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O level Biology > 1 | Cells > Flashcards

1 | Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

2 types of microscopes?

A
  • light microscope
  • electron microscope
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2
Q

Structural features of a nucleus?

A

Dense matter surrounded by a membrane
- contains DNA/chromatin/chromosomes

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3
Q

Function of a nucleus

A

Controls cell activities
- cell growth
- repair of worn out parts

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4
Q

Structural features of cytoplasm

A

Jelly-like substance in the intercellular space

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5
Q

Function of cytoplasm?

A

Site of cellular activities

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6
Q

Structural features of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

A
  • Surface appears rough
  • Network of flattened spaces studded with ribosomes
  • Continuous with nuclear envelope
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7
Q

Function of the RER

A

transport proteins made by ribosomes to GG for secretion out of the cell

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8
Q

What is the RER?

A

rough endoplasmic reticulum

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9
Q

What is the SER?

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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10
Q

Structural features SER?

A
  • no ribosomes
  • more tubular
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11
Q

Function of the SER?

A
  • synthesizes fats and steroids
  • involved in detoxification of harmful substances
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12
Q

Function of the ribosome?

A
  • synthesise proteins
  • ribosomes on RER synthesise protein for secretion
  • free ribosomes in cytoplasm synthesise protein for use within the cell
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13
Q

Structural features of cellulose cell wall?

A
  • rigid
  • fully permeable
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14
Q

Function of cellulose cell wall?

A
  • protect cell from injury
  • provides fixed shape
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15
Q

What is the GG?

A

Golgi apparatus / Golgi body

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16
Q

Structural features of the GG?

A

stack of flattened discs

17
Q

Function of the GG?

A
  • stores and modifies proteins from the ER
  • packages substances in vesicles for secretion out of the cell
18
Q

Structural features of the mitochondria?

A

oval in shape

19
Q

Function of the mitochondria?

A

The site where energy is released during aerobic respiration
- glucose is oxidised
Energy used for cellular activities like growth and respiration

20
Q

Structural features of chloroplasts

A

contains chlorophyll

21
Q

Function of chloroplasts

A

site of photosynthesis

22
Q

Structural features of cell surface membrane

A

selectively permeable

23
Q

Functions of cell surface membranes

A

Controls movement of substances in and out of the cell

24
Q

Structural features of vacuoles

A

Plant: large, central vacuole
Animal: small, numerous vacuoles

25
Q

Function of vacuoles

A

stores water and food minerals
- carbohydrates and vitamins

26
Q

Difference between plant and animal cells

A

notes

27
Q

3 specialised cells

A

RBC
Xylem cell
Root hair cell

28
Q

Structural adaptations and function of RBC

A

contains haemoglobin
- haemoglobin binds reversibly to oxygen
circular biconcave shape
- increases surface area to volume ratio for faster uptake of O2
absence of nucleus
- allows packing of more haemoglobin

29
Q

Structural adaptations and function of xylem cell

A

only contains cell wall; absence of cytoplasm (hollow and narrow)
- water and absorbed mineral salts are carried up in a continuous stream easily
ligin deposited on walls
-

30
Q

Structural adaptations and function of xylem cell

A

only contains cell wall; absence of cytoplasm (hollow and narrow)
- water and absorbed mineral salts are carried up in a continuous stream easily
lignin deposited on walls
- provides structural support

31
Q

Structural adaptations and function of root hair cell

A

long and narrow extension
- increases surface area 2 volume ratio for faster absorption of water and mineral salts
lower water potential in vacuole
- water enters the root hair cell via osmosis
contain numerous mitochondria
- release energy for active transport of mineral salts

32
Q

Levels of organisation in living things

A

Cells → simple tissues → complex tissues → organs → organ system → organism

33
Q

What are simple tissues?

A

contain cells of the same type which are grouped together to carry out a specialised function

34
Q

What are complex tissues?

A

contain cells of the different types which are grouped together to carry out specialised function

35
Q

What is an organ?

A

made up of tissues that are assembled together to perform one specialised function

36
Q

What is an organ system

A

formed from several different organs, whose functions are closely related.

O level Biology (9 decks)

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