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O level Biology > 15 | Reproduction in Plants > Flashcards

15 | Reproduction in Plants Flashcards

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1
Q

Definition of reproduction?

A

Reproduction is the process of producing new organisms.

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2
Q

Definition of asexual reproduction?

A

Asexual reproduction is the process resulting in the production of genetically identical offspring from one parent, without the fusion of nuclei of haploid gametes.

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3
Q

Definition of sexual reproduction?

A

Sexual reproduction is the process involving the fusion of nuclei of the haploid female gamete and the haploid male gamete to form a diploid zygote and the production of genetically dissimilar offspring.

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4
Q

Differences between asexual and sexual reproduction?

A

SPOF

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5
Q

What is the sepal?

A
  • Modified leaf which enclose and protect the other parts of the flower in the bud stage
  • All sepals together make up the calyx
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6
Q

What is the petal?

A
  • Brightly coloured and conspicuous modified leaves to attract insects for pollination and provide a platform for insects to land
  • All petals together make up the corolla
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7
Q

What is the receptacle?

A

Enlarged end of the flower stalk

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8
Q

What is the pedicel

A

Flower stalk

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9
Q

What is the stamen

A

male part of the flower
consists of
- filament
- anther

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10
Q

What is the filament

A

Holds anther in a suitable position to disperse pollen grain

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11
Q

What is the anther

A
  • produces pollen grain
  • has 2 lobes
    – each contain 2 pollen sacs, which produces pollen.
    — pollen grains are haploid as they are produced by meiosis
    — the nucleus in the pollen grain is the male gamete (?)
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12
Q

What is the carpel?

A
  • Female part of the flower
  • Consists of one or more stigmas - consists of a style
  • consists of an ovary
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13
Q

Function of the stigma?

A

Capture pollen grains

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14
Q

Function of the style?

A

Holds stigma at a suitable position to trap pollen grains and through which pollen tube grows

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15
Q

Function of ovary?

A
  • Produces and protects 1 or more ovules
  • Ovary will develop into a seed after fertilisation. It produces the haploid female gamete or ovum by meiosis
  • The ovum is in the ovule.
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16
Q

Define pollination

A

Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma

17
Q

Define self-pollination

A

Self pollination is the process whereby the pollen grains from the anther are transferred to the stigma of the same flower or a different flower on the same plant.

18
Q

Advantages of self-pollination?

A

WELPQ
- less pollen and energy is Wasted (W)
- not dependent on External factors for pollination (E)
- more Likely to take place since stigmas are closer to anthers (L)
- only one Parent is required (P)
- beneficial Qualities are passed down from parent plant to offspring (Q)

19
Q

Disadvantages of self-pollination?

A

GPD
- offspring produced are Genetically similar to parents causing fewer varieties of offspring, less adapted to changes in the environment (G)
- Probability of harmful recessive alleles being expressed in the offspring is higher as compared with cross-pollination (P)
- species may become weaker, smaller and less resistant to Disease (D)

20
Q

Ways to prevent self pollination?

A

MUAF
- stamen and pistil Mature at different times (M)
- Unisexual plant [plant producing either male of female flowers] (U)
- stigma of the flower is Above the anther (A)
- stigma and anther are situated Far apart from each other (F)

21
Q

Define cross-pollination

A

Cross-pollination is the process of pollination whereby the pollen grains from the anther are transferred to the stigma of another flower on another plant of the same species.

22
Q

Advantages of cross-pollination?

A

QVSPH
- offspring can inherit beneficial qualities from both parents (Q)
- more varieties of offspring are produced which leads to greater genetic variation (V)
- Seeds produced are capable of surviving longer before germination takes place (S)
- probability of harmful recessive alleles being expressed in offspring is lower as compared with self-pollination (P)
- increased probability of offspring being heterozygous (H)

23
Q

Disadvantages of cross-pollination

A

PEWL
- Two different plants of the same species are required (P)
- Dependent on external factors for pollination (E)
- More pollen and energy wasted (W)
- Less likely to occur as compared to self-pollination (L)

24
Q

What occurs during insect pollination?

A

notes

25
Q

an example of an insect pollinated flower?

A

clitoria flower

26
Q

describe the example of the insect pollinated flower?

A

notes

27
Q

what occurs during wind pollination

A
  • the long pendulous filaments expose the anthers to the wind
  • when the wind blows, pollen grains are released and carried away by the wind
  • the pollen grains land on large and feathery stigma, which has a large SA to trap the pollen grain
28
Q

an example of a wind pollinated flower

A

Ischaemum muticum

29
Q

describe the example of the wind pollinated flower

A

notes

30
Q

things to compare for insect-pollinated and wind-pollinated flowers

A

PPNNSSS
- petals
- pollen
- nectar guide
- nectar
- stigma
- stamen
- scent
comparison in notes

31
Q

process of fertilisation

A

notes

O level Biology (9 decks)

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