1 Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
what is the pathway of air
mouth/nose
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli
what factors assist the alveoli in gaseous exchange
large SA -> large area for diffusion
one cell thick walls -> small diffusion distance
lots of capillaries -> maintains concentration gradient
moist walls -> helps diffusion as gases dissolve
large blood supply -> large concentration gradient
how do RBC carry oxygen
Oxygen combines with haemoglobin in the red blood cells to form oxyhaemoglobin
can RBCs carry CO2
yes haemoglobin also can carry CO2
structure and job of arteries
job:
carry blood away from the heart at high pressure
carry oxygenated blood (except for the pulmonary artery)
blood flows through at fast speeds
structure:
thick elastic muscular walls to withstand the high pressured blood (as its coming straight from the heart) and to maintain the high blood pressure as it recoils after the blood has passed through
narrow lumen -> helps maintain high pressure
structure and job of capillaries
job:
carry blood at low pressure within tissues
carries both oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
blood flows through at slow speeds
structure:
one cell thick
one cell thick walls -> allows substances to easily diffuse in and out
‘leaky’ walls -> allow blood plasma to leak out and form tissue fluid surrounding cells
structure and job of veins
job:
carries blood at low pressure towards the heart
carries deoxygenated blood (except the pulmonary vein)
blood flows at low speeds
structure:
thin elastic walls
large lumen -> reduces resistance to allow the low pressure blood to flow
contains valves -> to prevent backflow as the blood is a low pressure
whats the lumen
the empty space inside blood vessels
what blood vessel goes into the heart from the body
vena cava - vein - deoxygenated
what blood vessel goes from the right ventricle to the lungs
pulmonary artery - deoxygenated
what blood vessel goes from the lungs into the left atrium
pulmonary vein - oxygenated
what blood vessel goes from the left ventricle to the body
aorta - artery - oxygenated
journey of blood through the heart
vena cava
right atrium
tricuspid valve
right ventricle
pulmonary artery
lungs - gas exchange occurs
pulmonary vein
left atrium
bicuspid valve
left ventricle
aorta -> body
blood is deoxygenated until reaches the lungs
what is the cardiac output
the volume of blood that is pumped by the heart (the left and right ventricle) per unit of time
what is the stroke volume
the volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle during one cardiac cycle
what is the heart rate
the number of times a heart beats per minute
equation linking heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output
Cardiac output(Q) (cm3min-1) = heart rate (bpm) x stroke volume (cm3)
what is an anticipatory rise
a small rise in heart rate just before exercise occurs
the brain releases a small amount of adrenaline which causes the heart rate to increase and therefore better handle the demands of the physical activity
how do valves work
open due to pressure and close to prevent backflow
what is the order of the cardiac cycle
atrial and ventricular diastole (chambers relax and are filled with blood)
atrial systole (atria contract and push remaining blood into the ventricles)
ventricular systole (ventricles contract and push blood into out through the aorta and pulmonary artery)
what is systolic
when the heart contracts
what is diastolic
when the heart relaxes
what is the cardiac cycle
the pattern of contraction and relaxation of the hear during one complete heartbeat
what is the tidal volume
the amount of air breathed in with each normal breath
what is the expiratory reserve volume
the maximum amount of additional air that can be forced out of the lungs after a normal breath
what is the inspiratory reserve volume
the maximum amount of additional air that can be taken into the lungs after a normal breath
what is the residual volume
is the amount of air left in the lungs after a maximal out breath. This air helps to keep the lungs partially inflated to protect the microscopic structures from being damaged
what causes inhalation and exhalation
change in air pressure
process of inhalation (inspiration)
rib cage expands as intercostal muscles contract
diaphragm contracts and moves down which causes the air pressure to decrease which pulls air in
process of exhalation
rib cage gets smaller as intercostal muscles relax
diaphragm relaxes and moves up which causes air pressure to increase which forces air out
which muscles aid breathing during exercise
pectorals, sternocleidomastoid, abdominals
how does the pectorals and sternocleidomastoid aid in breathing during exercise
help during inhalation by lifting the ribs up and out even more
how do the abdominals aid in breathing during exercise
help during exhalation by pulling the ribs back in even further
what does EPOC stand for
exercise post oxygen consumption
how does EPOC occur
caused by anaerobic exercise (which produces lactic acid) and requires the performer to maintain increased breathing rate after exercise to repay the debt (remove lactic acid produced)
what is redistribution
cardiovascular system redistributes blood so that more of it goes to the working muscles and less of it goes to other organs (such as the digestive system)
what is the name of the process that causes redistribution
vascular shunt mechanism
what is vasodilation
a response to being too hot. The process includes the widening of blood vessels at the skin surface to increase heat loss through the surface of the skin
what is vasoconstriction
a response to being too cold. The process involves the narrowing of blood vessels at the skin surface to reduce heat loss through the surface of the skin
what types of joints are there
hinge and ball and socket
what movement can occur at a hinge joint
flexion and extension
what movement can occur at a ball and socket joint
flexion and extension
abduction and adduction
rotation
circumduction
examples of hinge joints
elbow and knee
example of ball and sockets
ankle, shoulder, hip
what type of movement happens at the ankle
dorsiflexion
plantar flexion
what type of muscle contractions are there
isotonic and isometric
what is a isometric contraction
this involves a muscle producing tension but staying the same length. This occurs when the body is fixed in one position
what is a isotonic contraction
these occur when a muscle contracts and changes length
what is a Isotonic concentric contraction
this involves the muscle shortening
what is a Isotonic eccentric contraction
this involves the muscle lengthening whilst it is under tension
what are the components of a synovial joint
synovial membrane
synovial fluid
joint capsule
bursae
cartilage
ligaments
what does a tendon do
muscle to bone
very strong, inelastic connective tissues that allow a muscle to pull on a bone to move it.
what does a ligament do
bone to bone
they are tough, fibrous and slightly elastic
stabilise the joints during movement and prevent dislocation by restricting actions outside the normal joint range
can absorb shock because of their elasticity, which protects the joint
help maintain correct posture and movement
what is a synovial joint
a freely moveable joint (hinge, ball and socket)
what does synovial membrane do
produces synovial fluid
what does synovial fluid do
lubricates the joint so it moves smoothly
what does cartilage do
cushions the joint and prevents friction and wear and tear between the bone ends
whats a bursae
fluid sacs which help to prevent friction in the joint
what is the joint capsule
prevents wear and tear on the bones
whats an antagonistic pair
a pair of muscles where one contracts while the other relaxes to move a body part
which muscle is the agonist
the one contracting
what is the antagonistic pair in the arm
bicep + tricep
which muscle is the antagonist
the one relaxing
what is the antagonistic pair in the lower leg
gastrocnemius + tibialis anterior
what is the antagonistic pair in the upper leg
hamstring + quadricep
what is the antagonistic pair in the chest
pectoralis major + latissimus dorsi
what is the antagonistic pair in the hips
hip flexors + gluteals
how does the bicep and tricep work together when doing a bicep curl
upwards:
bicep is agonist and contracts concentrically
tricep is antagonist and relaxes eccentrically
downwards:
bicep is antagonist and relaxes eccentrically
tricep is agonist and contracts concentrically
bones at the head/neck
cranium and vertebrae
bones at the shoulder
scapula, clavicle and humerus
bones in the chest
ribs and sternum
bones at elbow
humerus, radius and ulna
bones at hip
pelvis and femur
bones at knee
femur and tibia + patella
bones at the ankle
tibia, fibula, talus
how does the skeleton provide a framework for movement
allows movement at a joint
long bones which allow gross movement
short bones which allow finer controlled movement
flat bones provide protection for vital organs
different types of joints allow different types of movement
skeleton provides a point of attachment for muscles (allowing them to pull bones)
functions of the skeleton
support
movement
mineral storage
blood cell production
protection of vital organs (flat bones)
structural shape and points for attachment
muscles in the legs
gluteals
hamstrings
quadriceps
gastrocnemius
tibialis anterior
hip flexors
muscles in the chest
pectorals
abdominals
muscles in the arms
biceps
triceps
muscle in the back
latissimus dorsi
deltoids
rotator cuffs
aerobic respiration formula
glucose + oxygen -> energy + carbon dioxide + water
anaerobic respiration formula
glucose -> energy + lactic acid
aerobic exercise definition
exercise that is long duration, continuous and moderate intensity that uses oxygen for energy production
marathon
anaerobic exercise definition
exercise that is short duration, high intensity without the use of oxygen
> 400m sprint
immediate effects of exercise (during)
hot/sweaty/red skin
increase in depth and frequency of breathing
increased heart rate
short term effects of exercise (up to 36hs after)
tiredness/fatigue
light headedness
nausea
DOMS
long term effects of exercise (months + years)
body shape may change
improvements in specific components of fitness
build muscle strength
improve muscular endurance
improve speed
improve suppleness
build cardiovasculae endurance
improve stamina
increase size of heart (hypertrophy)
lower resting heart rate (bradycardia)
recovery processes - cool down
light exercise and stretching which helps:
keeps breathing/heart rate elevateed which ensures blood flow to the muscles which helps convert lactic acid to glucose, carbon dioxide and water to prevent muscle soreness
applies to any sport or activity after vigorous exercise
recovery processes - massage
helps reduce DOMS by:
reducing inflammation of tender areas
increases blood
increases blood flow which increases oxygen delivery to the muscles which helps the removal of lactic acid
applies to games sports, hockey, fooball, rugby
recovery processes - ice bath
getting into an ice bath 5-10 after intense exercise helps:
aid and repair micro tears in muscle fibres preventing DOMS
reduce swelling of any injured areas
when you get out the warmer temperatures dilates blood vessels which allows oxygenated blood to flow much more so it removes much more lactic acid and waste products
applies to games sports: football, rugby, hockey`
recovery processes - manipulation of diet
eating lots of carbs after exercise replaces glycogen stores
drinking water or other isotonic drinks before and after exercise helps to:
replace any lost fluids and restore the water balance
prevent any dizziness and nausea which are symptoms of dehydration
applies to any athlete that sweats
