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PYB203 > 1. Theories of Development > Flashcards

1. Theories of Development Flashcards

1
Q

What is lifespan developmental psychology?

A

the scientific study of the links between chronicle age and human behaviour. Together with these patterns of change in psychological functioning that arise in predictable ways as human beings grow up and grow older

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2
Q

What do lifespan developmental psychologists strive to understand?

A

the continuities and changes that punctuate an individual’s lifelong development course from conception to old age

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3
Q

what are the fundamental concepts of developmental change research?

A

they are permanent, qualitative (and quantitative), generalisable, progressively enhancing

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4
Q

what are the three domains of development

A

psychosocial, physical, cognitive

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5
Q

what is the psychosocial domain of development?

A

changes and continuities in personality and interpersonal aspects

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6
Q

what is the physical domain of development?

A

the growth of the body and its organs

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7
Q

what is the cognitive domain of development?

A

changes and continuities in perception, language, memory, learning etc

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8
Q

what is the process of the life span?

A

prenatal period -> infancy -> early childhood -> middle childhood -> adolescence -> early adulthood -> middle adulthood -> late adulthood

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9
Q

what are the key theories of development?

A

psychoanalytic, learning, cognitive-developmental, adult stage theories

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10
Q

who are fundamental influences of the psychoanalytic theory?

A

Freid, Erikson

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11
Q

Who are fundamental influences of the learning theory?

A

Pavlov, Watson, Skinner, Bandura

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12
Q

Who are the fundamental influences of the cognitive-developmental theory?

A

Piaget, Vygotsky

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13
Q

Who are the fundamental influences of the adult stage theories?

A

Buhler, Levinson, Valliant, Baltes

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14
Q

What is the main concept of the psychodynamic theories?

A

People are driven by motives and emotional conflicts of which they are largely unaware of

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15
Q

what do the psychodynamic theories say about how peoples lives are shaped?

A

people’s lives are shaped by their earliest experiences

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16
Q

what are the three levels of consciousness?

A

conscious, preconscious, unconscious

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17
Q

what are the three personalities?

A

Ego, superego, Id

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18
Q

what are the psychosexual stages in order of age?

A

Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital

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19
Q

what is the age range for the oral stage?

A

birth - 1 year

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20
Q

what is the description for the oral stage?

A

the sex instinct centres on the mouth because infants derive pleasure from such oral activities such as sucking, chewing and biting. Feeding activities are particularly important.

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21
Q

what is an example of the oral stage?

A

an infant weaned too early or abruptly may later crave close contact and become overdependent on a spouse

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22
Q

what is the age range foe the anal stage?

A

1 - 3 years

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23
Q

what is the description of the anal stage?

A

Voluntary urination and defecation become the primary method of gratifying the sex instinct. Toilet-training produces major conflicts between children and parents. The emotional climate that parents create can have lasting effects/

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24
Q

what is an example of the anal stage?

A

children who are punished for toileting “accidents” may become inhibited, messy or wasteful

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25
Q

what is the age range for the phallic stage?

A

3 - 6 years

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26
Q

what is the description for the phallic stage?

A

pleasure derived from genital stimulation. Children develop an incestuous desire for the opposite-sex parent. Anxiety stemming from this conflict causes children to internalise the sex-role characteristics and moral standards of their same-sex parental rival

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27
Q

what is it called when a female child develops an incestuous desire for the opposite-sex parent?

A

Electra Complex

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28
Q

what is it called when a male child develops an incestuous desire for the opposite-sex parent?

A

Oedipus complex

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29
Q

What is the age range for the Latency stage?

A

6 - 11 years

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30
Q

what is the description for the latency stage?

A

traumas of the phallic stage cause sexual conflicts to be repression and sexual urges to be rechanneled into school work and vigorous play. The ego and superego continue to develop as the child gains more problem-solving abilities at school and internalises societal values

31
Q

What is the age range for the genital stage?

A

12 years onwards

32
Q

what is the description for the genital stage

A

puberty triggers a reawakening of sexual urges. Adolescents must now learn how to express these urges in socially acceptable ways. If development has been healthy, the mature sex instinct is satisfied by marriage and raising children

33
Q

who was the main influence of psychosocial development

A

Erik Erikson (1902-1994)

34
Q

who was the main influence of the psychosexual theories

A

Sigmun Freud

35
Q

what does the psychosocial developmental theory say about development?

A

dialectical conflict is the basic mechanism of development. Stages in identity development

36
Q

what does the psychosocial developmental theory emphasise?

A

social influences such as friends, school, family. and rational and active resolution of conflicts

37
Q

what are the three fundamental learning theories?

A

classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and social cognitive theory?

38
Q

who were the main influences of classical conditioning?

A

Ivan Pavlov and John B Watson

39
Q

what study did Ivan Pavlov conduct that contributed to classical conditioning?

A

the digestive system of dogs

40
Q

what did Ivan Pavlov find in his dog study?

A

a stimulus that initially had no effect on the individual comes to elicit a response because of its association with a stimulus that already elicits the response

41
Q

what experiment did Watson conduct that contributed to classical conditioning/

A

Little Albert Experiment

42
Q

What did Watson find in the Little Albert experiment?

A

Emotional responses can be learned

43
Q

who was the fundamental influence of operant conditioning?

A

B.F Skinner

44
Q

what is the theory of operant conditioning?

A

behaviours (operants) become more or less probable depending on the consequence they produce

45
Q

what are the consequences in operant conditioning?

A

reinforcement and punishment

46
Q

what is reinforcement in operant conditioning

A

can be positive or negative and strengthens the response

47
Q

what is punishment in operant conditioning?

A

can be positive or negative and weaens the response

48
Q

who was the fundamental influence of the social cognitive theory

A

Albert Bandura

49
Q

what did Bandura discover with regard to the social cognitive theory??

A

observational learning

50
Q

what is observational learning?

A

learning from observing the behaviour of other people?

51
Q

what experiments did Bandura conduct that contributed to the social cognitive theory?

A

bobo doll experiment, limitation and modelling, vicarious reinforcement

52
Q

what did Piaget say with regard to cognitive-developmental theories?

A

thinking develops in a serious of increasingly complex stages

53
Q

what are the contral concepts of Piaget’s cognitive-developmental theories?

A

Schemata, Assimilation, Accommodation, Adaptation

54
Q

define Schemata

A

describes a pattern of thought or behavior that organizes categories of information and the relationships among them.

55
Q

define assimilation

A

when we take in new information or experiences and incorporate them into our existing ideas

56
Q

define accomodation

A

occurs when new information or experiences cause you to modify your existing schemas. Rather than make the new information fit into an existing schema, you change the schema in order to accommodate the new information

57
Q

define adaptation

A

the process of assimilation and accomodation

58
Q

what are piaget’s stages of development?

A

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

59
Q

what is the age range for sensorimotor stage?

A

0-2 year

60
Q

what are the characteristics of a child in the sensorimotor stage?

A

thought and action are virtually identical as the infant explores the world with its senses and behaviours; object permanence develops; the child is complete egocentrix

61
Q

what is the age range for preoperational stage?

A

2-7

62
Q

what are the characteristics of a child in the preoperation stage?

A

symbolic thought develops; object permanence is firmly established; the child cannot coordinate different physical attributes of an object or different perspectives (tall cup small cup thing experiment)

63
Q

what is the age range for a child in the concrete operational stage?

A

7-12 years

64
Q

what are the characteristics of a child in the concrete operational stage?

A

the child is able to perform reversible mental operations on representations of objects; understanding of conservation develops; the child can apply logic to concrete situations

65
Q

what is the age range for the formal operational stage?

A

12 +

66
Q

what are the characteristics of a child in the formal operational stage?

A

the adolescent (or adult) can apply logic; more abstractly; hypothetical thinking devops

67
Q

what did Vygotsky believe?

A

he believed that there was a cultural nature of human development. Culture as too; ‘within person’. Social interaction drives cognitive development

68
Q

what was the model that Vygotsky developed?

A

the zone of proximal develoment

69
Q

what is the general genetic law of cultural development?

A

the function of the child’s cultural development appears twice or on two planes. First it appears on the social plane, and then on the psychological plane. First it appears between people as an interpsychological category, and then within the child as an intrapsychological category. This is equally true with regard to voluntary attention, logical memory, the formation of concepts, and the development of volition. We may consider this position as a law in the full sense of the work, but it goes without saying that internalization transforms the process itself and changes its internalization transforms the process itself and changes its structure and functions. Social relatios or relations amng people genetically underlie all higher functions and their relationships.

70
Q

what did Charlotte Buhler provide with regard to adult stage theories?

A

intentions, goals and self-determination as driving adult development

71
Q

what is the process of intentions as development that the adult stage theories proposed? (Intentionally as a developmental process of…)

A

choosing life goals
working with them
evaluating goal achievement
selecting new goals

72
Q

what did the adult stage theories say lifespan psychological growth depended on?

A

realistic, initial goal-setting
hard work through life to achieve these goals
skilled self-monitoring, assessment and redirection

73
Q

who were other influences of the adult stage theories?

A

Levinson, Valliant, Baltes

74
Q

what did Baltes provide with regard to adult stage theories?

A

Development as a dialectic process of balancing gain against loss. It is social in nature and requires culture-baed resources. Selective optimisation with compensation (drawing together mechanisms of selection and compensation in the service of optimisation)

PYB203 (11 decks)

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