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IT Foundations > 6. Physical Storage > Flashcards

6. Physical Storage Flashcards

1
Q

Why does drive thrashing occur?

A

It occurs when an excessive amount of data is moved between physical RAM (memory) and the paging file

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2
Q

Which four factors affect drive thrashing?

A
  1. hard drive
  2. memory
  3. paging file
  4. and running processes
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3
Q

How much data can be stored on a single side of a dual layer DVD disk

A

8.5 GB

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4
Q

How much data can be stored on a single side of a single layer DVD disk

A

4.7 GB

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5
Q

What type of drives does not contain magnetic media?

A

solid-state drives

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6
Q

Which data storage scheme uses multiple hard drives to share or replicate data among the drives

A

Redundant Array of Independent Disks (RAID)

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7
Q

What is the minimum number of disk drives that are neeeded to implement RAID-5

A

Three

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8
Q

What is the minumum number of disk drives that are needed to implement RAID-0

A

Two

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9
Q

What is the minimum number of disk drives that are needed to implement RAID 1

A

Two

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10
Q

Which RAID implementation offers no fault tolerance but fast writing speeds

A

RAID 0

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11
Q

What is a disk array

A

a system consisting of multiple drives that usually operate as a single entity

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12
Q

Which type of removable storage media uses a solid-state memory chip that requires no power to maintain its contents

A

Flash memory media

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13
Q

Which memory technology is used the the Secure Digital (SD) card

A

Flash memory technology

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14
Q

What is a flash memory (non-volatile) memory card format used in portable devices, including digital cameras?

A

Secure Digital (SD)

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15
Q

MBR

A

Master Boot Record

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16
Q

SATA

A

Serial Advance Technology Attachment

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17
Q

RAID

A

Redundant Array of Independent Disks

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18
Q

Where is the Master Boot Record (MBR) stored

A

In a partition’s master boot sector, which is the first sector of a computer’s hard disk

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19
Q

When choosing between CD-ROM, DVD, and Blu-Ray disks, which media can hold the most amount of data

A

Blu-Ray

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20
Q

Two types of disk drives

A
  • magnetic
  • solid state
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21
Q

Most common PC disk drive form factor

A

3.5 inch

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22
Q

Most common laptop disk drive form factor

A

2.5 inch

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23
Q

Disk drive form factor for lighter, thinner laptops

A

1.8 inch

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24
Q

Parts of a Magnetic Hard drive

A
  • Platters: glass or aluminum … has a layer that can be magnetized or demagentized to store binary data
  • Drive spindle: platters mounted on spindle and rotate
  • Read / write heads: Positioned over the top and bottom of each platter (to read and write)
  • actuator: Moves the read write heads across the palatters
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25
Q

SSD

A

solid state drives

26
Q

Sold state drives

A

store data on a series of non-volatile flash memory

27
Q

Hybrid Drives

A

a magnetic hard drive with flash memory chips added to it

the flash memory acts as a buffer for OS and application files … allowing the system to bot and start apps faster

28
Q

The 3 types of interanl hard/optical drive connections

A
  • Serial AT attachment (SATA)
    • common on modern hard drives on newer computers
  • Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE) (sometimes referred to as PATA)
    • Common on older Computers
  • Small Comptuer System Interface (SCI)
    • Found on high end servers and workstations, as well as older Apple hardware
29
Q

SATA wire shape, and wire count

A

L shaed connector

7 pin

30
Q

IDE/PATA connector shape and wire count

A

40 pins

split between two long rows

31
Q

Direct SSD connection types

A
  • mSATA (older). Looks like a min-PCIe slot
  • M.2 (newer) slot.
  • PCIe connections
32
Q

UAS

A

USB attached SCSI

33
Q

USB attached SCSI (UAS)

A

uses SCSI command set over a USB connector

34
Q

iSCSI

A

uses SCSI command set over network interfaces such as Ethernet

35
Q

SAS

A

Serial Attached SCSI

36
Q

Serial Attached SCSI

A
  • Uses connectors/cables similar to SATA
  • supports more advanced features suited to high performance enterprise sotage solutions
  • most likely found in servers and specialized workstations
  • comes with a variety of physical connectors, but often uses a four device cable with 1 36 pin connector on one end fanning out into 4 sata cables and a sideband connector on the other
37
Q

Symtoms of a hard drive problem during POST

A
  • Hard Drive not found
  • Fixed disk error
  • Invalid boot disk
  • Inaccessible boot device
  • Operating System not found
  • A 1700s or 10400s numeric error code
38
Q

Troubleshooting hard disk post errors

A
  • For errors with a numeric code, lookup code on manfucturers website
  • verify there are no loose connections. Remove and reattach teh data interface/power cables on the drive, motherboard, and PSU
  • Try a different data interface cable and power cord
  • Check the contoller card if the computer has one:
    • Rmove and reseat the card
    • Move the card to a different slot
    • Test the card in a different computer
  • Verify the jumpers have not been moved
  • Inpect the connections for damage
  • Verify the drive was not disabled in BIOS/UEFI
  • try booting to another drive
  • install the hard disk as a second drive in another computer and test it
  • if available, download and run diagnostic software from your drive’s manufacturer’s website
  • For OS not found errors, if you can see the hard drive in BIOS, the problem lies with the boot manager o boot disk. Use a repair disc or recoery disc
39
Q

SMART

A

Self-Monitoring Analysis and Reporting Technology

40
Q
  • Causes of hard drive clicking noise
A
  • if a magnetic hard drive, verify the drive is on a level surface
  • verify there are no loose connections
  • if external and received power from the USB port, verify the port is able to supply the correct amount of power
  • update the hard drive firmare
  • defrag the drive

Potential causes that require replacement

  • actuator arm hits the internal head stop (Click of Death)
  • physical problems with the platters
  • faulty circuit board
41
Q

Steps to install an internal hard drive

A
  1. power down the computer
  2. remvoe external cables
  3. open chassis
  4. if replacing hard drive, remove the old drive
    1. remvoe power and interface connectors
    2. unscrew the disk from the rails
    3. pull had disk out from its mounting location
  5. If installing a second IDE hard drive, set the jumper on the drive to indiciate slave
  6. Sldie the hard disk tinto an empty drive slot
  7. Secure the disck to the rails using scres
  8. plug the ide or sata connector into the back of the hard disk
  9. plug the IDE or SATA connector into thhe motherboard
  10. Close the chassis
  11. Reattach external cables
  12. boot the computer
  13. partition the drive into volumes (if desired)
  14. format the drive
42
Q

CD wavelength

A

780nm, infrared range

43
Q

DVD laser wavelength

A

650 nm (red)

44
Q

Blu-ray wavelength

A

405nm (violet)

45
Q

CD standard capcity

A

650MB

46
Q

CD high-desnity capacity

A

700MB

47
Q

DVD single layer single side capacity

A

4.7GB

48
Q

DVD single layer double-side capacity

A

9.4GB

49
Q

DVD dual-layer, single -side capacity

A

8.5GB

50
Q

DVD dual layer, double side capacity

A

17GB

51
Q

Blu-ray (non BD-XL) capacity

A

25GB per layer

52
Q

Bluray BD-XL triple layer capacity

A

100GB

53
Q

Blu-ray BD-XL quadruple layer

A

128GB

54
Q

The major flash storage formats

A
  • CompactFlash, SD Card, USB flash drive
55
Q

Compact Flash capcity

A

512GB (common)

XQD 2TB+

56
Q

Secure Digital (SD) card capacity

A

SDSC (standard capcity) 1MB - 2GB

SDHC (high capacity) 2GB - 32GB

SDXC (extended capacity) 32GB - 2TB

57
Q

sub flash memory capacity

A

1TB

58
Q

Magnetic Tape benefits

A
  • reduced energy costs
  • reliability
  • high capacity (LTO tape cartridge can store 6.25TB)
  • lost cost per GB
59
Q

Magnetic tape disadvantage

A

data recorded sequentially

60
Q
A

IT Foundations (18 decks)

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