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O level Biology > 6 | Transport in Humans > Flashcards

6 | Transport in Humans Flashcards

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1
Q

Role of blood?

A
  • Transport substances
  • Defence
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2
Q

Components of blood?

A

RBCs
white blood cells
Plasma
Platelets (thrombocytes)

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3
Q

Structural adaptation of RBCs?

A
  • Circular and biconcave shape to increase SA2VR for faster diffusion of oxygen
  • Contains haemoglobin for oxygen to bind reversibly to oxygen
  • Has no nucleus to store more haemoglobin to transport more oxygen
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4
Q

The function of RBCs?

A

Transport oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body

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5
Q

What are the different white blood cells?

A

See drawing in notes
Phagocytes
Lymphocytes

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6
Q

Structural adaptations of phagocytes?

A
  • Lobed nucleus to allow the cell to move towards the bacteria and change shape to engulf it
  • Granular cytoplasm
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7
Q

Function of phagocytes?

A

Engulf and ingest foreign particles (e.g. bacteria) through phagocytosis

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8
Q

Function of lymphocytes?

A

Produce antibodies to protect the body from pathogens / agglutinate pathogens from phagocytes to engulf and ingest, and neutralise toxins

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9
Q

Structural adaptations of lymphocytes?

A
  • Large, rounded nucleus to produce antibodies
  • Small amount of non-granular cytoplasm
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10
Q

Function of plasma?

A

Transport dissolved substances to the rest of the body

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11
Q

Structural adaptations of plasma?

A
  • A pale yellowish liquid made up of 90% water, which is the solvent for various substances, and various dissolved substances
  • Contains: other flashcard
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12
Q

What does plasma contain?

5

A

(examples)
- Soluble proteins (antibodies, fibrinogen, prothrombin)
- Mineral salts (sodium + potassium)
- Nutrients (glucose, A.A, vitamins)
- Excretory / waste products (urea & CO2)
- Hormones (insulin, glucagon)

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13
Q

Function of platelets (thrombocytes)?

A

Aid in blood clotting

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14
Q

Structural adaptations of platelets (thrombocytes)?

A
  • Not true cells
  • Nucleus is absent
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15
Q

Process of blood clotting?

5

A
  • When blood vessels are damaged, damaged tissues and blood platelets release an enzyme, thrombokinase
  • Thrombokinase converts the protein prothrombin in the blood plasma into thrombin in the presence of calcium ions
  • Thrombin catalyses the conversion of soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin threads in the presence of vitamin K
  • Fibrin threads forms a mesh across the damaged surface and traps RBCs, forming a clot
  • The clot prevents further blood loss, and also restricts the entry of pathogens into the blood
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16
Q

Advantages of blood clotting

A
  • Prevent excessive blood loss
  • Prevent entry of microorganisms
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17
Q

Disadvantages of blood clotting?

A
  • Sign of tissue rejection
  • Heart attack (coronary thrombosis)
18
Q

What is blood type determined by?

A
  • Type of antigens on the cell surface membranes of RBCs
  • Type of antibodies in the blood plasma
19
Q

What causes agglutination or clumping of RBCs

A

An immune response will occur where antibodies in the blood plasma of the recipient would react with the antigens of RBCs of donor, causing agglutination or clumping of RBCs.
- Clumps may block up small blood vessels and prevent the flow of blood, which is very dangerous.

20
Q

Which blood group is the universal donor?

A

Blood group O

21
Q

Which blood group is the universal acceptor?

A

Blood group AB

22
Q

Why is blood group O the universal donor?

A

There are no antigens on the donor’s RBCs and thus will not react with the recipient’s antibodies thus no agglutination will occur

23
Q

Why is blood group AB the universal acceptor?

A

There are no antibodies in the plasma of the recipient, thus will not react with the donor’s RBC antigens thus no agglutination will occur.

24
Q

Summary of blood groups

A

Notes

25
Q

What are the different types of blood vessels?

A

Artery
Vein
Capillary

26
Q

Function of artery?

A
  • Transports blood away from the heart
  • Carries oxygenated blood (except pulmonary arteries)
27
Q

Structure and adaptation of artery

A
  • Thick muscular walls to withstand high blood pressure
  • Elastic walls to stretch and recoil to maintain the high blood pressure
28
Q

Function of the vein?

A
  • Transports blood towards the heart
  • Carries deoxygenated blood (except pulmonary veins)
29
Q

Structure and adaptation of vein?

A
  • Thinner, less muscular, less elastic walls as blood pressure is much lower in veins. Blood flows smoothly and slowly
  • Presence of valves to prevent backflow of blood
  • Skeletal action (pinching of veins by skeletal muscles helps blood flow)
30
Q

Function of capillaries?

A

Site of exchange of substances (glucose, oxygen, AA, CO2, urea) between blood and the tissue cells

31
Q

Structure and adaptation of capillary?

A
  • Wall is one cell thick made up of single layer of flattened cells (endothelial cells) to decrease the distance for diffusion and increases the rate of diffusion of substances
  • Partially permeable to allow only some substances to pass through
  • Extensive branching to form capillary network
    – To increase SA2VR
    – To increase rate of diffusion of substances
  • Slower rate of blood flow to provide time for exchange of substances
32
Q

What occurs in the capillaries?

A

notes

33
Q

What remains in the blood plasma in capillaries?

A

Plasma proteins, RBCs, platelets

34
Q

What diffuses out into the tissue fluid from the blood capillary?

A

Only small molecules like glucose, oxygen, A.A., urea, CO2, water, hormones and white blood cells can diffuse out into the tissue fluid from the blood capillary

35
Q

Blood flow?

A

Blood flows from the arterial end to the venous end due to higher blood pressure at the arterial end

36
Q

How does oxygen diffuse into tissue cells?

A

Oxygen diffuses down a concentration gradient from the RBC, into the plasma, across the one cell thick capillary walls, into tissue fluid and then into tissue cells

37
Q

Structure of heart

A

notes

38
Q

Function of vena cava?

A

Transport blood rich in CO2 (deoxygenated) from tissue cells in te body back to the heart

39
Q

Function of right atrium?

A
  • Collects blood from the vena cava during r
    relaxation
  • Pushes blood into the right ventricle during contraction
40
Q

Function of tricuspid valve?

A
  • Allows blood to flow only in one direction (right atrium –> right ventricle)
  • Snaps shut when muscles of the ventricle contract

O level Biology (9 decks)

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