6 - Language, Thinking, and Intelligence

Question 1

Phonology

Answer 1

Structure of sounds of the words of a language

Question 2

Phonemes

Answer 2

small, fixed, basic sounds

Question 3

Syntax

Answer 3

Internal organization of a sentence

Question 4

Semantics

Answer 4

meaning of a word

Question 5

Morphemes

Answer 5

smallest units of meaning (ing)

Question 6

Pragmatics

Answer 6

The ways that words and sentences convey meaning indirectly (key in understanding metaphors)

Question 7

Mental images

Answer 7

Same as perception, but arise from stored information input rather than immediate sensory input

Question 8

Linguistic Relativity hypothesis

Answer 8

The idea that language shapes our perceptions and thoughts

Question 9

Functional fixedness

Answer 9

The Box of Tacks as part of the solution?

–> becoming stuck on one interpretation of an object or aspect of a situation

Question 10

Algorithm

Answer 10

set of steps that guarantees a correct solution to a problem

Question 11

Heuristic

Answer 11

rule of thumb strategy that employs a shortcut

Question 12

Deductive reasoning

Answer 12

Hector is a man, all men are human, therefore Hector is human.
Rules of logic applied to a set of assumptions to discover conclusions

Question 13

Inductive reasoning

Answer 13

Starting with examples to discover a rule

Question 14

Affirming the consequent

Answer 14

a common error that people make
If it is sunny out, Hector wears a hat.
Hector doesn’t necessarily wear a hat just because it’s sunny

Question 15

confirmation bias

Answer 15

seeking information that will confirm a rule but not refute it

Question 16

representativeness

Answer 16

# heads must equal # tails
The more similar something is to something stored in memory, the more likely it is to belong to the category of that prototype

Question 17

availability

Answer 17

judging events as more common if we can retrieve them more easily from memory
terrorist attack vs bathtub

Question 18

Binet and Simon

Answer 18

Mental age vs Chronological age

Question 19

Wechsler (WAIS)

Answer 19

verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory, processing speed
Standardized (large sample)
Norming (100 is set as the mean)

Question 20

Reliability

Answer 20

produces consistent results

Question 21

Validity

Answer 21

measures what it is supposed to measure

Question 22

Cattell and Horn

Answer 22

Fluid - ability to reason new situations

Crystallized - factual knowledge, using previous knowledge

Question 23

Gardner

Answer 23

Theory of Multiple Intelligence
at least 8 intelligences! Linguistic, Spatial, Musical, Logical-Mathematical, Kinesthetic, Interpersonal, Interpersonal, Naturalist, Existential(?)

Question 24

Sternberg

Answer 24

Analytical — “academic” intelligence
Practical — “street smarts”
Creative — ability to form new solutions

Question 25

Heritability of Intelligence

Answer 25

Only accounts for 50%