[3] Nematodes Flashcards by Abijah Brittany Mique

CAPILLARIA PHILIPPINENSIS; Common name:

Pudoc worm

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CAPILLARIA PHILIPPINENSIS; Infective stage:

larvae

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CAPILLARIA PHILIPPINENSIS; Definitive host:

Human / avian species

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CAPILLARIA PHILIPPINENSIS; Intermediate host:

fresh- or brackish-water fish

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CAPILLARIA PHILIPPINENSIS; Habitat:

Habitat: intestinal mucosa (jejunum)

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CAPILLARIA PHILIPPINENSIS; Diagnostic stage:

unembryonated thick shelled eggs passed in feces

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CAPILLARIA PHILIPPINENSIS; Mode of transmission

Eating ingestion of raw or undercooked C. philippinensis- infected fish

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CAPILLARIA PHILIPPINENSIS; LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS

Specific diagnosis is established by finding eggs, larvae and/or adult
worms in the stool or in intestinal biopsies

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typical stage found in the feces; not yet
fertilized

Unembryonated eggs

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embryonated eggs, larvae, and even adult
worms can be found in the feces

Severe infections

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EGG MORPHOLOGY; Peanut- or barrel-shaped, W with striated shells, flattened ends,
and prominent bipolar mucoid plugs

CAPILLARIA PHILIPPINENSIS

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EGG MORPHOLOGY; Measure 35 to 45 um in length by 20-25 um in width

CAPILLARIA PHILIPPINENSIS

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Long and slender

Adult worms CAPILLARIA PHILIPPINENSIS

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usually measure between 2.3 and 3.2 mm
and are slightly shorter than the females

male adult wormsCAPILLARIA PHILIPPINENSIS

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usually measure between 2.5 and 4.3
mm

female adult worms CAPILLARIA PHILIPPINENSIS

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Found embedded in the mucosa of the small
intestine

Adult worms CAPILLARIA PHILIPPINENSIS

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Anterior body is narrow, and the posterior is
slightly wider and contains reproductive organs
and the digestive tract

Adult worms CAPILLARIA PHILIPPINENSIS

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Some worms - alimentary canal such as larynx,
esophagus, stomach and colon

Adult worms CAPILLARIA PHILIPPINENSIS

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Diarrhea and malabsorption

CAPILLARIASIS

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Borborygmi, abdominal pain, vomiting, weight loss, and malaise ->
wasting, abdominal distention, and edema

CAPILLARIASIS

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Fatal protein-losing enteropathy; fat, mineral, and vitamin
malabsorption; and electrolyte loss

CAPILLARIASIS

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hepatitis with eosinophilia

Hepatic capillariasis

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fever, cough, asthma, and pneumonia.

Pulmonary capillariasis

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CAPILLARIASIS; treatment

Mebendazole 400 mg/day given in divided doses for 20 days
for new cases and for 30 days for relapses of cases
○ Albendazole has also been found effective

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CAPILLARIASIS; prevention and control

Cooking fish thoroughly before eating ○ Avoiding eating raw fish ○ Using sanitary toilet for disposal of human waste ■ Dont shit where you eat

Hookworms are: (3)

Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus, Ancylostoma ceylanicum

Soil-transmitted helminth; Intestinal nematode

THE HOOKWORMS

A disease of impoverished people in tropical and subtropical areas

THE HOOKWORMS

Disease Manifestation: THE HOOKWORMS

● Chronic >> Iron Deficiency Anemia ● Ground itch and other forms of dermatitis ● Wakana disease and hookworm pneumonitis

Etiology: THE HOOKWORMS

Ancylostoma duodenale

Old World Hookworm

Ancylostoma duodenale

Can cause cutaneous larva migrans

Ancylostoma duodenale

Focally endemic in the Mediterranean region, in some parts of Africa, China and India, c

Ancylostoma duodenale

Most common globally hookworm

Necator americanus (New World Hookworm)

(1913; canine and feline but is now a significant agent of zoonotic hookworm infection in humans; re-emerging)

Ancylostoma ceylanicum

are crucial determinants of hookworm prevalence

Climate and soil structure

definitive hosts: N. americanus & A.duodonale:

humans

definitive hosts: A. ceylanicum:

Humans, dogs and cats

definitive hosts: Ancylostoma braziliense & A caninum

Dogs and cats ■ Humans are incidental hosts

hookworm mode of transmission

By walking barefoot on contaminated soil ○ Through the ingestion of larvae.

hookworm: Infective Stage

Filariform larva

hookworm: Diagnostic Stage:

Eggs in feces

egg morphology; The eggs of (2) cannot be differentiated microscopically.

Ancylostoma and Necator

Can’t see 2 layers because the eggs are thin-shelled, colorless and measure 60-75 um by 35-40 um.

Ancylostoma and Necator

They characteristically have a clear space between the developing embryo and the thin eggshell

hookworms

The eggs are usually in the early cleavage stage when passed in the stoolt

hookworms

larvae that hatch from eggs are 250-300 um long and approximately 15-20 um wide.

RHABDITIFORM LARVAE

Long buccal canal

RHABDITIFORM LARVAE

Inconspicuous genital primordium

RHABDITIFORM LARVAE

Not found in stool, if found it is likely the L1 larvae of Stronglyloides stercoralis.

RHABDITIFORM LARVAE

Infective, third-stage (L3), filariform larvae are 500-700 pm long.

FILARIFORM LARVAE

They have a pointed tail and are ensheathed, with about a 1:2 ratio in length of esophagus to intestine.

FILARIFORM LARVAE

Develop within 5 to 8 days and may remain viable in the soil for several weeks.

FILARIFORM LARVAE

How do they infect hookworms

Once they enter the blood stream, they can go to different regions and be stuck there.

? has cutting plates, ? has teeth

necator, anclysyostoma

Pinworm ends

adult worm hookworm

The ponty end are replaced by ? on posterior end of hookworms

bursa

Has a role in sexual reproduction

bursa

Only the male has this hookworm ha sthis

bursa

- ACCIDENTAL entry of these hookworms to humans - Penetrate the skin, subtle irritation - Because humans are not the definitive hosts, they got stuck in the epidermis causing exfoliation

A CASE OF EXTRAINTESTINAL HOOKWORM RELATED TO CUTANEOUS LARVA MIGRANS

hookworm treatment

○ Tebendazole and albendazole ○ Cutaneous larvae migrans -oral albendazole or ivermectin. ○ Coadministration of deworming and iron supplementation has a greater impact on anemia, blood transfusion may be warranted.

hookworm prevention

Improving sanitation in resource poor areas ○ Public Health Campaign (deworming) ○ Changing agricultural practices that rely on human feces for fertilization of crops could dramatically help reduce the widespread distribution of hookworm in soils

Soil-transmitted helminth; Intestinal nematode

STRONGYLOIDES

Soil-transmitted helminth; Intestinal nematode

STRONGYLOIDES

Soil-transmitted helminth; Intestinal nematode etiology

Strongyloides stercoralis (less ammon) Strongyloides fülleborni

STRONGYLOIDES common name

threadworm

STRONGYLOIDES hosts definitive

Man ○ Dogs (in few cases)

STRONGYLOIDES MOT

By walking barefoot on contaminated soil ○ Through the ingestion of larvae.

STRONGYLOIDES Infective Stage:

Filariform larva

STRONGYLOIDES Diagnostic Stage:

Rhabditiform larvae

STRONGYLOIDES size

Average, 48 by 35 um

STRONGYLOIDES typical growth place

Contains well-developed larvae

STRONGYLOIDES Embryonic cleavage:

Two-, four-, or eight-cell stage, when present

STRONGYLOIDES Shell

Thin, hyaline

Hatch almost immediately from partially embryonated eggs in the intestinal mucosa of the host;

Rhabditiform Larva

Found more frequently in fresh feces than egg form

Rhabditiform Larva

Filiform larva average length

690 um

Filiform larva Length of esophagus:

Long

Filiform larva Tail:

notched

2 by 0.4 mm

Adult form STRONGYLOIDES

Colorless,transparent body, finelt striated cuticle, short buccal cavity, long and slender esophagus

Adult form STRONGYLOIDES

STRONGYLOIDES laboratory diagnosis

Non-specific - increased eosinophilia and IgE

STRONGYLOIDES molecular

SLAMP; PCR

STRONGYLOIDES treatment

The treatment for a threadworm infection is ivermectin with albendazole as an alternative.

STRONGYLOIDES prevention and control

○ In addition to proper handling and disposal of fecal material and ○ Adequate protection of the skin from contaminated soil, ○ Prompt and thorough treatment of infected persons is essential, especially to stop or prevent autoinfections.

The Intestinal/Tissue nematode - smallest known parasitic nematode to humans.

TRICHINELLOSIS

found worldwide, particularly in members of the meat-eating population; occurs more frequently in raw garbage containing pork scraps.

TRICHINELLOSIS

common sylvatic life cycle seen in temperate zone and in the African tropics arctic life cycle - some strains

TRICHINELLOSIS

TRICHINELLOSIS etilogy

Trichinella spiralis

TRICHINELLOSIS common name

Trichina worm

2 clades based on whether or not the host encapsulates the larvae while they are developing within muscle cells

TRICHINELLOSIS/TRICHINOSIS

TRICHINELLOSIS/TRICHINOSIS hostas definitive

Man (Because humans are not the traditional hosts, completion of the T. spiralis life cycle does not occur and the cycle ceases with the encystation of the larvae ; Omnivores/carnivores

TRICHINELLOSIS/TRICHINOSIS Mode of transmission:

Eating contaminated raw pork, raw meat and meat derived products

TRICHINELLOSIS/TRICHINOSIS Infective Stage:

Encysted larvae in striated muscle from undercooked meat

TRICHINELLOSIS/TRICHINOSIS Diagnostic Stage:

Encysted larva in striated muscle

TRICHINELLOSIS/TRICHINOSIS TREATMENT AND PREVENTION

● Treatment with analgesics and corticosteroids merely relieves the symptoms of trichinosis. ● Education of the consumer about the risk of consumption of raw or semiraw meat and meat products from both domestic animals that can be carriers of the parasite. ● Farming of pigs in modern, industrialized pigsties under strict veteriniary controls ● Proper food preservation