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PE > 1 Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

1 Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what is the pathway of air

A

mouth/nose
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli

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2
Q

what factors assist the alveoli in gaseous exchange

A

large SA -> large area for diffusion

one cell thick walls -> small diffusion distance

lots of capillaries -> maintains concentration gradient

moist walls -> helps diffusion as gases dissolve

large blood supply -> large concentration gradient

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3
Q

how do RBC carry oxygen

A

Oxygen combines with haemoglobin in the red blood cells to form oxyhaemoglobin

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4
Q

can RBCs carry CO2

A

yes haemoglobin also can carry CO2

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5
Q

structure and job of arteries

A

job:
carry blood away from the heart at high pressure
carry oxygenated blood (except for the pulmonary artery)
blood flows through at fast speeds

structure:
thick elastic muscular walls to withstand the high pressured blood (as its coming straight from the heart) and to maintain the high blood pressure as it recoils after the blood has passed through
narrow lumen -> helps maintain high pressure

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6
Q

structure and job of capillaries

A

job:
carry blood at low pressure within tissues
carries both oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
blood flows through at slow speeds

structure:
one cell thick
one cell thick walls -> allows substances to easily diffuse in and out
‘leaky’ walls -> allow blood plasma to leak out and form tissue fluid surrounding cells

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7
Q

structure and job of veins

A

job:
carries blood at low pressure towards the heart
carries deoxygenated blood (except the pulmonary vein)
blood flows at low speeds

structure:
thin elastic walls
large lumen -> reduces resistance to allow the low pressure blood to flow
contains valves -> to prevent backflow as the blood is a low pressure

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8
Q

whats the lumen

A

the empty space inside blood vessels

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9
Q

what blood vessel goes into the heart from the body

A

vena cava - vein - deoxygenated

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10
Q

what blood vessel goes from the right ventricle to the lungs

A

pulmonary artery - deoxygenated

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11
Q

what blood vessel goes from the lungs into the left atrium

A

pulmonary vein - oxygenated

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12
Q

what blood vessel goes from the left ventricle to the body

A

aorta - artery - oxygenated

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13
Q

journey of blood through the heart

A

vena cava
right atrium
tricuspid valve
right ventricle
pulmonary artery
lungs - gas exchange occurs
pulmonary vein
left atrium
bicuspid valve
left ventricle
aorta -> body

blood is deoxygenated until reaches the lungs

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14
Q

what is the cardiac output

A

the volume of blood that is pumped by the heart (the left and right ventricle) per unit of time

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15
Q

what is the stroke volume

A

the volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle during one cardiac cycle

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16
Q

what is the heart rate

A

the number of times a heart beats per minute

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17
Q

equation linking heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output

A

Cardiac output(Q) (cm3min-1) = heart rate (bpm) x stroke volume (cm3)

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18
Q

what is an anticipatory rise

A

a small rise in heart rate just before exercise occurs

the brain releases a small amount of adrenaline which causes the heart rate to increase and therefore better handle the demands of the physical activity

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19
Q

how do valves work

A

open due to pressure and close to prevent backflow

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20
Q

what is the order of the cardiac cycle

A

atrial and ventricular diastole (chambers relax and are filled with blood)

atrial systole (atria contract and push remaining blood into the ventricles)

ventricular systole (ventricles contract and push blood into out through the aorta and pulmonary artery)

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21
Q

what is systolic

A

when the heart contracts

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22
Q

what is diastolic

A

when the heart relaxes

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23
Q

what is the cardiac cycle

A

the pattern of contraction and relaxation of the hear during one complete heartbeat

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24
Q

what is the tidal volume

A

the amount of air breathed in with each normal breath

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25
Q

what is the expiratory reserve volume

A

the maximum amount of additional air that can be forced out of the lungs after a normal breath

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26
Q

what is the inspiratory reserve volume

A

the maximum amount of additional air that can be taken into the lungs after a normal breath

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27
Q

what is the residual volume

A

is the amount of air left in the lungs after a maximal out breath. This air helps to keep the lungs partially inflated to protect the microscopic structures from being damaged

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28
Q

what causes inhalation and exhalation

A

change in air pressure

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29
Q

process of inhalation (inspiration)

A

rib cage expands as intercostal muscles contract
diaphragm contracts and moves down which causes the air pressure to decrease which pulls air in

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30
Q

process of exhalation

A

rib cage gets smaller as intercostal muscles relax
diaphragm relaxes and moves up which causes air pressure to increase which forces air out

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31
Q

which muscles aid breathing during exercise

A

pectorals, sternocleidomastoid, abdominals

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32
Q

how does the pectorals and sternocleidomastoid aid in breathing during exercise

A

help during inhalation by lifting the ribs up and out even more

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33
Q

how do the abdominals aid in breathing during exercise

A

help during exhalation by pulling the ribs back in even further

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34
Q

what does EPOC stand for

A

exercise post oxygen consumption

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35
Q

how does EPOC occur

A

caused by anaerobic exercise (which produces lactic acid) and requires the performer to maintain increased breathing rate after exercise to repay the debt (remove lactic acid produced)

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36
Q

what is redistribution

A

cardiovascular system redistributes blood so that more of it goes to the working muscles and less of it goes to other organs (such as the digestive system)

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37
Q

what is the name of the process that causes redistribution

A

vascular shunt mechanism

38
Q

what is vasodilation

A

a response to being too hot. The process includes the widening of blood vessels at the skin surface to increase heat loss through the surface of the skin

39
Q

what is vasoconstriction

A

a response to being too cold. The process involves the narrowing of blood vessels at the skin surface to reduce heat loss through the surface of the skin

40
Q

what types of joints are there

A

hinge and ball and socket

41
Q

what movement can occur at a hinge joint

A

flexion and extension

42
Q

what movement can occur at a ball and socket joint

A

flexion and extension
abduction and adduction
rotation
circumduction

43
Q

examples of hinge joints

A

elbow and knee

44
Q

example of ball and sockets

A

ankle, shoulder, hip

45
Q

what type of movement happens at the ankle

A

dorsiflexion
plantar flexion

46
Q

what type of muscle contractions are there

A

isotonic and isometric

47
Q

what is a isometric contraction

A

this involves a muscle producing tension but staying the same length. This occurs when the body is fixed in one position

48
Q

what is a isotonic contraction

A

these occur when a muscle contracts and changes length

49
Q

what is a Isotonic concentric contraction

A

this involves the muscle shortening

50
Q

what is a Isotonic eccentric contraction

A

this involves the muscle lengthening whilst it is under tension

51
Q

what are the components of a synovial joint

A

synovial membrane
synovial fluid
joint capsule
bursae
cartilage
ligaments

52
Q

what does a tendon do

A

muscle to bone

very strong, inelastic connective tissues that allow a muscle to pull on a bone to move it.

53
Q

what does a ligament do

A

bone to bone

they are tough, fibrous and slightly elastic

stabilise the joints during movement and prevent dislocation by restricting actions outside the normal joint range

can absorb shock because of their elasticity, which protects the joint

help maintain correct posture and movement

54
Q

what is a synovial joint

A

a freely moveable joint (hinge, ball and socket)

55
Q

what does synovial membrane do

A

produces synovial fluid

56
Q

what does synovial fluid do

A

lubricates the joint so it moves smoothly

57
Q

what does cartilage do

A

cushions the joint and prevents friction and wear and tear between the bone ends

58
Q

whats a bursae

A

fluid sacs which help to prevent friction in the joint

59
Q

what is the joint capsule

A

prevents wear and tear on the bones

60
Q

whats an antagonistic pair

A

a pair of muscles where one contracts while the other relaxes to move a body part

60
Q

which muscle is the agonist

A

the one contracting

60
Q

what is the antagonistic pair in the arm

A

bicep + tricep

60
Q

which muscle is the antagonist

A

the one relaxing

60
Q

what is the antagonistic pair in the lower leg

A

gastrocnemius + tibialis anterior

60
Q

what is the antagonistic pair in the upper leg

A

hamstring + quadricep

61
Q

what is the antagonistic pair in the chest

A

pectoralis major + latissimus dorsi

61
Q

what is the antagonistic pair in the hips

A

hip flexors + gluteals

62
Q

how does the bicep and tricep work together when doing a bicep curl

A

upwards:
bicep is agonist and contracts concentrically
tricep is antagonist and relaxes eccentrically

downwards:
bicep is antagonist and relaxes eccentrically
tricep is agonist and contracts concentrically

63
Q

bones at the head/neck

A

cranium and vertebrae

64
Q

bones at the shoulder

A

scapula, clavicle and humerus

65
Q

bones in the chest

A

ribs and sternum

66
Q

bones at elbow

A

humerus, radius and ulna

67
Q

bones at hip

A

pelvis and femur

68
Q

bones at knee

A

femur and tibia + patella

69
Q

bones at the ankle

A

tibia, fibula, talus

70
Q

how does the skeleton provide a framework for movement

A

allows movement at a joint
long bones which allow gross movement
short bones which allow finer controlled movement
flat bones provide protection for vital organs
different types of joints allow different types of movement
skeleton provides a point of attachment for muscles (allowing them to pull bones)

71
Q

functions of the skeleton

A

support
movement
mineral storage
blood cell production
protection of vital organs (flat bones)
structural shape and points for attachment

72
Q

muscles in the legs

A

gluteals
hamstrings
quadriceps
gastrocnemius
tibialis anterior
hip flexors

73
Q

muscles in the chest

A

pectorals
abdominals

74
Q

muscles in the arms

A

biceps
triceps

75
Q

muscle in the back

A

latissimus dorsi
deltoids
rotator cuffs

76
Q

aerobic respiration formula

A

glucose + oxygen -> energy + carbon dioxide + water

77
Q

anaerobic respiration formula

A

glucose -> energy + lactic acid

78
Q

aerobic exercise definition

A

exercise that is long duration, continuous and moderate intensity that uses oxygen for energy production

marathon

79
Q

anaerobic exercise definition

A

exercise that is short duration, high intensity without the use of oxygen

> 400m sprint

80
Q

immediate effects of exercise (during)

A

hot/sweaty/red skin
increase in depth and frequency of breathing
increased heart rate

81
Q

short term effects of exercise (up to 36hs after)

A

tiredness/fatigue
light headedness
nausea
DOMS

82
Q

long term effects of exercise (months + years)

A

body shape may change
improvements in specific components of fitness
build muscle strength
improve muscular endurance
improve speed
improve suppleness
build cardiovasculae endurance
improve stamina
increase size of heart (hypertrophy)
lower resting heart rate (bradycardia)

83
Q

recovery processes - cool down

A

light exercise and stretching which helps:
keeps breathing/heart rate elevateed which ensures blood flow to the muscles which helps convert lactic acid to glucose, carbon dioxide and water to prevent muscle soreness

applies to any sport or activity after vigorous exercise

84
Q

recovery processes - massage

A

helps reduce DOMS by:
reducing inflammation of tender areas
increases blood
increases blood flow which increases oxygen delivery to the muscles which helps the removal of lactic acid

applies to games sports, hockey, fooball, rugby

85
Q

recovery processes - ice bath

A

getting into an ice bath 5-10 after intense exercise helps:
aid and repair micro tears in muscle fibres preventing DOMS
reduce swelling of any injured areas
when you get out the warmer temperatures dilates blood vessels which allows oxygenated blood to flow much more so it removes much more lactic acid and waste products

applies to games sports: football, rugby, hockey`

86
Q

recovery processes - manipulation of diet

A

eating lots of carbs after exercise replaces glycogen stores

drinking water or other isotonic drinks before and after exercise helps to:
replace any lost fluids and restore the water balance
prevent any dizziness and nausea which are symptoms of dehydration

applies to any athlete that sweats

PE (7 decks)

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