6. Middle Childhood to Adolescence: Physical and cognitive development Flashcards
what is the physical growth rate in middle childhood?
slower than the earlier stages?
what are the main traits of motor development in middle childhood?
Bodies are larger and stronger, physical skills are easier to learn, Improvements in fine and gross motor skills
what occurs by the age of 11-12 with regard to dexterity?
dexterity becomes equal to adult level
what are the differences in motor skills between sexes?
few differences but girls have somewhat less muscular strength
what do motor skills and physical growth contribute importantly to
Self-esteem and self-image
what were adolescents previously defined as?
the abrupt transition from childhood to adult hood - with continuing education and more gradual transition to adult hood
what are the factors contribute to the difficulty to generate a generate a general picture of adolescence?
interactions between biological, psychological and environment factors
what are the physical changes in adolescence with regard to height?
height growth spurt - girls gain average of 28cm, boys gain 30cm
what are the physical changes in adolescence with regard to weight?
50% of adult body weight gained during this period
why is weight gain less predictable than height?
influenced by diet, exercise and general lifestyle
what contributes to changes in body weight and height?
changing body shapes, gender
what is puberty?
a series of physical changes cumulating in the completion of sexual developmental and signalising reproductive maturity
which of Piaget’s stages do children in middle childhood move from and go to?
preo operational to concrete operational stage
what is horizontal decalage?
the test of the concrete operational stage using tasks of conservation that are not equal in dificulty
what are operations?
mental actions on concrete situations
what can a child in middle childhood in the concrete operational stage do with regard to cognition?
able to perform operations, identify, reversibility and decentration, classification, seriation, spatial reasoning
what occurs in the move from concrete to formal operational thought?
hypothetico-deductive reasoning and propositional reasoning
how is hypothetico-deductive reasoning tested?
through systematic, scientific approach - by the pendulum problem and other similar tasks
what is propositional reasoning?
making logical inferences, may apply to premises that are not factually true, understand validity of logic
what are the characteristics of formal-operational thought?
A scientific, hypothetic-deductive approach to problem-solving, awareness of reality as a specific case within an infinite range of possibilities, systematic consideration of all possible combinations of variables and all possible problem solutions keeping track of all combinations, awareness of reciprocity and negation as two kinds of reversibility, along with an ability to coordinate negation and reciprocity with one another to restore equilibrium and solve problems formulated as equations, a clear understanding of ratios and proportionality, together with concepts o probability and partial association (correlation), a logical understanding of abstract, higher-order and intangible concepts, an understanding of formal properties of logical proposition such as tautology and contradiction together with the ability to reason logically about scenarios that violate that factual conditions everyday experience.
what occurs in hypothetic-deductive approaches to problem solving?
a range of possible solutions are formulated, followed by a systematic empirical testing while controlling multiple variables.
what ages did Piaget suggest a transitional stage from?
11 - 15 years of age
what are the three hypotheses that explain the variation in the mastery of formal-operational thought?
Environmental causality, Genetic Causality, Nature-nurture interaction and cognitive specialisation
What is the impact of formal operational thought on adolescence?
people become more critical of adult authority, and can argue more skillfully; they are better able to understand philosophical and abstract topics at school; may become more judgemental about perceived short-comings of social systems; may try to apply logic to better, more complex problems such as world peace (may appear more narrative)
what is the definition of morality?
Morality is a sense of behavioural conduct that differentiates intentions, decisions and actions between those that are good (or right) and bad (or wrong)
what are the components of morality?
moral affect, moral behaviour, moral reasoning (each of which impact each other simultaneously)
what is moral affect?
positive and negative emotions related to matters of right and wrong which can motivate behaviour
what are consequences of moral affect?
positive and negative emotions
what are negative emotions with regard to moral affect?
(shame and guilt) - these can keep us from doing what we know is wrong/
what are positive emotions with regard to moral affect?
(Pride and self-satisfaction) can occur when we do the right thing
what is empathy?
the vicarious experiencing of another person’s feelings. It is an emotional process that is important in moral development
how does empathy motivate prosocial behaviour?
positive social acts, such as helping or sharing, that reflect concern for the welfare of others
how does moral reasoning progress?
through a fixed and universal order of stages. Each stage represents a consistent way of thinking about moral issues that is different from the stage preceding or following it
with regard to moral development, wad did Piaget observe?
he observed children whilst playing games with rules and discovered three phases of moral reasoning. Later research suggests evidence advancement
what are the three phases of moral reasoning established by piaget?
Amoral (very young children), Heteronomous morality (4-5 years), Autonomous morality (10 years)
what did Kohlberg do with regard to moral development?
he extended on Piaget’s initial model and used 11 ethical dilemmas to elicit moral reasoning (male protagonists)
what values did Kohlberg find there was conflict between?
legalistic social requirements and an individual, humanitarian requirement
What is the Heinz Dilemma?
“In Europe, a woman was near death from a special kind of cancer. There was one drug that the doctors thought might save her. It was a form of radium that a druggist in the same town had recently discovered. The drug was expensive to make, but the druggist was charging ten times what the drug cost him to make. He paid $200 for the radium and charged $2,000 for a small dose of the drug.
The sick woman’s husband, Heinz, went to everyone he knew to borrow the money, but he could only get together about $ 1,000 which is half of what it cost. He told the druggist that his wife was dying and asked him to sell it cheaper or let him pay later. But the druggist said: “No, I discovered the drug and I’m going to make money from it.” So Heinz got desperate and broke into the man’s store to steal the drug-for his wife. Should the husband have done that?”
what are the levels of Kohlber’s theory of moral development?
Level 1: Pre-moral
Level 2: Conventional
Level 3: Principled
what are the stages of Kohlber’s theory of moral development?
Stage 1: Heteronomous morality
Stage 2: Instrumental hendonism
Stage 3:Conformity for good boy/good girl focused
Stage 4: Law and order (conformity to law or rule)
Stage 5: principles morality
What is right? according to Stage 1 (the Heteronomous morality stage) in Kohlber’s theory of moral development?
Abvoid breaking rules: obey laws to avoid being punished
why do right? according to Stage 1 (the Heteronomous morality stage) in Kohlber’s theory of moral development?
Authorities will get even if people break rules, even for humanitarian reasons
what is the basic philosophy behind Stage 1 (the Heteronomous morality stage) of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?
No coherent moral theory: concrete reasoning based on power and punishment
what is right? according to Stage 2 (Instrumental hedonism) of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?
Follow rules and keep promises so that others will do the same for you
Why do right? according to Stage 2 (Instrumental hedonism) of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?
Enlightened self-interest is best for everyone
what is the basic philosophy behind Stage 2 (Instrumental hedonism) of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?
Right and wrong are relative to personal gain; no abstract moral values transcend self-interest
What is right? according to Stage 3 (Conformity for good boy/girl focused) of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?
“Being good” means having good motives such as concern for others; behave as others think how you should act, regardless of gain to you
why do right? according to Stage 3 (Conformity for good boy/girl focused) of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?
The need to be liked and good means conforming to the stereotype of human ‘goodness
what is the basic philosophy behind Stage 3 (Conformity for good boy/girl focused) of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?
The Golden Rule (Do unto others…) takes primacy over self-interest, but this is because other people approve of well-doers, not because of abstract ethics
what is right? According to Stage 4 (law and order (conformity to law or rule)of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?
The most important rule is secular or religious law, rather than personal fain or others’ needs
why do right? According to Stage 4 (law and order (conformity to law or rule)of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?
To keep the system (country, religion etc) going just as it is, you must obey all laws just as they are
what is the basic philosophy behind Stage 4 (law and order (conformity to law or rule)of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?
Law exists independently of their advocates and enforces but existing laws are, by definition, fair
What is right? According to Stage 5 (Principled morality) of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?
Follow universal rules such as ‘life and liberty for all’ regardless of majority opinion
Why do right? According to Stage 5 (Principled morality) of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?
One’s social construct as a human being is to make and abide by rules that serve the welfare of all people and promote the greatest good for the greatest number
What is the basic philosophy behind Stage 5 (Principled morality) of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?
Conflicts between legal and humanistic viewpoints are inevitable. Genuinely ethical behaviour may be illegal but is mandated by abstract concern for basic human needs
what are the stages in level 1 (pre-moral) of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?
Stage 1: Heteronomous morality
Stage 2: Instrumental hendonism
What are the stages in level 2 (Conventional) of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?
Stage 3:Conformity for good boy/good girl focused
Stage 4: Law and order (conformity to law or rule)
What are the stages in level 3 (principled) of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?
Stage 5: principles morality
What is the age trend in male moral reasoning according to Kohlberg’s revised theory and scoring for stage 1
highest at age 10, lowest at age 18, raises slightly by age 32 (ends with stage 5)
What is the age trend in male moral reasoning according to Kohlberg’s revised theory and scoring for stage 2?
highest at age 10, then decreases as the person gets older
What is the age trend in male moral reasoning according to Kohlberg’s revised theory and scoring for stage 3?
lowest at age 10, highest at age 18, decreases until age 24, increases slightly at age 30 then decreases
What is the age trend in male moral reasoning according to Kohlberg’s revised theory and scoring for stage 4
increases steadily as age increases, slight plateau between age 24 and 30
what are hte criticisms of Kohlberg’s theory?
scoring of procedures not sufficiently objective or consistent, content of dilemmas too narrow, dilemmas not aligned with real life, not distinction between moral knowledge and social conventions, gender and culture bias
How many stages are there in Gilligan’s ethic of care model?
3 stages
What is stage 1 of Gilligan’s ethic of care model
Survival orientation. Egocentric concern for self, lack of awareness of others’ needs; ‘right’ action is what promotes emotional or physical survival
What is stage 2 of Gilligan’s ethic of care model
Conventional care. Lack of distinction between what others want and what is right; ‘right’ action is what pleases others best.
What is stage 3 of Gilligan’s ethic of care model
Integrated care. Coordination or integration of needs of self and of others; ‘right’ action takes account of self as well as others.
how is moral behaviour learned according to the social-learning theory?
in the sam way that other behaviours are learned
There is a gap between ______ and moral behaviour
moral reasoning
what is moral behaviour said to be strongly influenced by?
the situation
what is important in adolescence?
the development of moral self-relevance
