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PE > 6 Socio-cultural Influences > Flashcards

6 Socio-cultural Influences Flashcards

1
Q

social groups

A

gender
race/religion/culture
age
family/friends/peers
disability

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2
Q

factors which contribute to the engagement patterns in social groups

A

attitudes
role models
accessibility to facilities
media coverage
sexism
stereotyping
culture/religion
family commitments
available leisure time
familiarity
education
adaptability/inclusivity
socio-economic factors / disposable income

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3
Q

definition of commercialisation

A

The process of making a product available for sale for financial gain

refers to the management or utilisation of sports to generate revenue

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4
Q

relationship between sport, sponsorship and media

A

all linked together

sport/sponsorship - sport is an easy way of cheaply advertising products
sponsorship can increase the population of a sport
sponsorship money can improve sporting facilities

sponsorship/media - media can attract sponsorship
businesses need media to promote products
media charges businesses to advertise their products

sport/media - elite sport is media commodity
sport is available to watch all day
media has celebritised sports players

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5
Q

definition of sponsorship

A

a partnership between a sports team, or person, and a business (the sponsor) which provides financial support for the sport

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6
Q

definition of media

A

a company who communicates sports to a wide range of audiences to educate or entertain or advertise

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7
Q

types of sponsership

A

financial
clothing + footwear and equipment
facilities

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8
Q

types of media

A

television
radio
the press
the internet
social media

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9
Q

positive impacts of sponsorship and media - on the performer

A

Sponsorship may provide athletes with additional income; this may give them better access to training facilities, clothing, equipment and footwear which prevent injury and help individual improve

Being in a better financial position may free performers from paid employment, giving them more time for training helping them improve

Performers may be ‘gifted’ free clothing, equipment or footwear to use, and they may receive payment for wearing branded merchandise

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10
Q

positive impacts of sponsorship and media - sport

A

Increased income from sponsorship for a sport and its teams reduces the pressure to receive income from spectators and fans; focus can instead be put on improving players’ skills or raising money for other facilities making a better experience for players and the fans get cheaper tickets

Sponsorship may allow clubs to improve facilities in the sport, such as new equipment, clubhouses, paying for coaching, physiotherapists, and the development of training and outreach programmes helping players improve and reducing injury chance

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11
Q

positive impacts of sponsorship and media - official

A

Officials in professional sports are paid for their role; the more elite and high-profile a sport is, the higher their earnings can be

Officials get the opportunity to travel with the sport which can offer additional benefits, such as time away from daily life and routines

Some officials can become well known within their sport; this can bring in additional income and other opportunities

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12
Q

positive impacts of sponsorship and media - audience/spectator

A

There are better facilities, better players and the sport is played at a higher standard

Spectators can view sports in a variety of ways, such as TV or the internet, from the comfort of their own homes

The use of better technology at matches, such as instant replay, means audiences can be more informed and involved in games

Watching sports on devices means there are a variety of camera angles and commentary used for a better viewing experience

Fans have an array of sports merchandise available to them which allows them to be more integrated with the sport and other fans

More popular sports may have longer seasons and more games which gives more viewing opportunities for audiences

Increased media coverage and sponsorships of sports means there are more sports to view with dedicated sports TV channels, radio, magazines, newspapers and websites

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13
Q

positive impacts of sponsorship and media - sponsor/company

A

Sport in the media can help publicise and raise awareness of a brand; this can increase revenue through increased sales of products

Positivity associated with a sport, e.g. health and fitness, can be transferred to a brand or company; this can help sponsors reach larger audiences and improve their reputation

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14
Q

negative impacts of sponsorship and media - on the performer

A

A high income for performers may give unwanted ‘celebrity’ status and take them away from normal life, routines and structures; this can cause unwanted attention and impact free time and privacy

Sponsors may give certain conditions in their contracts which may mean performers have to attend particular events or give interviews; this may take away free time or privacy

Performers may have to wear or use clothing or equipment which may not be suitable or to their liking; this may impact performance or go against their values

Poor performance may risk a loss of sponsorship and therefore income; this can put unnecessary pressure on performers to succeed

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15
Q

negative impacts of sponsorship and media - sport

A

Some sponsorships, e.g. from alcoholic products, may give a negative image to the sport; this might distract from the values of the sport and promote other attributes such as poor health

High-income sponsorship is associated with the media and is focused on sports receiving high levels of media interest, such as Premier League football in the UK; this means there is less financial gain for minor sports

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16
Q

negative impacts of sponsorship and media - official

A

The media output associated with some sports can put pressure on officials and bring negative attention to them because of decisions they have made during play; this could lead to losing their jobs or being dropped from the sport entirely

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17
Q

negative impacts of sponsorship and media - audience/spectator

A

Popular sports with more media coverage have higher costs associated with viewing live matches (e.g. ticket prices) or purchasing merchandise; this may limit accessibility for some social groups, such as those with lower incomes

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18
Q

negative impacts of sponsorship and media - sponsor/company

A

The reputation of a brand may be affected negatively by any wrongdoing from a sponsored team or performer; this may affect sales

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19
Q

positive impacts of technology - performer

A

The health of the performer can be monitored through technology, such as heart rate monitors and body fat monitors

Nutrition can be analysed and diets altered by calorie tracking software; this means that performers can maintain peak health before events

The safety of performers has improved due to better technology, such as improved helmets and body armour

Sports equipment and clothing can improve an athlete’s performance, e.g. swimwear that reduces drag in the water

Disabled athletes have access to better technology, such as prosthetics

Apps and wearable technology exist that can analyse the performance of performers; this allows for detailed analysis after events and more targeted training goals

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20
Q

positive impacts of technology - sport

A

Instead of humans, technology can now give more accurate analysis and visuals for a game:

Electronic timing
Instant replay
VAR (video assistance referee)
Hawk-Eye - a ball-tracking software to help improve the accuracy of official decisions

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21
Q

positive impacts of technology - official

A

Officials can use technology to improve their decision making, meaning more accurate outcomes for performers and teams

VAR technology allows a team of officials to analyse real-time footage of games and work alongside referees and officials

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22
Q

positive impacts of technology - audience/spectator

A

Spectators can have interactive and immersive viewing opportunities, e.g. through a mobile phone app; this can increase fan engagement

Smart software exists to improve the sound and visual effects for viewing sport in the home, creating a multi-sensory experience

23
Q

positive impacts of technology - sponsor/company

A

Digital advertising means that sponsors can reach a wider audience

Targeted advertisements on mobile phone apps mean that companies can reach target audiences easily

New technology means a company’s brand can be projected onto pitches and buildings or shown on-screen, without the need to install any physical advertisements

24
Q

negative impacts of technology - performer

A

New technologies cost money; not all performers have the funds to invest in technology to support and improve their performance

Match analysis technology can be used by opponents to identify weaknesses and gain an advantage

Some sports may use technology to cheat, such as electric motors being fitted to racing bikes; this is known as motor doping

25
negative impacts of technology - sport
Sports facilities, clubs and teams with access to better technology have an advantage over those without; this creates an unequal playing field for competitors
26
negative impacts of technology - official
Officials may become over-reliant on technology which means there is a lack of trust between spectators, players and officials It can take time to analyse digital footage which can slow the game or sport, leading to frustration from performers
27
negative impacts of technology - audience/spectator
New viewing technologies may be too expensive for some spectators, limiting access for all Spectators may find delays during analysis of digital footage frustrating
28
negative impacts of technology - sponsor/company
As with all sponsorship, any wrongdoing in the sport, or from a performer, can impact a company negatively and decrease their sales and profit
29
definition of etiquette
the unwritten rules, or customs, of a sport; it is expected that performers and participants follow these rules examples: kicking the ball out in football if there is an injury shaking hands after a match
30
definition of sportsmanship
participants play by the rules and within the spirit of the game. It involves respecting others in the sport, including the opposition, and acting graciously upon losing examples: congratulating the opposition if they win helping an injured player
31
definition of gamesmanship
bending the rules in such a way as to not be punished or disciplined for rule-breaking; this is often to gain an advantage over other competitors examples: time wasting when winning distracting an opponent
32
definition of contract to compete
an agreement whereby a player will aim to win and play within the rules whilst allowing other competitors a fair chance to play and win Examples: trying your hardest not doping or cheating
33
positive effects of spectators at matches
creates an atmosphere home field advantage
34
negative effects of spectators at matches
negative performance of players due to increased pressure crowd trouble / hooliganism safety costs/concerns negative effect on participation levels for younger players
35
reasons for hooliganism
rivalries hype fuelled by alcohol/drugs gang culture frustration display of masculinity
36
strategies to combat hooliganism - early kick offs
Local pubs may lose income as a result of this strategy but stops people coming already drunk
37
strategies to combat hooliganism - seat only stadiums
spectators stay in their seats and are not able to move around as much so better control over the number of tickets that can be sold but this is costly to the sport and this cost may be offset by higher ticket prices or reduced funds elsewhere in the sport, e.g. player wages or employment of coaches
38
strategies to combat hooliganism - segregation of fans
This can be costly to police and seating that is purposefully left empty will impact ticket sales and profit but reduces fights due to opposition fans mixing
39
strategies to combat hooliganism - improved security
reduces chances of fights breaking out but is expensive
40
strategies to combat hooliganism - alcohol restrictions
reduces hooliganism as there are less drunk people but negatively effects businesses
41
strategies to combat hooliganism - travel restrictions
stops known hooligans travelling reducing the chance there will be fights but is expensive for police
42
strategies to combat hooliganism - campaigns against
discourages bad behavior but people may not listen and can be very expensive
43
what are the 5 categories of prohibited substances
stimulants narcotic analgesics anabolic agents peptide hormones diuretics
44
stimulants
increase activity in parts of the brain positive effects: increased alertness decreased reaction time reduced tiredness increased aggression negative effects: highly addictive raised blood pressure reduced sleep quality increased risk of heart attacks and strokes examples of stimulants: caffeine (legal) amphetamines (illegal) used in short distance running (eg 100m sprints) to improve reaction time to gun Jamaican sprinter and track star Asafa Powell was caught using the banned stimulant oxilofrine in 2013.
45
narcotic analgesics
they are very strong pain killers used to numb pain positive effects: used to numb pain allowing athletes to play/train through injury and so not miss a big event negative effects: may make injury worse by continuing to play and not resting or cause new injury from overtraining highly addictive with strong withdrawal symptoms nausea dizziness organ damage hormonal imbalances examples of narcotic analgesics: ibuprofen (legal) morphine (legal if prescribed) heroin (illegal) used in sports such as football, rugby, boxing
46
anabolic agents
used to increase muscle mass and muscle growth positive effects: improves strength improves power recover from injury quicker negative effects: addiction to substances high blood pressure liver, kidney, heart damage hormonal imbalances examples: anabolic steroids (illegal) used in sports like weight lifting, cycling, sprinting Ben Johnson a Canadian sprinter was caught taking steroids and in the 1980s and had his titles stripped
47
peptide hormones
peptide hormones are naturally occurring hormones in the body but athletes can take synthetic versions positive effects: improved oxygen carrying capacity as more RBCs produces meaning more efficient transport of O2 and glucose so more aerobic respiration negative effects: headaches nausea increased viscosity of blood increased blood pressure increased risk of strokes kidney damage examples: synthetic EPOs (illegal) Lance Armstrong was a cyclist who won Tour de France 7 times who was caught using EPOs
48
diuretics
remove excess water from the body positive effects: cause rapid weight loss can mask other PEDs negative effects: Electrolyte imbalances dehydration (and its side effects) kidney damage low blood pressure muscle cramps examples: caffeine (legal) athletes for boxing or horse riding take these to make weight categories as these enable them to quickly lose weight
49
Blood doping
prohibited method used to increase the number of RBCs in the body positive effects: improves oxygen carrying capacity as your RBC count is increased negative effects: thickening of blood (viscosity) potential infection potential for heart attack embolism (blockage of vessel) method: remove blood from the athlete a few weeks before event freeze in storage the athletes body then produces more blood and RBCs to replace removed blood 1-2 days before event, thaw blood and reinject into athlete to increase the RBC count benefits endurance athletes: long distance runners distance swimmers distance cyclists cross country skiers Max Hauke - Austrian Olympic skier was caught blood doping and was banned
50
Beta blockers
reduce effect of adrenaline on the body which improves fine motor controls meaning precise movements can be carried out better positive effects: Reduced heart rate Reduced muscle tension Reduced blood pressure reduce the effects of adrenaline improve fine control/preciseness negative effects: nausea weakness heart issues are only legal if they have been prescribed by medical professionals used in fine motor sports such as archery, shooting, snooker, darts
51
advantages on the performer when taking PEDs
increased chances of success fame wealth level playing field if other athletes are taking PEDs
52
disadvantages on the performer when taking PEDs
cheating immoral health risks fines bans reputational damage
53
disadvantages on the sport when taking PEDs
damages reputation decreased credibility

PE (7 decks)

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