[1] Introduction to Medical Parasitology Flashcards
1
Q
a branch of biology that deals with the study of the dependence of one living organism (parasite) on another (host), on
the expense of the latter.
A
Parasitology
2
Q
is the living together of two or more organisms.
A
Symbiosis
3
Q
SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP (4)
A
mutualism, commensalism, amensalism, parasitism
4
Q
The association of two different organisms is
beneficial to both.
A
Mutualism
5
Q
One organism benefits from another organism
without causing any harm nor benefit to the
other.
A
Commensalism
6
Q
Where one member is harmed, while the other
member is neither positively or negatively
affected.
A
Amensalism
7
Q
One of the organisms, the parasite, depends on
the host for survival. This relationship causes
harm to the host.
A
Parasitism
8
Q
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY (5)
A
- Prevalent infections worldwide
- Significant morbidity and mortality
- Significant impact on economic and social development
- Increased mobility of individuals and populations
- Drug resistance, climate change and opportunistic infections
9
Q
- a very diverse set of eukaryotic pathogens
A
parasites
10
Q
- unicellular eukaryote
A
Protozoa
11
Q
flatworms these includes flukes and
tapeworms
A
Platyhelminthes
12
Q
elongated worms with rigid cuticula
A
Nematodes
13
Q
Insects, ticks and mites which either are parasitic
or transmit parasites as vectors
A
Arthropods
14
Q
A parasite that lives inside the host’s body
A
Endoparasite
15
Q
what kind of parasite is Entamoeba histolytica
A
Endoparasite
16
Q
presence of an endoparasite in a host
A
infection
17
Q
A parasite living outside the body of a host
A
Ectoparasite
18
Q
presence of an ectoprasite in a
host
A
Infestation
19
Q
A parasite found in a location other than its usual habitat.
A
Erratic parasite
20
Q
what kind of parsite: Ascarislumbricoides adults, which inhabit the small intestines, have been reported to migrate from the nose or mouth of infected children after treatment with
mebendazole.
A
Erratic parasite
21
Q
A parasite that cannot live outside its host.
Completely depended on the host during a
segment or all of its life cycle
A
Obligate parasite
22
Q
what kind of parasite: Plasmodium spp.
A
Obligate parasite
23
Q
what kind of parasite: Wuchereria bancrofti, a blood-dwelling nematode, requires a mosquito intermediate host for its larval development and man as definitive host to harbor its adult stages.
A
Obligate parasite
24
Q
This parasite may exist in a free-living state or as a commensal. But if an opportunity presents
itself, it may become parasitic.
A
Facultative parasite
25
what kind of parasite: An organism that exhibits both parasitic and non-parasitic modes of living way of life, but is capable of adapting to it if placed on a host.
Facultative parasite
26
what kind of parasite: Naegleria Fowleri
Facultative parasite
27
what kind of parasite: Strongyloides stercoralis, a nematode,
Facultative parasite
28
A parasite that establishes itself in a host where
it does not ordinarily live.
Accidental or incidental parasite
29
what kind of parasite: Capillaria philippinensis becomes an accidental or incidental parasite of man if man ingests an improperly cooked or raw fish harboring the larval stage of said parasite. C. philippinensis typically infects fish-eating birds.
Accidental or incidental parasite
30
A parasite that remains in or on a host’s body all
through its life
Permanent parasite
31
A free-living organism that passes through the
digestive tract without causing infection.
Spurious parasite
32
stage where __ able to initiate an infection in a
definitive / intermediate host.
Infective Stage
33
Stage leaving the definitive host. It is the stage
that the parasitic way of life w/ either the
free-living phase of the life cycle or the phase of
development that occurs in an intermediate
host; detectable in the laboratory
Diagnostic stage
34
what host: also called final host
Definitive host
35
what host: is one in which the parasite attains sexual maturity.
Definitive host
36
what host: The adult or mature stages
of the parasite are present in this host.
Definitive host
37
what parasites of this host: Since man
harbors the adult forms of (4) then man is a definitive host of these parasites.
Taenia saginata
Diphyllobothrium latum
Schistosoma species
Fasciola hepatica,
38
what host: is one that harbors the asexual, immature, or larval stages of the parasite.
Intermediate Hosts
39
(2) harbor the larval stages of (2) respectively.
pigs and cattles, Taenia solium and T.saginata,
40
require a snail intermediate host for their larval development.
Schistosoma species
41
requires two intermediate hosts:
a snail to serve as first intermediate host and a
freshwater fish as second intermediate host.
Clonorchis sinensis
42
what host: is one in which the parasite does not develop further to later stages.
Paratenic host
43
what host: Animal that harbors the parasite is an arrested state of development;
- However the parasite is capable of continuing its cycle in a subsequent suitable host
Paratenic Host
44
what host: Act as a transportation for parasite (e.g., Reptiles and rodes as paratenic hosts of Toxocara canis)
Paratenic Host
45
what host: More an ecological than physiological phenomenon in the transmission of helminth
Paratenic Host
46
what host: is an animal or human that maintains the pathogen without showing any signs or symptoms
Reservoir host
47
Host responsible for transferring a parasite from one location to another
Transport Host
48
Parasite-harboring host that is not exhibiting any clinical symptoms but can infect others
Carrier
49
complex life cycle: 1 host only
direct
50
complex life cycle: Involves 2 or more hosts (intermediate and 1definitive host)
indirect
51
is an individual who has had the disease and
recovered but continues to maintain the pathogen and spread
it to others.
Carrier
52
are responsible for transmitting the parasite from one host to another.
Vectors
53
kind of vector: - also serves as host in which the parasite undergoes further development. It is, therefore, essential in the parasite’ s life cycle.
biologic vector
54
the causative agents of filariasis, are
transmitted by the bite of their mosquito vector.
W. bancrofti and Brugia malayi
55
which cause malaria, are transmitted through the bite of their female Anopheles mosquito vector.
Plasmodium organisms
56
where did plasmodium organisms sexual maturity takes place
mosquito
57
is only an intermediate host since it is the
larval or immature stages of the parasites that he harbors.
man
58
What kind of vector: it only carries the parasite from one source to the next.
Mechanical or phoretic vector
59
Flies and cockroaches may transport
? the causative agent of
amoebiasis, from fecal material to the food and
water which may be consumed by humans.
Entamoeba histolytica
60
what kind of vector: These arthropods act as ?only since the parasite was simply transferred from one source to another. They are not essential in the parasite’s life cycle since they are not part of the latter’s further development.
Mechanical or phoretic vector
61
what mode of transmission: this is the most common way of transmitting
parasitic infections.
Ingestion of contaminated food and
water / oral-fecal
62
Majority of ? infections are food-borne.
cestode, trematode, and protozoan
63
what mode of transmission: the hookworm filariform larva and schistosome cercaria enter their human hosts via ? This event usually produces pruritus (itching) at the site of entry.
Skin penetration
64
what mode of transmission: Enterobius vermicularis can be transmitted by inhalation of its eggs.
Vector-borne
65
what mode of transmission: Trichomonas vaginalis , E. histolytica 2 and
Giardia lamblia 3
Inhalation of eggs
66
is a flagellated protozoan parasite that infects the urogenital tract of humans, causing the most common non-viral, sexually transmitted disease in the world.
Trichomonas vaginalis
67
unconventional sexual practices
have been proven to transmit (2) among homosexual males
E. histolytica 2 and Giardia lamblia 3
68
what mode of transmission: blood-dwelling parasites such as the Plasmodium
species and the filarial worms can be transmitted by transfusion of contaminated blood
Blood transfusion
69
countries are most favorable places for the survival, larval development and transmission of parasites.
topical
70
why topical countries are most favorable places for the survival, larval development and transmission of parasites
Optimal conditions of temperature and humidity are present. “Moisture is essential for the development of free- living larvae and
propagation of intermediate hosts.
71
prevents the development of many species that required high temperatures during their larval stages.
Short summer season (temperate zone)
72
may destroy the larval forms
Intense dry heat/direct sunlight
73
arrest the development of eggs and larvae
and may even destroy them.
Low temperatures
74
force humanity to use privies
and prevent general soil pollution.
Freezing temperatures/snow
75
INDIRECT EFFECTS OF THE PARASITE ON THE HOST (2)
Immunological Reaction,Excessive proliferation of certain tissues due to invasion by some
parasites can also cause tissue damage in man:
76
Tissue damage may be caused by ? response of the
host (e.g., Nephritic syndrome following Plasmodium infection)
Immunological Reaction
77
DIRECT EFFECTS OF THE PARASITE ON THE HOST (3)
Mechanical Injury
Deleterious effect of toxic substances
Deprivation of nutrients, fluids and metabolites
78
May be inflicted by a parasite by means of pressure as it grows
larger (e.g., Hydatid cyst causes blockage of ducts such as blood
vessels producing infarction)
Mechanical Injury
79
In Plasmodium falciparum production of toxic substances may
cause rigors and other symptoms.
Deleterious effect of toxic substances
80
Parasite may produce disease by competing with the host for
nutrients
Deprivation of nutrients, fluids and metabolites
81
Current diagnosis is predominantly based on
microscopic exam
82
Specimen types: (2)
stool
non-stool
83
non - stool (8)
- Perianal specimens
■ Sigmoidoscopic specimen
■ Duodenal aspirates
■ Liver abscess
■ Sputum
■ Urine
■ Urogenital
■ Blood
84
Alternative testing methods (3)
- Serology for select pathogens
■ Fluorescent stains of stool for select pathogens
■ Molecular assays of stool for select pathogens
85
(To conduct the laboratory diagnosis) The patient (6)
- Presence of blood or mucus in your stool
○ Frequent diarrhea
○ Fever
○ Acute abdominal pain
○ Headache
○ Vomiting or nausea
86
Parasite Treatment Options (6)
- Antiparasitic medications
○ Change in diet
○ Nutrition supplements
○ Fluid replacement
○ Food transfusion
○ Bed rest
87
E.g., Oplan Goodbye Bulate of Department of Health for
deworming
Programs for deworming
88
Preventive measures are designed to: (2)
- Break the transmission cycle are crucial to successful parasitic eradication.
○ Reduction of the source of infection - the parasite is attacked within the host, thereby preventing the dissemination of the
infecting agent
