6. Physical Storage Flashcards
Why does drive thrashing occur?
It occurs when an excessive amount of data is moved between physical RAM (memory) and the paging file
Which four factors affect drive thrashing?
- hard drive
- memory
- paging file
- and running processes
How much data can be stored on a single side of a dual layer DVD disk
8.5 GB
How much data can be stored on a single side of a single layer DVD disk
4.7 GB
What type of drives does not contain magnetic media?
solid-state drives
Which data storage scheme uses multiple hard drives to share or replicate data among the drives
Redundant Array of Independent Disks (RAID)
What is the minimum number of disk drives that are neeeded to implement RAID-5
Three
What is the minumum number of disk drives that are needed to implement RAID-0
Two
What is the minimum number of disk drives that are needed to implement RAID 1
Two
Which RAID implementation offers no fault tolerance but fast writing speeds
RAID 0
What is a disk array
a system consisting of multiple drives that usually operate as a single entity
Which type of removable storage media uses a solid-state memory chip that requires no power to maintain its contents
Flash memory media
Which memory technology is used the the Secure Digital (SD) card
Flash memory technology
What is a flash memory (non-volatile) memory card format used in portable devices, including digital cameras?
Secure Digital (SD)
MBR
Master Boot Record
SATA
Serial Advance Technology Attachment
RAID
Redundant Array of Independent Disks
Where is the Master Boot Record (MBR) stored
In a partition’s master boot sector, which is the first sector of a computer’s hard disk
When choosing between CD-ROM, DVD, and Blu-Ray disks, which media can hold the most amount of data
Blu-Ray
Two types of disk drives
- magnetic
- solid state
Most common PC disk drive form factor
3.5 inch
Most common laptop disk drive form factor
2.5 inch
Disk drive form factor for lighter, thinner laptops
1.8 inch
Parts of a Magnetic Hard drive
- Platters: glass or aluminum … has a layer that can be magnetized or demagentized to store binary data
- Drive spindle: platters mounted on spindle and rotate
- Read / write heads: Positioned over the top and bottom of each platter (to read and write)
- actuator: Moves the read write heads across the palatters
SSD
solid state drives
Sold state drives
store data on a series of non-volatile flash memory
Hybrid Drives
a magnetic hard drive with flash memory chips added to it
the flash memory acts as a buffer for OS and application files … allowing the system to bot and start apps faster
The 3 types of interanl hard/optical drive connections
- Serial AT attachment (SATA)
- common on modern hard drives on newer computers
- Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE) (sometimes referred to as PATA)
- Common on older Computers
- Small Comptuer System Interface (SCI)
- Found on high end servers and workstations, as well as older Apple hardware
SATA wire shape, and wire count
L shaed connector
7 pin
IDE/PATA connector shape and wire count
40 pins
split between two long rows
Direct SSD connection types
- mSATA (older). Looks like a min-PCIe slot
- M.2 (newer) slot.
- PCIe connections
UAS
USB attached SCSI
USB attached SCSI (UAS)
uses SCSI command set over a USB connector
iSCSI
uses SCSI command set over network interfaces such as Ethernet
SAS
Serial Attached SCSI
Serial Attached SCSI
- Uses connectors/cables similar to SATA
- supports more advanced features suited to high performance enterprise sotage solutions
- most likely found in servers and specialized workstations
- comes with a variety of physical connectors, but often uses a four device cable with 1 36 pin connector on one end fanning out into 4 sata cables and a sideband connector on the other
Symtoms of a hard drive problem during POST
- Hard Drive not found
- Fixed disk error
- Invalid boot disk
- Inaccessible boot device
- Operating System not found
- A 1700s or 10400s numeric error code
Troubleshooting hard disk post errors
- For errors with a numeric code, lookup code on manfucturers website
- verify there are no loose connections. Remove and reattach teh data interface/power cables on the drive, motherboard, and PSU
- Try a different data interface cable and power cord
- Check the contoller card if the computer has one:
- Rmove and reseat the card
- Move the card to a different slot
- Test the card in a different computer
- Verify the jumpers have not been moved
- Inpect the connections for damage
- Verify the drive was not disabled in BIOS/UEFI
- try booting to another drive
- install the hard disk as a second drive in another computer and test it
- if available, download and run diagnostic software from your drive’s manufacturer’s website
- For OS not found errors, if you can see the hard drive in BIOS, the problem lies with the boot manager o boot disk. Use a repair disc or recoery disc
SMART
Self-Monitoring Analysis and Reporting Technology
- Causes of hard drive clicking noise
- if a magnetic hard drive, verify the drive is on a level surface
- verify there are no loose connections
- if external and received power from the USB port, verify the port is able to supply the correct amount of power
- update the hard drive firmare
- defrag the drive
Potential causes that require replacement
- actuator arm hits the internal head stop (Click of Death)
- physical problems with the platters
- faulty circuit board
Steps to install an internal hard drive
- power down the computer
- remvoe external cables
- open chassis
- if replacing hard drive, remove the old drive
- remvoe power and interface connectors
- unscrew the disk from the rails
- pull had disk out from its mounting location
- If installing a second IDE hard drive, set the jumper on the drive to indiciate slave
- Sldie the hard disk tinto an empty drive slot
- Secure the disck to the rails using scres
- plug the ide or sata connector into the back of the hard disk
- plug the IDE or SATA connector into thhe motherboard
- Close the chassis
- Reattach external cables
- boot the computer
- partition the drive into volumes (if desired)
- format the drive
CD wavelength
780nm, infrared range
DVD laser wavelength
650 nm (red)
Blu-ray wavelength
405nm (violet)
CD standard capcity
650MB
CD high-desnity capacity
700MB
DVD single layer single side capacity
4.7GB
DVD single layer double-side capacity
9.4GB
DVD dual-layer, single -side capacity
8.5GB
DVD dual layer, double side capacity
17GB
Blu-ray (non BD-XL) capacity
25GB per layer
Bluray BD-XL triple layer capacity
100GB
Blu-ray BD-XL quadruple layer
128GB
The major flash storage formats
- CompactFlash, SD Card, USB flash drive
Compact Flash capcity
512GB (common)
XQD 2TB+
Secure Digital (SD) card capacity
SDSC (standard capcity) 1MB - 2GB
SDHC (high capacity) 2GB - 32GB
SDXC (extended capacity) 32GB - 2TB
sub flash memory capacity
1TB
Magnetic Tape benefits
- reduced energy costs
- reliability
- high capacity (LTO tape cartridge can store 6.25TB)
- lost cost per GB
Magnetic tape disadvantage
data recorded sequentially
