5 Sports Psychology

Question 1

what is the input in information processing

Answer 1

information that is received from the senses

the learner becomes more skilled they selectively attend the correct cues and information

Question 2

what is the decision making in information processing

Answer 2

interprets the input using its short and long-term memory and decides what, when, where and how the learner responds

Question 3

what is the output in information processing

Answer 3

information sent to muscles to carry out the response

Question 4

what is the feedback in information processing

Answer 4

will indicate whether or not the response was correct and successful

received via self (intrinsic) and/or others (extrinsic)

Question 5

what are the 4 types of guidance

Answer 5

visual (seeing)
verbal (hearing)
manual (assist movement – physical)
mechanical (use of objects/aids)

Question 6

what is visual guidance

Answer 6

seeing the skill being preformed

examples
demonstration – sometimes by the coach or another performer, usually highlighting certain aspects that are important
image – a photo, diagram or drawing of the skill
video – either an example of the skill being performed or a recording of the performer’s own performance
observation – of a game or another performer

Question 7

what is verbal guidance

Answer 7

someone verbally instructing you

examples
coaching points – given by the coach and relating to the technique of the performance
feedback – from the coach
peer feedback – from other performers
questioning – by the coach so the performer is prompted to self-evaluate

Question 8

what is manual guidance

Answer 8

when a performer is physically guided or supported by the coach

examples
when a coach guides an athlete’s arm to mimic a javelin throw
when a coach supports a gymnast to do a backflip

Question 9

what is mechanical guidance

Answer 9

when the performer is guided by equipment to support the learner whilst practicing the skill

examples
using a float in swimming to develop leg action and body position in front crawl

Question 10

what type of performer does verbal guidance suit

Answer 10

beginners need simple verbal guidance
experts need more complicated and detailed verbal guidance

Question 11

what type of performer does visual guidance suit

Answer 11

beginners and experts as it can explain the basics or show finer details

Question 12

what type of performer does manual guidance suit

Answer 12

beginners as they need to be shown the correct technique

Question 13

what type of performer does mechanical guidance suit

Answer 13

beginners as they need to be shown the correct technique

Question 14

what are the 2 types of feedback

Answer 14

intrinsic - physical feel of the movement as it is being performed. It is what is felt by the performer as they execute a skill or performance

extrinsic - provided by external sources, during or after a performance. It can come from teachers, coaches, team-mates and also includes things that the performer can hear or see.

Question 15

what is KoP

Answer 15

focuses on how well the athlete performed, not the end result.

For example, a footballer may have made lots of good tackles and passes even if their team didn’t win

Question 16

what is KoR

Answer 16

focuses on the end of the performance, for example, the performer’s score, time or position. It is sometimes called terminal feedback and can be thought of as the outcome of a performance.

Question 17

what is positive feedback

Answer 17

experienced when a performance achieves the intended outcome / feedback that highlights the good parts

example
When a rugby player passes a ball they receive positive feedback when they see that the receiver successfully catches their pass

Question 18

what is negative feedback

Answer 18

experienced when a performer does not achieve the intended outcome / highlights the bad parts

example
hitting the bar in football

Question 19

what type of feedback is suitable for beginners

Answer 19

more extrinsic feedback to start with. This helps them to acquire the basic skills. However, beginners should also have time to practice on their own so they can begin to get a feel for and grasp those skills

Question 20

what type of feedback is suitable for experts

Answer 20

need more intrinsic feedback to refine and master those skills. However, experienced performers will also need extrinsic feedback to overcome persistent problems and to develop more complex skills

Question 21

advantages of intrinsic feedback

Answer 21

helps performers to focus on the feel of a skill
helps performers to solve problems themselves
Helps performers to develop skills independently
gives performers more time to practice

Question 22

advantages of extrinsic feedback

Answer 22

provides new or additional guidance
helps performers identify problems
offers solutions to problems
prevents performers from reaching dead ends

Question 23

what is intrinsic motivation

Answer 23

the inner drive to succeed, engaging in the task or adhering to the activity for fun, enjoyment and satisfaction

Question 24

what is extrinsic motivation

Answer 24

comes from sources outside of the performer and usually involves rewards, for example, prize money, trophies, certificates or recognition

tangible – certificates/trophies, medals
intangible – praise/feedback/applause

Question 25

is intrinsic or extrinsic motivation better

Answer 25

Intrinsic is generally deemed more effective.

Overuse of extrinsic can undermine the strength of intrinsic.

Performer can become reliant on extrinsic.

Intrinsic is more likely to lead to continued effort and participation.

Extrinsic rewards may result in feelings of pride/self-satisfaction

Question 26

characteristics of an introvert

Answer 26

shy/quiet
thoughtful
enjoy being on their own

Question 27

Characteristics of an extrovert

Answer 27

enjoy interaction with others/sociable/aroused by others
enthusiastic/talkative
prone to boredom when isolated/by themselves

Question 28

what sports do extroverts tend to play

Answer 28

there is a fast pace
concentration may need to be low
gross skills are used

eg rugby

Question 29

what sports do introverts tend to play

Answer 29

concentration/precision (fine skill) is required
low arousal is required

eg golf