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MP LAB > [2] Nematodes > Flashcards

[2] Nematodes Flashcards

1
Q

commonly called roundworms,

A

nematodes

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2
Q

nematodes belong to the phylum

A

Aschelminthes.

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3
Q

are non-segmented, generally cylindrical, tapered at
both ends, and covered by a tough protective covering or cuticle.

A

adult forms

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4
Q

are usually cream-white in color but the
females may somehow appear darker if they are filled with eggs.

A

Parasitic nematodes

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5
Q

They have a complete digestive tract with both oral and anal openings.

A

Parasitic nematodes

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6
Q

The mouth of primitive forms is surrounded by ? except for the hookworms, whose buccal cavities are provided with either
cutting plates or teeth.

A

three lips

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7
Q

nematodes sexes are separate, with the ? generally larger than the ?

A

females, males.

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8
Q

(gender of nematodes) usually have a pair of copulatory spicules. In some species, the ? posterior end is expanded into a copulatory bursa.

A

male

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9
Q

Majority of nematodes are ? living

A

free

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10
Q

what specie may pass several free-living
generations in the soil. Sooner or later, however, it will require
a host to complete its development as a parasite.

A

Strongyloides stercoralis

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11
Q

the blood-dwelling filarial worms such as
Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi are

A

obligate parasites

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12
Q

They can never live outside the body of either their intermediate or definitive host.

A

obligate parasites

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13
Q

Stages in the life cycle of nematodes include: (3)

A

1) the egg,
2) the larva, which undergoes several molts, and
3) the adult.

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14
Q

Their larval form goes through ? stages of development which
may take place inside the egg, in an intermediate host (e.g., fish and
mosquito), or in the environment.

A

four

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15
Q

The (2) require an intermediate host for their larva to develop
and become infective to man.

A

filarial worms and Capillaria
philippinensis

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16
Q

what kind of transmission: Ascarislumbricoides and Trichuristrichiura

A

Ingestion of food and water contaminated with their embryonated eggs:

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17
Q

what kind of transmission: The filariform larva of hookworms like Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus

A

Skin penetration:

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18
Q

what kind of transmission: Enterobius vermicularis

A

Inhalation or ingestion of the eggs from the environment:

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19
Q

what kind of transmission: fish: harboring the
larval stage of C. philippinensis makes man an accidental
definitive host.

A

Ingestion of improperly-cooked or raw fish:

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20
Q

what kind of transmission: such as a mosquito, filarial
nematodes

A

Bite of a blood-sucking arthropod:

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21
Q

(3) can present from asymptomatic to diarrhea, to pain, etc., depending on
worm burden.

A

A. lumbricoides, T. trichiura, and hookworm infections

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22
Q

(symptoms) associated with severe hookworm and E. vermicularis infections,
respectively.

A

Iron-deficiency anemia and perianal itching

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23
Q

Filarial nematode infection can range from
asymptomatic to (3)

A

lymphadenitis, lymphangitis, and elephantiasis.

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24
Q

method is the recommended
technique for the recovery of E. vermicularis.

A

The cellophane or Scotch tape method

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25
Q

demonstration of the parasites in ? is the only accurate way of confirming the diagnosis.

A

blood smears

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26
Q

issues of nematodes (3)

A

● Can cause human diseases
● Can cause animal diseases
● Can cause plant diseases or influence pest damage

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27
Q

importance of nematodes (3)

A

● Important in component processes of mo ecosystem services
● Their abundance is used as indicator for environmental
disturbance
● C. elegans used in a lot of genomic studies that airg to relate
gene expression

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28
Q

can all nematodes cause disease?

A

no

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29
Q

Elongated, round and un-segmented

A

nematoda

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30
Q

Complete digestive system, highly developed separate-sexes

A

nematoda

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31
Q

Eggs & larva- suited for external environment.

A

nematoda

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32
Q

Most human infections-ingestion of egg or larva

A

nematoda

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33
Q

Transmission occurs in 4 different ways of nematodes

A

via intermediate host
fecal oral route
active skin penetration
blood-sucking.

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34
Q

The six GI nematode species of major importance:

A

A. duodanele,
N. americanus,
A. lumbricoides,
T. trichuria,
E. vermicularis and
S. stercoralis

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35
Q

Have direct life-cycles, i.e. only one host is involved.

A

INTESTINAL NEMATODES

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36
Q

The eggs or larvae of all the major nematodes, with the exception of
? , require a period of development in the soil to
become infective before transmission to the human host

A

E. vermicularis

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37
Q

ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES COMMON NAME

A

giant intestinal roundworm

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38
Q

infective stage of ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES

A

eggs containing larvae

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39
Q

definitive host of ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES

A

human

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40
Q

habitat of ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES

A

Small intestines

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41
Q

diagnostic stage of ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES

A

fertilized eggs

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42
Q

infective stage of ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES

A

ingestion of embryonated eggs

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43
Q

specimen of choice for the recovery of eggs

A

stool

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44
Q
  • May be recovered in the small intestine, gallbladder, liver, and
    appendix
    ○ May be present in the stool, vomited up, or removed from the
    external nares
A

Adult worms

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45
Q

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is also available. for what specie

A

ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES

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46
Q

Typically oblong

A

Unfertilized Eggs

47
Q

Measures 85 to 95 um x 38 to 45 um

A

Unfertilized Eggs

48
Q

Measures 85 to 95 um x 38 to 45 um

A

Unfertilized Eggs

49
Q

A thin ? protects the inner amorphous mass
of protoplasm.

A

shell

50
Q

Usually corticated - possesses an outer
mammillated, albuminous coating.

A

Unfertilized Eggs

51
Q

Internal contents have no shape

A

Unfertilized Eggs

52
Q

More rounded than the unfertilized egg

A

Fertilized Egg

53
Q

Usually measures 40 to 75 pm by 30 to 50 um.

A

Fertilized Egg

54
Q

Fertilization of the egg transforms the
amorphous mass of protoplasm into an
undeveloped unicellular embryo.

A

Fertilized Egg

55
Q

Chitin

A

Fertilized Egg

56
Q

Thick polysaccharide coating called a shell

A

Fertilized Egg

57
Q

Sandwiched in between the embryo and
mamillated albuminous material (corticated)

A

Fertilized Egg

58
Q

Decorticated eggs

A

Fertilized Egg

59
Q

eggs that lack an outer mammillated,
albuminous coating

A

Fertilized Egg

60
Q

Creamy white color with a tint of pink

A

Adult worms

61
Q

Fine striations are visible on the cuticle

A

Adult worms

62
Q

Largest known intestinal nematodes

A

Adult worms

63
Q

Small, seldom reaching 30 cm in length

A

Adult male worm

64
Q

Slender and possesses a prominent
incurved tail

A

Adult male worm

65
Q

Measures 22 to 35 cm in length

A

Adult female worm

66
Q

Resembles a pencil lead in thicknes

A

Adult female worm

67
Q

(5 to 10 worms ) - usually asymptomatic.

A

ascariasis

68
Q

Symptomatic ascariasis (8)

A

○ Tissue damage which may lead to bacterial infection
○ Vague abdominal pain, vomiting, fever, and distention
○ Mature worms entangle into a mass -> obstruct the intestine,
appendix, liver, or bile duct
○ Discomfort when worms exit the body through the anus, mouth,
or nose
○ Malnutrition.
○ Pulmonary symptoms when the worms migrate through the
lungs
○ Low-grade fever, cough, eosinophilia, and/or pneumonia
○ Asthmatic reaction to the presence of the worms

69
Q

treatment to ASCARIASIS: ROUNDWORM INFECTION (2)

A

Albendazole and mebendazole

70
Q

Prevention and Control for ASCARIASIS: ROUNDWORM (2)

A

○ Avoidance of using human feces as fertilizer
○ Exercising proper sanitation and personal hygiene practices

71
Q

ENTEROBIUS VERMICULARIS common name (2)

A

Pinworm, Seatworm

72
Q

ENTEROBIUS VERMICULARIS Infective stage:

A

embryonated eggs ingested by human

73
Q

ENTEROBIUS VERMICULARIS Definitive host:

A

human

74
Q

ENTEROBIUS VERMICULARIS Habitat:

A

colon

75
Q

ENTEROBIUS VERMICULARIS Diagnostic stage:

A

eggs on perianal folds

76
Q

ENTEROBIUS VERMICULARIS Modes of transmission (3)

A

airborne
retroindication
autoreinfection

77
Q

ENTEROBIUS VERMICULARIS Laboratory diagnosis

A
  1. Cellophane tape preparation collected from the perianal region (standard)
  2. Stool sample
78
Q

46 to 60 μm in length by 20 to 35 μm in width

A

ENTEROBIUS VERMICULARIS

79
Q

Oval, flattened on one side

A

ENTEROBIUS VERMICULARIS

80
Q

egg morphology: Yellowish-white

A

Female adult worm (ENTEROBIUS VERMICULARIS)

81
Q

egg morphology: 7 to 14 mm x 0.5 mm

A

Female adult worm (ENTEROBIUS VERMICULARIS)

82
Q

egg morphology: Equipped with primitive organ systems - digestive tract, intestinal tract, and reproductive structures

A

Female adult worm (ENTEROBIUS VERMICULARIS)

83
Q

egg morphology: Possesses a clear, pointed tail that resembles a pinhead pinworm.

A

Female adult worm (ENTEROBIUS VERMICULARIS)

84
Q

egg morphology: yellowish-white

A

Male adult worm (ENTEROBIUS VERMICULARIS)

85
Q

egg morphology: typically smaller in size than the females

A

Male adult worm (ENTEROBIUS VERMICULARIS)

86
Q

egg morphology:2 to 4 mm x 0.3 mm

A

Male adult worm (ENTEROBIUS VERMICULARIS)

87
Q

asymptomatic or symptomatic: ENTEROBIASIS OR PINWORM INFECTION

A

asymptomatic

88
Q

ENTEROBIASIS OR PINWORM INFECTION symptoms (6)

A
  • Pruritus
    ○ intestinal irritation
    ○ Mild nausea or vomiting
    ○ Irritability
    ○ Difficulty sleeping
    ○ Minute ulcers, mild intestinal inflammation, abdominal pain
    (rare)
89
Q
  • intense itching and inflammation of the anal and/or
A

pruritus

90
Q

ENTEROBIASIS OR PINWORM treatment

A

○ Albendazole, mebendazole, or pyrantel pamoate
○ Treatment is suggested for the family members of an infected
individual

91
Q

ENTEROBIASIS OR PINWORM Prevention and Control

A

○ Hand washing
○ Applying an ointment to an infected perianal area to help
prevent egg dispersal
○ Avoiding scratching the infected area
○ Thorough cleaning of all potentially infected environmental
surfaces, including linens
○ Providing treatment to all household members

92
Q

TRICHURIS TRICHURIA common name

A

human whipworm

93
Q

TRICHURIS TRICHURIA Infective stage:

A

eggs containing larvae

94
Q

TRICHURIS TRICHURIA Definitive host:

A

Human, Larvae batch in small intestine

95
Q

TRICHURIS TRICHURIA Habitat:

A

colon

96
Q

TRICHURIS TRICHURIA Diagnostic stage:

A

unembryonated eggs passed in feces

97
Q

TRICHURIS TRICHURIA Labortaory Diagnosis

A

eggs, adult worms

98
Q

eggs are prominent when processed by

A

zinc sulfate flotation method

99
Q

egg morphology: Barrel-shaped

A

TRICHURIS TRICHURIA

100
Q

egg morphology: Football-shaped

A

TRICHURIS TRICHURIA

101
Q

egg morphology: Measures 50 to 55 um x 25 um smooth shell is yellow-brown in
color (due to contact with bile) prominent hyaline bipolar plugs

A

TRICHURIS TRICHURIA

102
Q
  • Broad short posterior end
    ● Very long narrow whiplike anterior end
A

whipworms

103
Q

Measures 2.5 to 5 cm in length

A

Adult worms of TRICHURIS TRICHURIA

104
Q

colorless and contains a slender
esophagus

A

Anterior end

105
Q
  • pinkish-gray color, consists of the
    intestine and reproductive systems
A

Posterior end

106
Q

(WHIPWORM INFECTION)

A

TRICHURIASIS

107
Q

Light infection - asymptomatic

A

TRICHURIASIS

108
Q

Heavy infections ( >500 worms)

A

Ulcerative colitis

109
Q

About 200 worms

A
  • Chronic dysentery
    ○ Severe anemia
    ○ Growth retardation
    ○ Malnutrition
110
Q

trichuriasis; - rectal prolapse and peristalsis

A

children

111
Q

trichuriasis; - inflammatory bowel disease

A

adults

112
Q

trichuriasis; common symptoms (5)

A

abdominal tenderness and pain, weight loss,
weakness, and mucoid or bloody diarrhea.

113
Q

trichuriasis; treatment (2)

A

Mebendazole or albendazole

114
Q

trichuriasis; prevention and control

A

○ Avoidance of defecating directly into the soil
○ Using feces as a fertilizer
○ Placing potentially infective hands into the mouth
○ Prompt and thorough treatment of infected persons
○ Educating children
Aiding mentally handicapped persons in their personal hygiene
and sanitation practices

MP LAB (9 decks)

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