbors.

A

man

58
Q

What kind of vector: it only carries the parasite from one source to the next.

A

Mechanical or phoretic vector

59
Q

Flies and cockroaches may transport
? the causative agent of
amoebiasis, from fecal material to the food and
water which may be consumed by humans.

A

Entamoeba histolytica

60
Q

what kind of vector: These arthropods act as ?only since the parasite was simply transferred from one source to another. They are not essential in the parasite’s life cycle since they are not part of the latter’s further development.

A

Mechanical or phoretic vector

61
Q

what mode of transmission: this is the most common way of transmitting
parasitic infections.

A

Ingestion of contaminated food and
water / oral-fecal

62
Q

Majority of ? infections are food-borne.

A

cestode, trematode, and protozoan

63
Q

what mode of transmission: the hookworm filariform larva and schistosome cercaria enter their human hosts via ? This event usually produces pruritus (itching) at the site of entry.

A

Skin penetration

64
Q

what mode of transmission: Enterobius vermicularis can be transmitted by inhalation of its eggs.

A

Vector-borne

65
Q

what mode of transmission: Trichomonas vaginalis , E. histolytica 2 and
Giardia lamblia 3

A

Inhalation of eggs

66
Q

is a flagellated protozoan parasite that infects the urogenital tract of humans, causing the most common non-viral, sexually transmitted disease in the world.

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

67
Q

unconventional sexual practices
have been proven to transmit (2) among homosexual males

A

E. histolytica 2 and Giardia lamblia 3

68
Q

what mode of transmission: blood-dwelling parasites such as the Plasmodium
species and the filarial worms can be transmitted by transfusion of contaminated blood

A

Blood transfusion

69
Q

countries are most favorable places for the survival, larval development and transmission of parasites.

A

topical

70
Q

why topical countries are most favorable places for the survival, larval development and transmission of parasites

A

Optimal conditions of temperature and humidity are present. “Moisture is essential for the development of free- living larvae and
propagation of intermediate hosts.

71
Q

prevents the development of many species that required high temperatures during their larval stages.

A

Short summer season (temperate zone)

72
Q

may destroy the larval forms

A

Intense dry heat/direct sunlight

73
Q

arrest the development of eggs and larvae
and may even destroy them.

A

Low temperatures

74
Q

force humanity to use privies
and prevent general soil pollution.

A

Freezing temperatures/snow

75
Q

INDIRECT EFFECTS OF THE PARASITE ON THE HOST (2)

A

Immunological Reaction,Excessive proliferation of certain tissues due to invasion by some
parasites can also cause tissue damage in man:

76
Q

Tissue damage may be caused by ? response of the
host (e.g., Nephritic syndrome following Plasmodium infection)

A

Immunological Reaction

77
Q

DIRECT EFFECTS OF THE PARASITE ON THE HOST (3)

A

Mechanical Injury
Deleterious effect of toxic substances
Deprivation of nutrients, fluids and metabolites

78
Q

May be inflicted by a parasite by means of pressure as it grows
larger (e.g., Hydatid cyst causes blockage of ducts such as blood
vessels producing infarction)

A

Mechanical Injury

79
Q

In Plasmodium falciparum production of toxic substances may
cause rigors and other symptoms.

A

Deleterious effect of toxic substances

80
Q

Parasite may produce disease by competing with the host for
nutrients

A

Deprivation of nutrients, fluids and metabolites

81
Q

Current diagnosis is predominantly based on

A

microscopic exam

82
Q

Specimen types: (2)

A

stool
non-stool

83
Q

non - stool (8)

A
  • Perianal specimens
    ■ Sigmoidoscopic specimen
    ■ Duodenal aspirates
    ■ Liver abscess
    ■ Sputum
    ■ Urine
    ■ Urogenital
    ■ Blood
84
Q

Alternative testing methods (3)

A
  • Serology for select pathogens
    ■ Fluorescent stains of stool for select pathogens
    ■ Molecular assays of stool for select pathogens
85
Q

(To conduct the laboratory diagnosis) The patient (6)

A
  • Presence of blood or mucus in your stool
    ○ Frequent diarrhea
    ○ Fever
    ○ Acute abdominal pain
    ○ Headache
    ○ Vomiting or nausea
86
Q

Parasite Treatment Options (6)

A
  • Antiparasitic medications
    ○ Change in diet
    ○ Nutrition supplements
    ○ Fluid replacement
    ○ Food transfusion
    ○ Bed rest
87
Q

E.g., Oplan Goodbye Bulate of Department of Health for
deworming

A

Programs for deworming

88
Q

Preventive measures are designed to: (2)

A
  • Break the transmission cycle are crucial to successful parasitic eradication.
    ○ Reduction of the source of infection - the parasite is attacked within the host, thereby preventing the dissemination of the
    infecting agent

MP LAB (9 decks)

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