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O level Biology > 16 | Reproduction in humans > Flashcards

16 | Reproduction in humans Flashcards

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1
Q

Function of testis

A

produces sperms and male sex hormones such as testosterone

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2
Q

function of epididymis

A

stores inactive sperms from testis

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3
Q

function of spermatic cord

A

supplies blood to testis

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4
Q

function of scrotum

A

keeps the testes outside the main body so that sperms can develop properly at lower temperature

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5
Q

function of sperm duct (vas deferens)

A

transport sperms from testes to the urethra

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6
Q

function of seminal vesicle

A

stores sperms temporarily before they are released into the urethra

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7
Q

function of prostate gland, cowper’s gland and seminal vesicle

A

release fluids that contain nutrients and enzymes that are needed to activate the sperm cells

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8
Q

function of prostate gland

A

produces alkaline, milky fluid that contains nutrients and enzymes which nourish and activates the sperms and helps them to swim towards the egg.

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9
Q

function of urethra

A

extends from the urinary bladder, through the penis, to the outside of the body where urine and semen are passed out.

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10
Q

function of penis

A

erectile organ that becomes hard during sexual intercourse in order to enter the vagina to deposit semen containing sperm.

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11
Q

parts of the sperm

A

head
middle piece
tail or flagellum

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12
Q

head of the sperm

A
  • about 2.5um wide
  • contains a large nucleus with a small amount of cytoplasm. The nucleus carries a haploid set f chromosomes.
  • an acrosome is also present. The acrosome is a vesicle containing enzymes. These enzymes break down part of the egg membrane so that the sperm can penetrate the egg during fertilisation
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13
Q

function of middle piece of sperm

A

contain numerous mitochondria to provide energy for the sperm to swim towards the egg.

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14
Q

function of tail or flagellum of sperm

A

enables sperm to swim towards the egg

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15
Q

function of ovary

A

produce eggs/ova (singular: ovum) and female sex hormones such as oestrogen and progesterone

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16
Q

function of oviduct (fallopian tube)

A
  • narrow muscular tube leading from the ovary to the terus. It has a funnel-like opening close to the ovary. This makes it easier for the egg to enter the oviduct.
  • transport eggs to the uterus by peristalsis of the muscular wall and sweeping action of the cilia.
  • site of fertilisation
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17
Q

function of the uterus.

A
  • a muscular organ with thick walls that are rich in blood capillaries.
  • contains soft and smooth uterine lining that allows the implantation of embryo
  • site of implantation of embryo and fetus development during pregnancy.
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18
Q

function of cervix

A
  • a circular ring of muscles at the lower end of the uterus.
  • allows menstrual bllood to flow out into the vagina during menstruation
  • enlarges to allow passage of the fetus during birth
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19
Q

function of vagina (birth canal)

A

where semen is deposited during sexual intercourse

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20
Q

function of vulva

A

opening of the vagina

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21
Q

ovum

A
  • has a large nucleus containing one haploid set of chromosomes
  • has abundant cytoplasm which may contain a small amount of yolk
  • surrounded by a cell surface membrane which in turn is surrounded by an outer membrane.
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22
Q

difference between male and female gamete

A

SMN
structure
motility
numbers

23
Q

define puberty

A

puberty is the stage of human growth and development in which a person’s body bcomes capable of reproduction

24
Q

what happens during puberty

A

during this period, the sex organs mature and sex hormones are released. The release of sex hormones result in the development of secondary sexual characteristics.

25
Q

what is menstruation?

A

menstruation is the process whereby blood is discharged from the uterus via the vagina.

26
Q

what is the average menstrual cycle?

A

28 days

27
Q

what is the range for the menstrual cycle

A

the menstrual cycle can range from 21 to 33 days

28
Q

changes in a follicle during the menstrual cycle

A

OVOC

29
Q

stages of the menstrual cycle

A
  • menstrual flow (day 1-5)
  • follicle stage (day 6-13)
  • ovulation (day 14)
  • corpus luteum stage (day 15-28)
30
Q

what is the first day of the menstrual cycle?

A

the first day of menstruation is the first day of the menstrual cycle

31
Q

What happens during day 1-5?

A
  • menstruation occurs
  • during menstruation, the uterine lining breaks down and flows out throught the vagina.
  • low levels of estrogen and progesterone
  • follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) released by anterior pituitary gland into bloodstream which stimulates follicle development and oestrogen secretion by the follicles.
32
Q

What happens during day 6-13?

A
  • FSH stimulates development of follicles in the ovaries and secretion of oestrogen.
  • oestrogen causes the repair and growth of the uterine lining. The uterine lining becomes thick and spongy with blood vessels.
  • oestrogen when present in high concentration inhibits FSH production, preventing maturation and development of more follicles.
  • oestrogen at high concentration also stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete luteinising hormone (LH)
33
Q

what happens on day 14?

A
  • LH causes ovulation and formation of corpus luteum from the remains of the Graafian follicle
  • the corpus luteum secretes progesterone and some oestrogen.
34
Q

what happens on days 15-28?

A
  • progesterone maintains the uterine lining by causing it to thicken further and be richly supplied with blood capillaries, preparing it for the implantation of the embryo
    – inhibits ovulation
    – inhibits FSH production
35
Q

what happens if fertilisation occurs?

A

if fertilisation occurs, the embryo secretes a hormone that prevents the corpus luteum from breaking down

36
Q

what happens if fertilisation does not occur?

A

If fertilisation does not occur, the corpus luteum will break down and hence, the uterine lining will not be maintained. It will be discharged throught the vagina (menstruation starts again)

37
Q

How long can an egg survive in the female reproductive system?

A

24h

38
Q

How long can a sperm survive in the female reproductive system?

A

approximately 3-4 days

39
Q

when is the fertile period?

A

days 11-16

40
Q

when does ovulation usually occur?

A

day 14

41
Q

what happens during the fertile period?

A

the chance of getting pregnant is higher between days 11-16 (fertile period).
- the rest of the days in the menstrual cycle is known as the infertile period

42
Q

Define fertilisation

A

fertilisation is the process involving the fusion of the nucleus of a haploid male gamete and the nucleus of a haploid female gamete to form a diploid zygote

43
Q

Process of fertilisation

A

notes

44
Q

what is the amniotic sac?

A
  • An amniotic sac develops and encases the embryo
  • the amniotic sac contains amniotic fluid, which allows the fetus to move within
45
Q

functions of the amniotic sac?

A

SLAPMT
- support and cushions fetus before birth (S)
- lubricates and reduces friction in the vagina during birth (L)
- absorbs shock (if mother has a fall) (A)
- protects fetus from physical injury (P)
- allows fetus to move freely during growth, promoting muscular development (M)
- prevent temperatre fluctuations (T)

46
Q

what is the fetal blood system?

A

the fetal blood system is separated from the maternal blood system. This is because the
- mother’s blood pressure is too high for the fetus
- mother and fetus may have different blood types, and agglutination may occur.

47
Q

function of placenta

A

OF - ME - A - P
- Allows oxygen and dissolved food substances to diffuse from mother’s blood into fetus’s blood (OF)
- Allows metabolic waste or excretory products to diffuse from the fetus’s blood into the mother’s blood (ME)
- allows antibodies to diffuse from the mother’s blood into fetus’s blood to protect the fetus against diseases (A)
- produces progesterone which maintains the uterine lining in a healthy state during pregnancy (P)

48
Q

Functions of the umbilical cord

A

DM - OF
- contains 2 umbilical arteries that transports deoxygenated blood and metabolic waste products from the fetus to the placenta (DM)
- contains 1 umbilical vein that transports oxygenated blood adn food substances from the placenta to the fetus (OF)

49
Q

How can an STI be transmitted from an infected person to an uninfected person

A

via
- semen or vaginal fluid
- blood

50
Q

what is acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)?

A

AIDS is a STI that is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

51
Q

what are the symptoms of AIDS?

A

FDPKBT
- chronic or persistent fever (F)
- severe diarrhoea that lasts for months (D)
- Pneumonia (P)
- Kaposi’s sarcoma (K)
- Brain infection (B)
- Widespread tuberculosis

52
Q

How can aids be transmitted?

A

UHBP
- Unprotected sexual intercourse with an infected person (U)
- sharing of hypodermic needle with an infected person (H)
- through blood transfusion with blood from an infected person (B)
- substance exchange at the placenta (from infected mother to fetus) during pregnancy. (P)

53
Q

Prevention and control of HIV?

A

SCOBD
- making sure needles used for hypodermic purposes are sterilised (e.g. for ear piercing or tattooing) (S)
- using a condom during sexual intercourse (C)
- keeping to a single sex partner, or abstaining from sex (O)
- Do not share instruments that can break skin and get contaminated with
blood (e.g. razors and toothbrushes) (B)
- not abusing drugs as drug abusers are in the habit of sharing needles (D)

O level Biology (9 decks)

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