5 Sports Psychology Flashcards
what is the input in information processing
information that is received from the senses
the learner becomes more skilled they selectively attend the correct cues and information
what is the decision making in information processing
interprets the input using its short and long-term memory and decides what, when, where and how the learner responds
what is the output in information processing
information sent to muscles to carry out the response
what is the feedback in information processing
will indicate whether or not the response was correct and successful
received via self (intrinsic) and/or others (extrinsic)
what are the 4 types of guidance
visual (seeing)
verbal (hearing)
manual (assist movement – physical)
mechanical (use of objects/aids)
what is visual guidance
seeing the skill being preformed
examples
demonstration – sometimes by the coach or another performer, usually highlighting certain aspects that are important
image – a photo, diagram or drawing of the skill
video – either an example of the skill being performed or a recording of the performer’s own performance
observation – of a game or another performer
what is verbal guidance
someone verbally instructing you
examples
coaching points – given by the coach and relating to the technique of the performance
feedback – from the coach
peer feedback – from other performers
questioning – by the coach so the performer is prompted to self-evaluate
what is manual guidance
when a performer is physically guided or supported by the coach
examples
when a coach guides an athlete’s arm to mimic a javelin throw
when a coach supports a gymnast to do a backflip
what is mechanical guidance
when the performer is guided by equipment to support the learner whilst practicing the skill
examples
using a float in swimming to develop leg action and body position in front crawl
what type of performer does verbal guidance suit
beginners need simple verbal guidance
experts need more complicated and detailed verbal guidance
what type of performer does visual guidance suit
beginners and experts as it can explain the basics or show finer details
what type of performer does manual guidance suit
beginners as they need to be shown the correct technique
what type of performer does mechanical guidance suit
beginners as they need to be shown the correct technique
what are the 2 types of feedback
intrinsic - physical feel of the movement as it is being performed. It is what is felt by the performer as they execute a skill or performance
extrinsic - provided by external sources, during or after a performance. It can come from teachers, coaches, team-mates and also includes things that the performer can hear or see.
what is KoP
focuses on how well the athlete performed, not the end result.
For example, a footballer may have made lots of good tackles and passes even if their team didn’t win
what is KoR
focuses on the end of the performance, for example, the performer’s score, time or position. It is sometimes called terminal feedback and can be thought of as the outcome of a performance.
what is positive feedback
experienced when a performance achieves the intended outcome / feedback that highlights the good parts
example
When a rugby player passes a ball they receive positive feedback when they see that the receiver successfully catches their pass
what is negative feedback
experienced when a performer does not achieve the intended outcome / highlights the bad parts
example
hitting the bar in football
what type of feedback is suitable for beginners
more extrinsic feedback to start with. This helps them to acquire the basic skills. However, beginners should also have time to practice on their own so they can begin to get a feel for and grasp those skills
what type of feedback is suitable for experts
need more intrinsic feedback to refine and master those skills. However, experienced performers will also need extrinsic feedback to overcome persistent problems and to develop more complex skills
advantages of intrinsic feedback
helps performers to focus on the feel of a skill
helps performers to solve problems themselves
Helps performers to develop skills independently
gives performers more time to practice
advantages of extrinsic feedback
provides new or additional guidance
helps performers identify problems
offers solutions to problems
prevents performers from reaching dead ends
what is intrinsic motivation
the inner drive to succeed, engaging in the task or adhering to the activity for fun, enjoyment and satisfaction
what is extrinsic motivation
comes from sources outside of the performer and usually involves rewards, for example, prize money, trophies, certificates or recognition
tangible – certificates/trophies, medals
intangible – praise/feedback/applause
is intrinsic or extrinsic motivation better
Intrinsic is generally deemed more effective.
Overuse of extrinsic can undermine the strength of intrinsic.
Performer can become reliant on extrinsic.
Intrinsic is more likely to lead to continued effort and participation.
Extrinsic rewards may result in feelings of pride/self-satisfaction
characteristics of an introvert
shy/quiet
thoughtful
enjoy being on their own
Characteristics of an extrovert
enjoy interaction with others/sociable/aroused by others
enthusiastic/talkative
prone to boredom when isolated/by themselves
what sports do extroverts tend to play
there is a fast pace
concentration may need to be low
gross skills are used
eg rugby
what sports do introverts tend to play
concentration/precision (fine skill) is required
low arousal is required
eg golf
defination of skill
A learned action that can be improved with practice
definition of ability
Innate traits that determine performance
how to classify skill as basic
applies to multiple sports
beginner level
few decisions needed
simple movements
examples:
walking
running
throwing
catching
how to classify a skill as complex
sport specific
requires experienced
multiple decisions need making which may affect success
complex movement or a series of basic movements
Examples:
high jump
tennis serve
cricket bowling
how to classify a skill as open
unpredictable enviroment conditions
skill is carried out differently in different conditions
actions of others influence the decisions
performer is not in control of the outcome
Examples:
passing the ball in hockey
tackling in rugby
dribbling in basketball
how to classify a skill as closed
stable environment conditions
skill is always carried out in the same way
limited decision making required
performer is fully in control of the outcome
Examples:
tennis serve
gymnastics routine
individual swimming race
how to classify a skill as self paced
performer determines when the skill starts
performer determines the pace at which the skill is carried out for
Examples:
golf swing
volleyball serve
long distance run
how to classify a skill as externally paced
the start of the skill is determined externally by actions of other players
the pace if the skill is determined externally by the actions of others
examples:
goal save in football
return in tennis
marking in netball
how to classify a skill as gross
large movement size
no precision required
large muscle groups
examples:
sprint race
rowing
how to classify a skill as fine
small movements that are highly precise
small muscle groups
examples:
table tennis serve
dart throw
archery shot
definition of performance goal
A goal relating to individual performance without comparison to others
examples:
improving a 5k time
improving first serve percentage in tennis
better for beginners as outcome goals can result in failure which may demotivate them
definition of outcome goals
A goal relating to an end result that involves comparison with others
should be avoided as they reley on factors which cannot be controlled
examples:
Winning a tennis tournament
Scoring a try in a rugby match
Being selected to play hockey at county level
Winning an Olympic gold medal
use of SMART goal setting
specific - target states exactly what needs to improved, eg specific muscle that needs to be strengthend
measureble - must be clear when the goal has been achieved, eg lifting a certain weight
accepted - must be agreed with all people involved in training, eg coach and performer agree on the target
realistic - target should be achievable for the individual performer in their specific circumstances, eg performer has the capability to achieve the goal
time bound - target must be able to be met within a certain timeframe, eg performer will hit goal in 6 months
definition of arousal
A physical and mental state of excitement
ranges from a deep sleep (low arousal) to intense excitement (high arousal)
arousal needs to be controlled in order to perform optimally as both under and over arousal result in decreased performance level
inverted U theory
x axis has arousel level
y axis has performance level
depicts the relationship between arousal and performance
graph is shaped as an inverted U demonstrating as arousal increases, performance increases until the optimum performance. Once above the optimal arousal level, performance levels decrease.
When a participant is under-aroused their performance in their sporting activity or skill may be low; this could be due to boredom or not enough concentration
Over-arousal may also lead to low performance in the participant’s activity; this may be due to high levels of stress or anxiety
how does optimal arousal levels change according to what sport you are playing
high arousal suits sports requiring gross actions and high energy + power. eg a rugby tackle
low arousal suits sports require fine actions and precision such as putting in golf.
golf has a lower optimum arousal than rugby
how can arousal be controlled - deep breathing
carried out before or during sport
Participants would deliberately take longer, controlled breaths in and out:
The body should be relaxed and relatively still
The lungs should be filled with air during ventilation using a slow and controlled inhalation of breath
The exhale should be controlled and slow to release air from the lungs
This should be repeated several times to focus the mind and reach optimal arousal levels
A footballer may do this before taking a penalty
how can arousal be controlled - mental rehersal
carried out before or during sport
Mental rehearsal may involve a participant visualising themselves performing a skill perfectly before they attempt it, such as shooting a free throw in basketball, which can help lower arousal to optimal levels
Visualisation and imagery also involve the participant picturing themselves in a safe calm place, this can help control arousal levels
how can arousal be controlled - positive self talk
carried out before or during sport
Participants talk to themselves, usually in their heads, with positive affirmations such as “You are well prepared for this” or “You can win this race”
An example is a snooker player telling themselves they “can make the shot” to help lower arousal levels when nervous or anxious
definition of indirect aggression
does not involve physical contact
used to gain an advantage over an opponent by making them feel less confident or successful
Aggression is often aimed at an object; this is usually within the rules of the sport
Examples:
a tennis player hitting the ball extremely hard toward their opponent during a rally
a player hitting the ball hard over the net toward their opponent during a volleyball game
definition of direct aggression
deliberate physical contact between participants
examples:
rugby tackle
boxing punch
