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[2] Nematodes Flashcards

1
Q

commonly called roundworms,

A

nematodes

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2
Q

nematodes belong to the phylum

A

Aschelminthes.

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3
Q

are non-segmented, generally cylindrical, tapered at
both ends, and covered by a tough protective covering or cuticle.

A

adult forms

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4
Q

are usually cream-white in color but the
females may somehow appear darker if they are filled with eggs.

A

Parasitic nematodes

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5
Q

They have a complete digestive tract with both oral and anal openings.

A

Parasitic nematodes

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6
Q

The mouth of primitive forms is surrounded by ? except for the hookworms, whose buccal cavities are provided with either
cutting plates or teeth.

A

three lips

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7
Q

nematodes sexes are separate, with the ? generally larger than the ?

A

females, males.

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8
Q

(gender of nematodes) usually have a pair of copulatory spicules. In some species, the ? posterior end is expanded into a copulatory bursa.

A

male

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9
Q

Majority of nematodes are ? living

A

free

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10
Q

what specie may pass several free-living
generations in the soil. Sooner or later, however, it will require
a host to complete its development as a parasite.

A

Strongyloides stercoralis

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11
Q

the blood-dwelling filarial worms such as
Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi are

A

obligate parasites

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12
Q

They can never live outside the body of either their intermediate or definitive host.

A

obligate parasites

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13
Q

Stages in the life cycle of nematodes include: (3)

A

1) the egg,
2) the larva, which undergoes several molts, and
3) the adult.

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14
Q

Their larval form goes through ? stages of development which
may take place inside the egg, in an intermediate host (e.g., fish and
mosquito), or in the environment.

A

four

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15
Q

The (2) require an intermediate host for their larva to develop
and become infective to man.

A

filarial worms and Capillaria
philippinensis

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16
Q

what kind of transmission: Ascarislumbricoides and Trichuristrichiura

A

Ingestion of food and water contaminated with their embryonated eggs:

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17
Q

what kind of transmission: The filariform larva of hookworms like Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus

A

Skin penetration:

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18
Q

what kind of transmission: Enterobius vermicularis

A

Inhalation or ingestion of the eggs from the environment:

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19
Q

what kind of transmission: fish: harboring the
larval stage of C. philippinensis makes man an accidental
definitive host.

A

Ingestion of improperly-cooked or raw fish:

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20
Q

what kind of transmission: such as a mosquito, filarial
nematodes

A

Bite of a blood-sucking arthropod:

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21
Q

(3) can present from asymptomatic to diarrhea, to pain, etc., depending on
worm burden.

A

A. lumbricoides, T. trichiura, and hookworm infections

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22
Q

(symptoms) associated with severe hookworm and E. vermicularis infections,
respectively.

A

Iron-deficiency anemia and perianal itching

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23
Q

Filarial nematode infection can range from
asymptomatic to (3)

A

lymphadenitis, lymphangitis, and elephantiasis.

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24
Q

method is the recommended
technique for the recovery of E. vermicularis.

A

The cellophane or Scotch tape method

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25
demonstration of the parasites in ? is the only accurate way of confirming the diagnosis.
blood smears
26
issues of nematodes (3)
● Can cause human diseases ● Can cause animal diseases ● Can cause plant diseases or influence pest damage
27
importance of nematodes (3)
● Important in component processes of mo ecosystem services ● Their abundance is used as indicator for environmental disturbance ● C. elegans used in a lot of genomic studies that airg to relate gene expression
28
can all nematodes cause disease?
no
29
Elongated, round and un-segmented
nematoda
30
Complete digestive system, highly developed separate-sexes
nematoda
31
Eggs & larva- suited for external environment.
nematoda
32
Most human infections-ingestion of egg or larva
nematoda
33
Transmission occurs in 4 different ways of nematodes
via intermediate host fecal oral route active skin penetration blood-sucking.
34
The six GI nematode species of major importance:
A. duodanele, N. americanus, A. lumbricoides, T. trichuria, E. vermicularis and S. stercoralis
35
Have direct life-cycles, i.e. only one host is involved.
INTESTINAL NEMATODES
36
The eggs or larvae of all the major nematodes, with the exception of ? , require a period of development in the soil to become infective before transmission to the human host
E. vermicularis
37
ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES COMMON NAME
giant intestinal roundworm
38
infective stage of ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES
eggs containing larvae
39
definitive host of ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES
human
40
habitat of ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES
Small intestines
41
diagnostic stage of ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES
fertilized eggs
42
infective stage of ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES
ingestion of embryonated eggs
43
specimen of choice for the recovery of eggs
stool
44
- May be recovered in the small intestine, gallbladder, liver, and appendix ○ May be present in the stool, vomited up, or removed from the external nares
Adult worms
45
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is also available. for what specie
ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES
46
Typically oblong
Unfertilized Eggs
47
Measures 85 to 95 um x 38 to 45 um
Unfertilized Eggs
48
Measures 85 to 95 um x 38 to 45 um
Unfertilized Eggs
49
A thin ? protects the inner amorphous mass of protoplasm.
shell
50
Usually corticated - possesses an outer mammillated, albuminous coating.
Unfertilized Eggs
51
Internal contents have no shape
Unfertilized Eggs
52
More rounded than the unfertilized egg
Fertilized Egg
53
Usually measures 40 to 75 pm by 30 to 50 um.
Fertilized Egg
54
Fertilization of the egg transforms the amorphous mass of protoplasm into an undeveloped unicellular embryo.
Fertilized Egg
55
Chitin
Fertilized Egg
56
Thick polysaccharide coating called a shell
Fertilized Egg
57
Sandwiched in between the embryo and mamillated albuminous material (corticated)
Fertilized Egg
58
Decorticated eggs
Fertilized Egg
59
eggs that lack an outer mammillated, albuminous coating
Fertilized Egg
60
Creamy white color with a tint of pink
Adult worms
61
Fine striations are visible on the cuticle
Adult worms
62
Largest known intestinal nematodes
Adult worms
63
Small, seldom reaching 30 cm in length
Adult male worm
64
Slender and possesses a prominent incurved tail
Adult male worm
65
Measures 22 to 35 cm in length
Adult female worm
66
Resembles a pencil lead in thicknes
Adult female worm
67
(5 to 10 worms ) - usually asymptomatic.
ascariasis
68
Symptomatic ascariasis (8)
○ Tissue damage which may lead to bacterial infection ○ Vague abdominal pain, vomiting, fever, and distention ○ Mature worms entangle into a mass -> obstruct the intestine, appendix, liver, or bile duct ○ Discomfort when worms exit the body through the anus, mouth, or nose ○ Malnutrition. ○ Pulmonary symptoms when the worms migrate through the lungs ○ Low-grade fever, cough, eosinophilia, and/or pneumonia ○ Asthmatic reaction to the presence of the worms
69
treatment to ASCARIASIS: ROUNDWORM INFECTION (2)
Albendazole and mebendazole
70
Prevention and Control for ASCARIASIS: ROUNDWORM (2)
○ Avoidance of using human feces as fertilizer ○ Exercising proper sanitation and personal hygiene practices
71
ENTEROBIUS VERMICULARIS common name (2)
Pinworm, Seatworm
72
ENTEROBIUS VERMICULARIS Infective stage:
embryonated eggs ingested by human
73
ENTEROBIUS VERMICULARIS Definitive host:
human
74
ENTEROBIUS VERMICULARIS Habitat:
colon
75
ENTEROBIUS VERMICULARIS Diagnostic stage:
eggs on perianal folds
76
ENTEROBIUS VERMICULARIS Modes of transmission (3)
airborne retroindication autoreinfection
77
ENTEROBIUS VERMICULARIS Laboratory diagnosis
1. Cellophane tape preparation collected from the perianal region (standard) 2. Stool sample
78
46 to 60 μm in length by 20 to 35 μm in width
ENTEROBIUS VERMICULARIS
79
Oval, flattened on one side
ENTEROBIUS VERMICULARIS
80
egg morphology: Yellowish-white
Female adult worm (ENTEROBIUS VERMICULARIS)
81
egg morphology: 7 to 14 mm x 0.5 mm
Female adult worm (ENTEROBIUS VERMICULARIS)
82
egg morphology: Equipped with primitive organ systems - digestive tract, intestinal tract, and reproductive structures
Female adult worm (ENTEROBIUS VERMICULARIS)
83
egg morphology: Possesses a clear, pointed tail that resembles a pinhead pinworm.
Female adult worm (ENTEROBIUS VERMICULARIS)
84
egg morphology: yellowish-white
Male adult worm (ENTEROBIUS VERMICULARIS)
85
egg morphology: typically smaller in size than the females
Male adult worm (ENTEROBIUS VERMICULARIS)
86
egg morphology:2 to 4 mm x 0.3 mm
Male adult worm (ENTEROBIUS VERMICULARIS)
87
asymptomatic or symptomatic: ENTEROBIASIS OR PINWORM INFECTION
asymptomatic
88
ENTEROBIASIS OR PINWORM INFECTION symptoms (6)
- Pruritus ○ intestinal irritation ○ Mild nausea or vomiting ○ Irritability ○ Difficulty sleeping ○ Minute ulcers, mild intestinal inflammation, abdominal pain (rare)
89
- intense itching and inflammation of the anal and/or
pruritus
90
ENTEROBIASIS OR PINWORM treatment
○ Albendazole, mebendazole, or pyrantel pamoate ○ Treatment is suggested for the family members of an infected individual
91
ENTEROBIASIS OR PINWORM Prevention and Control
○ Hand washing ○ Applying an ointment to an infected perianal area to help prevent egg dispersal ○ Avoiding scratching the infected area ○ Thorough cleaning of all potentially infected environmental surfaces, including linens ○ Providing treatment to all household members
92
TRICHURIS TRICHURIA common name
human whipworm
93
TRICHURIS TRICHURIA Infective stage:
eggs containing larvae
94
TRICHURIS TRICHURIA Definitive host:
Human, Larvae batch in small intestine
95
TRICHURIS TRICHURIA Habitat:
colon
96
TRICHURIS TRICHURIA Diagnostic stage:
unembryonated eggs passed in feces
97
TRICHURIS TRICHURIA Labortaory Diagnosis
eggs, adult worms
98
eggs are prominent when processed by
zinc sulfate flotation method
99
egg morphology: Barrel-shaped
TRICHURIS TRICHURIA
100
egg morphology: Football-shaped
TRICHURIS TRICHURIA
101
egg morphology: Measures 50 to 55 um x 25 um smooth shell is yellow-brown in color (due to contact with bile) prominent hyaline bipolar plugs
TRICHURIS TRICHURIA
102
- Broad short posterior end ● Very long narrow whiplike anterior end
whipworms
103
Measures 2.5 to 5 cm in length
Adult worms of TRICHURIS TRICHURIA
104
colorless and contains a slender esophagus
Anterior end
105
- pinkish-gray color, consists of the intestine and reproductive systems
Posterior end
106
(WHIPWORM INFECTION)
TRICHURIASIS
107
Light infection - asymptomatic
TRICHURIASIS
108
Heavy infections ( >500 worms)
Ulcerative colitis
109
About 200 worms
- Chronic dysentery ○ Severe anemia ○ Growth retardation ○ Malnutrition
110
trichuriasis; - rectal prolapse and peristalsis
children
111
trichuriasis; - inflammatory bowel disease
adults
112
trichuriasis; common symptoms (5)
abdominal tenderness and pain, weight loss, weakness, and mucoid or bloody diarrhea.
113
trichuriasis; treatment (2)
Mebendazole or albendazole
114
trichuriasis; prevention and control
○ Avoidance of defecating directly into the soil ○ Using feces as a fertilizer ○ Placing potentially infective hands into the mouth ○ Prompt and thorough treatment of infected persons ○ Educating children Aiding mentally handicapped persons in their personal hygiene and sanitation practices

MP LAB (9 decks)

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