5 Sports Psychology

Question 1

what is the input in information processing

Answer 1

information that is received from the senses

the learner becomes more skilled they selectively attend the correct cues and information

Question 2

what is the decision making in information processing

Answer 2

interprets the input using its short and long-term memory and decides what, when, where and how the learner responds

Question 3

what is the output in information processing

Answer 3

information sent to muscles to carry out the response

Question 4

what is the feedback in information processing

Answer 4

will indicate whether or not the response was correct and successful

received via self (intrinsic) and/or others (extrinsic)

Question 5

what are the 4 types of guidance

Answer 5

visual (seeing)
verbal (hearing)
manual (assist movement – physical)
mechanical (use of objects/aids)

Question 6

what is visual guidance

Answer 6

seeing the skill being preformed

examples
demonstration – sometimes by the coach or another performer, usually highlighting certain aspects that are important
image – a photo, diagram or drawing of the skill
video – either an example of the skill being performed or a recording of the performer’s own performance
observation – of a game or another performer

Question 7

what is verbal guidance

Answer 7

someone verbally instructing you

examples
coaching points – given by the coach and relating to the technique of the performance
feedback – from the coach
peer feedback – from other performers
questioning – by the coach so the performer is prompted to self-evaluate

Question 8

what is manual guidance

Answer 8

when a performer is physically guided or supported by the coach

examples
when a coach guides an athlete’s arm to mimic a javelin throw
when a coach supports a gymnast to do a backflip

Question 9

what is mechanical guidance

Answer 9

when the performer is guided by equipment to support the learner whilst practicing the skill

examples
using a float in swimming to develop leg action and body position in front crawl

Question 10

what type of performer does verbal guidance suit

Answer 10

beginners need simple verbal guidance
experts need more complicated and detailed verbal guidance

Question 11

what type of performer does visual guidance suit

Answer 11

beginners and experts as it can explain the basics or show finer details

Question 12

what type of performer does manual guidance suit

Answer 12

beginners as they need to be shown the correct technique

Question 13

what type of performer does mechanical guidance suit

Answer 13

beginners as they need to be shown the correct technique

Question 14

what are the 2 types of feedback

Answer 14

intrinsic - physical feel of the movement as it is being performed. It is what is felt by the performer as they execute a skill or performance

extrinsic - provided by external sources, during or after a performance. It can come from teachers, coaches, team-mates and also includes things that the performer can hear or see.

Question 15

what is KoP

Answer 15

focuses on how well the athlete performed, not the end result.

For example, a footballer may have made lots of good tackles and passes even if their team didn’t win

Question 16

what is KoR

Answer 16

focuses on the end of the performance, for example, the performer’s score, time or position. It is sometimes called terminal feedback and can be thought of as the outcome of a performance.

Question 17

what is positive feedback

Answer 17

experienced when a performance achieves the intended outcome / feedback that highlights the good parts

example
When a rugby player passes a ball they receive positive feedback when they see that the receiver successfully catches their pass

Question 18

what is negative feedback

Answer 18

experienced when a performer does not achieve the intended outcome / highlights the bad parts

example
hitting the bar in football

Question 19

what type of feedback is suitable for beginners

Answer 19

more extrinsic feedback to start with. This helps them to acquire the basic skills. However, beginners should also have time to practice on their own so they can begin to get a feel for and grasp those skills

Question 20

what type of feedback is suitable for experts

Answer 20

need more intrinsic feedback to refine and master those skills. However, experienced performers will also need extrinsic feedback to overcome persistent problems and to develop more complex skills

Question 21

advantages of intrinsic feedback

Answer 21

helps performers to focus on the feel of a skill
helps performers to solve problems themselves
Helps performers to develop skills independently
gives performers more time to practice

Question 22

advantages of extrinsic feedback

Answer 22

provides new or additional guidance
helps performers identify problems
offers solutions to problems
prevents performers from reaching dead ends

Question 23

what is intrinsic motivation

Answer 23

the inner drive to succeed, engaging in the task or adhering to the activity for fun, enjoyment and satisfaction

Question 24

what is extrinsic motivation

Answer 24

comes from sources outside of the performer and usually involves rewards, for example, prize money, trophies, certificates or recognition

tangible – certificates/trophies, medals
intangible – praise/feedback/applause

Question 25

is intrinsic or extrinsic motivation better

Answer 25

Intrinsic is generally deemed more effective. Overuse of extrinsic can undermine the strength of intrinsic. Performer can become reliant on extrinsic. Intrinsic is more likely to lead to continued effort and participation. Extrinsic rewards may result in feelings of pride/self-satisfaction

Question 26

characteristics of an introvert

Answer 26

shy/quiet thoughtful enjoy being on their own

Question 27

Characteristics of an extrovert

Answer 27

enjoy interaction with others/sociable/aroused by others enthusiastic/talkative prone to boredom when isolated/by themselves

Question 28

what sports do extroverts tend to play

Answer 28

there is a fast pace concentration may need to be low gross skills are used eg rugby

Question 29

what sports do introverts tend to play

Answer 29

concentration/precision (fine skill) is required low arousal is required eg golf

Question 30

defination of skill

Answer 30

A learned action that can be improved with practice

Question 31

definition of ability

Answer 31

Innate traits that determine performance

Question 32

how to classify skill as basic

Answer 32

applies to multiple sports beginner level few decisions needed simple movements examples: walking running throwing catching

Question 33

how to classify a skill as complex

Answer 33

sport specific requires experienced multiple decisions need making which may affect success complex movement or a series of basic movements Examples: high jump tennis serve cricket bowling

Question 34

how to classify a skill as open

Answer 34

unpredictable enviroment conditions skill is carried out differently in different conditions actions of others influence the decisions performer is not in control of the outcome Examples: passing the ball in hockey tackling in rugby dribbling in basketball

Question 35

how to classify a skill as closed

Answer 35

stable environment conditions skill is always carried out in the same way limited decision making required performer is fully in control of the outcome Examples: tennis serve gymnastics routine individual swimming race

Question 36

how to classify a skill as self paced

Answer 36

performer determines when the skill starts performer determines the pace at which the skill is carried out for Examples: golf swing volleyball serve long distance run

Question 37

how to classify a skill as externally paced

Answer 37

the start of the skill is determined externally by actions of other players the pace if the skill is determined externally by the actions of others examples: goal save in football return in tennis marking in netball

Question 38

how to classify a skill as gross

Answer 38

large movement size no precision required large muscle groups examples: sprint race rowing

Question 39

how to classify a skill as fine

Answer 39

small movements that are highly precise small muscle groups examples: table tennis serve dart throw archery shot

Question 40

definition of performance goal

Answer 40

A goal relating to individual performance without comparison to others examples: improving a 5k time improving first serve percentage in tennis better for beginners as outcome goals can result in failure which may demotivate them

Question 41

definition of outcome goals

Answer 41

A goal relating to an end result that involves comparison with others should be avoided as they reley on factors which cannot be controlled examples: Winning a tennis tournament Scoring a try in a rugby match Being selected to play hockey at county level Winning an Olympic gold medal

Question 42

use of SMART goal setting

Answer 42

specific - target states exactly what needs to improved, eg specific muscle that needs to be strengthend measureble - must be clear when the goal has been achieved, eg lifting a certain weight accepted - must be agreed with all people involved in training, eg coach and performer agree on the target realistic - target should be achievable for the individual performer in their specific circumstances, eg performer has the capability to achieve the goal time bound - target must be able to be met within a certain timeframe, eg performer will hit goal in 6 months

Question 43

definition of arousal

Answer 43

A physical and mental state of excitement ranges from a deep sleep (low arousal) to intense excitement (high arousal) arousal needs to be controlled in order to perform optimally as both under and over arousal result in decreased performance level

Question 44

inverted U theory

Answer 44

x axis has arousel level y axis has performance level depicts the relationship between arousal and performance graph is shaped as an inverted U demonstrating as arousal increases, performance increases until the optimum performance. Once above the optimal arousal level, performance levels decrease. When a participant is under-aroused their performance in their sporting activity or skill may be low; this could be due to boredom or not enough concentration Over-arousal may also lead to low performance in the participant's activity; this may be due to high levels of stress or anxiety

Question 45

how does optimal arousal levels change according to what sport you are playing

Answer 45

high arousal suits sports requiring gross actions and high energy + power. eg a rugby tackle low arousal suits sports require fine actions and precision such as putting in golf. golf has a lower optimum arousal than rugby

Question 46

how can arousal be controlled - deep breathing

Answer 46

carried out before or during sport Participants would deliberately take longer, controlled breaths in and out: The body should be relaxed and relatively still The lungs should be filled with air during ventilation using a slow and controlled inhalation of breath The exhale should be controlled and slow to release air from the lungs This should be repeated several times to focus the mind and reach optimal arousal levels A footballer may do this before taking a penalty

Question 47

how can arousal be controlled - mental rehersal

Answer 47

carried out before or during sport Mental rehearsal may involve a participant visualising themselves performing a skill perfectly before they attempt it, such as shooting a free throw in basketball, which can help lower arousal to optimal levels Visualisation and imagery also involve the participant picturing themselves in a safe calm place, this can help control arousal levels

Question 48

how can arousal be controlled - positive self talk

Answer 48

carried out before or during sport Participants talk to themselves, usually in their heads, with positive affirmations such as "You are well prepared for this" or "You can win this race" An example is a snooker player telling themselves they "can make the shot" to help lower arousal levels when nervous or anxious

Question 49

definition of indirect aggression

Answer 49

does not involve physical contact used to gain an advantage over an opponent by making them feel less confident or successful Aggression is often aimed at an object; this is usually within the rules of the sport Examples: a tennis player hitting the ball extremely hard toward their opponent during a rally a player hitting the ball hard over the net toward their opponent during a volleyball game

Question 50

definition of direct aggression

Answer 50

deliberate physical contact between participants examples: rugby tackle boxing punch