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PE > 1 Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

1 Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what is the pathway of air

A

mouth/nose
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli

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2
Q

what factors assist the alveoli in gaseous exchange

A

large SA -> large area for diffusion

one cell thick walls -> small diffusion distance

lots of capillaries -> maintains concentration gradient

moist walls -> helps diffusion as gases dissolve

large blood supply -> large concentration gradient

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3
Q

how do RBC carry oxygen

A

Oxygen combines with haemoglobin in the red blood cells to form oxyhaemoglobin

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4
Q

can RBCs carry CO2

A

yes haemoglobin also can carry CO2

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5
Q

structure and job of arteries

A

job:
carry blood away from the heart at high pressure
carry oxygenated blood (except for the pulmonary artery)
blood flows through at fast speeds

structure:
thick elastic muscular walls to withstand the high pressured blood (as its coming straight from the heart) and to maintain the high blood pressure as it recoils after the blood has passed through
narrow lumen -> helps maintain high pressure

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6
Q

structure and job of capillaries

A

job:
carry blood at low pressure within tissues
carries both oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
blood flows through at slow speeds

structure:
one cell thick
one cell thick walls -> allows substances to easily diffuse in and out
‘leaky’ walls -> allow blood plasma to leak out and form tissue fluid surrounding cells

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7
Q

structure and job of veins

A

job:
carries blood at low pressure towards the heart
carries deoxygenated blood (except the pulmonary vein)
blood flows at low speeds

structure:
thin elastic walls
large lumen -> reduces resistance to allow the low pressure blood to flow
contains valves -> to prevent backflow as the blood is a low pressure

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8
Q

whats the lumen

A

the empty space inside blood vessels

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9
Q

what blood vessel goes into the heart from the body

A

vena cava - vein - deoxygenated

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10
Q

what blood vessel goes from the right ventricle to the lungs

A

pulmonary artery - deoxygenated

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11
Q

what blood vessel goes from the lungs into the left atrium

A

pulmonary vein - oxygenated

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12
Q

what blood vessel goes from the left ventricle to the body

A

aorta - artery - oxygenated

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13
Q

journey of blood through the heart

A

vena cava
right atrium
tricuspid valve
right ventricle
pulmonary artery
lungs - gas exchange occurs
pulmonary vein
left atrium
bicuspid valve
left ventricle
aorta -> body

blood is deoxygenated until reaches the lungs

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14
Q

what is the cardiac output

A

the volume of blood that is pumped by the heart (the left and right ventricle) per minute

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15
Q

what is the stroke volume

A

the volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle during one cardiac cycle

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16
Q

what is the heart rate

A

the number of times a heart beats per minute

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17
Q

equation linking heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output

A

Cardiac output(Q) (cm3min-1) = heart rate (bpm) x stroke volume (cm3)

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18
Q

what is an anticipatory rise

A

a small rise in heart rate just before exercise occurs

the brain releases a small amount of adrenaline which causes the heart rate to increase and therefore better handle the demands of the physical activity

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19
Q

how do valves work

A

open due to pressure and close to prevent backflow

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20
Q

what is the order of the cardiac cycle

A

atrial and ventricular diastole (chambers relax and are filled with blood)

atrial systole (atria contract and push remaining blood into the ventricles)

ventricular systole (ventricles contract and push blood into out through the aorta and pulmonary artery)

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21
Q

what is systolic

A

when the heart contracts

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22
Q

what is diastolic

A

when the heart relaxes

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23
Q

what is the cardiac cycle

A

the pattern of contraction and relaxation of the hear during one complete heartbeat

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24
Q

what is the tidal volume

A

the amount of air breathed in with each normal breath

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25
what is the expiratory reserve volume
the maximum amount of additional air that can be forced out of the lungs after a normal breath
26
what is the inspiratory reserve volume
the maximum amount of additional air that can be taken into the lungs after a normal breath
27
what is the residual volume
is the amount of air left in the lungs after a maximal out breath. This air helps to keep the lungs partially inflated to protect the microscopic structures from being damaged
28
what causes inhalation and exhalation
change in air pressure
29
process of inhalation (inspiration)
rib cage expands as intercostal muscles contract diaphragm contracts and moves down which causes the air pressure to decrease which pulls air in
30
process of exhalation
rib cage gets smaller as intercostal muscles relax diaphragm relaxes and moves up which causes air pressure to increase which forces air out
31
which muscles aid breathing during exercise
pectorals, sternocleidomastoid, abdominals
32
how does the pectorals and sternocleidomastoid aid in breathing during exercise
help during inhalation by lifting the ribs up and out even more
33
how do the abdominals aid in breathing during exercise
help during exhalation by pulling the ribs back in even further
34
what does EPOC stand for
exercise post oxygen consumption
35
how does EPOC occur
caused by anaerobic exercise (which produces lactic acid) and requires the performer to maintain increased breathing rate after exercise to repay the debt (remove lactic acid produced)
36
what is redistribution
cardiovascular system redistributes blood so that more of it goes to the working muscles and less of it goes to other organs (such as the digestive system)
37
what is the name of the process that causes redistribution
vascular shunt mechanism
38
what is vasodilation
a response to being too hot. The process includes the widening of blood vessels at the skin surface to increase heat loss through the surface of the skin
39
what is vasoconstriction
a response to being too cold. The process involves the narrowing of blood vessels at the skin surface to reduce heat loss through the surface of the skin
40
what types of joints are there
hinge and ball and socket
41
what movement can occur at a hinge joint
flexion and extension
42
what movement can occur at a ball and socket joint
flexion and extension abduction and adduction rotation circumduction
43
examples of hinge joints
elbow and knee
44
example of ball and sockets
ankle, shoulder, hip
45
what type of movement happens at the ankle
dorsiflexion plantar flexion
46
what type of muscle contractions are there
isotonic and isometric
47
what is a isometric contraction
this involves a muscle producing tension but staying the same length. This occurs when the body is fixed in one position
48
what is a isotonic contraction
these occur when a muscle contracts and changes length
49
what is a Isotonic concentric contraction
this involves the muscle shortening
50
what is a Isotonic eccentric contraction
this involves the muscle lengthening whilst it is under tension
51
what are the components of a synovial joint
synovial membrane synovial fluid joint capsule bursae cartilage ligaments
52
what does a tendon do
muscle to bone very strong, inelastic connective tissues that allow a muscle to pull on a bone to move it.
53
what does a ligament do
bone to bone stabilise the joints during movement and prevent dislocation by restricting actions outside the normal joint range
54
what is a synovial joint
a freely moveable joint (hinge, ball and socket)
55
what does synovial membrane do
produces and contains synovial fluid
56
what does synovial fluid do
lubricates the joint so it moves smoothly
57
what does cartilage do
prevents bones from rubbing and acts as a shock absorber
58
whats a bursae
fluid filled sacs which provide a cushion between tendons and bones reducing friction
59
joint capsule function
surrounds the synovial joint and protects it stabilises the joint
60
whats an antagonistic pair
a pair of muscles where one contracts while the other relaxes to move a body part
60
which muscle is the agonist
the one contracting
60
what is the antagonistic pair in the arm
bicep + tricep
60
which muscle is the antagonist
the one relaxing
60
what is the antagonistic pair in the lower leg
gastrocnemius + tibialis anterior
60
what is the antagonistic pair in the upper leg
hamstring + quadricep
61
what is the antagonistic pair in the chest
pectoralis major + latissimus dorsi
61
what is the antagonistic pair in the hips
hip flexors + gluteals
62
how does the bicep and tricep work together when doing a bicep curl
upwards: bicep is agonist and contracts concentrically tricep is antagonist and relaxes eccentrically downwards: bicep is antagonist and relaxes eccentrically tricep is agonist and contracts concentrically
63
bones at the head/neck
cranium and vertebrae
64
bones at the shoulder
scapula, clavicle and humerus
65
bones in the chest
ribs and sternum
66
bones at elbow
humerus, radius and ulna
67
bones at hip
pelvis and femur
68
bones at knee
femur and tibia + patella
69
bones at the ankle
tibia, fibula, talus
70
how does the skeleton provide a framework for movement
allows movement at a joint long bones which allow gross movement short bones which allow finer controlled movement flat bones provide protection for vital organs different types of joints allow different types of movement skeleton provides a point of attachment for muscles (allowing them to pull bones)
71
functions of the skeleton
support movement mineral storage blood cell production protection of vital organs (flat bones) structural shape and points for attachment
72
muscles in the legs
gluteals hamstrings quadriceps gastrocnemius tibialis anterior hip flexors
73
muscles in the chest
pectorals abdominals
74
muscles in the arms
biceps triceps
75
muscle in the back
latissimus dorsi deltoids rotator cuffs
76
aerobic respiration formula
glucose + oxygen -> energy + carbon dioxide + water
77
anaerobic respiration formula
glucose -> energy + lactic acid
78
aerobic exercise definition
exercise that is long duration, continuous and moderate intensity that uses oxygen for energy production marathon
79
anaerobic exercise definition
exercise that is short duration, high intensity without the use of oxygen >400m sprint
80
immediate effects of exercise (during)
hot/sweaty/red skin increase in depth and frequency of breathing increased heart rate
81
short term effects of exercise (up to 36hs after)
tiredness/fatigue light headedness nausea DOMS
82
long term effects of exercise (months + years)
body shape may change improvements in specific components of fitness build muscle strength improve muscular endurance improve speed improve suppleness build cardiovasculae endurance improve stamina increase size of heart (hypertrophy) lower resting heart rate (bradycardia)
83
recovery processes - cool down
light exercise and stretching which helps: keeps breathing/heart rate elevateed which ensures blood flow to the muscles which helps convert lactic acid to glucose, carbon dioxide and water to prevent muscle soreness applies to any sport or activity after vigorous exercise
84
recovery processes - massage
helps reduce DOMS by: reducing inflammation of tender areas increases blood increases blood flow which increases oxygen delivery to the muscles which helps the removal of lactic acid applies to games sports, hockey, fooball, rugby
85
recovery processes - ice bath
getting into an ice bath 5-10 after intense exercise helps: aid and repair micro tears in muscle fibres preventing DOMS reduce swelling of any injured areas when you get out the warmer temperatures dilates blood vessels which allows oxygenated blood to flow much more so it removes much more lactic acid and waste products applies to games sports: football, rugby, hockey`
86
recovery processes - manipulation of diet
eating lots of carbs after exercise replaces glycogen stores drinking water or other isotonic drinks before and after exercise helps to: replace any lost fluids and restore the water balance prevent any dizziness and nausea which are symptoms of dehydration applies to any athlete that sweats
87
maximal strength definition
highest level of force that a muscle/group can exert in 1 effort
88
static strength definition
level of force that can be maintained over a long period of time
89
dynamic strength definition
ability for repeated muscular contractions
90
explosive strength definition
how quickly a maximal force can be exerted

PE (7 decks)

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