4 - Learning

Question 0

Habituation

Answer 0

A type of non-associative learning which occurs when repeated exposure to a stimulus decreases responsiveness to that stimulus.
E.g., being exposed to the strong odor of perfume and then not noticing after a while

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

The acquisition of information or behavioral tendencies that is retained for a relatively long period of time

Question 2

Sensitization

Answer 2

The opposite of habituation. Repeated exposure to a stimulus increases responsiveness

Question 3

Classical conditioning

Answer 3

A type of learning in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated/paired with a stimulus that causes a reflexive behavior. In time the neutral stimulus alone is sufficient to elicit that behavior.

Question 4

Unconditioned stimulus US

Answer 4

A stimulus that elicits an automatic response that does not depend on prior learning. Example: food

Question 5

Unconditioned response UR

Answer 5

Reflexive or automatic response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus. The you are does not require learning but does depend on certain circumstances

Question 6

Conditioned stimulus CS

Answer 6

A neutral stimulus comes to produce a response evoked by an unconditioned stimulus after it is been paired enough times with that unconditioned stimulus

Question 7

Conditioned response CR

Answer 7

A response that depends/is conditional on the prior pairing of the CS with US

Question 8

Types of conditioning

Answer 8

Forward: CS -> US
Backward: US -> CS
Simultaneous: at the same time

Only forward really works and even then, the unconditioned stimulus must be presented closely after the conditioned stimulus

Question 9

Biological preparedness

Answer 9

A built-in readiness for certain previously neutral stimuli to come to elicit particular conditioned responses.
Example: eating cheese, becoming sick, avoiding cheese.

Question 10

Contrapreparedness

Answer 10

The disinclination or even inability for certain stimuli to be conditioned to elicit particular responses.
Example: the woman slamming her hand in the car door and not being afraid of doors.

Question 11

Extinction

Answer 11

When the CR is gradually eliminated by repeated presentation of the CS without the US.

Question 12

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 12

The restored ability of the CS to elicit the CR after extinction.

Question 13

Stimulus generalization

Answer 13

Tendency for the CR to be elicited by neutral stimuli that are similar but not identical to the CS. This follows a generalization gradient

Question 14

Operant conditioning

Answer 14

The process by which a stimulus and response become associated with the consequences of making the response. It involves voluntary non-reflexive behavior

Question 15

Thorndike

Answer 15

Puzzle box - cats

Question 16

Law of Effect

Answer 16

Actions subsequently lead to a satisfying state of affairs are more likely to be repeated

Question 17

Reinforcement

Answer 17

The process by which the consequences of response lead to an increase in likelihood that the response will occur again when the stimulus is present

Question 18

Response contingency

Answer 18

The circumstance in which a consequence depends on the animals producing the desired response

Question 19

Positive reinforcement

Answer 19

When a desired reinforcer is presented after a response

Question 20

Negative reinforcement

Answer 20

Occurs when an unpleasant object or event is removed after response

Question 21

Punishment

Answer 21

The process by which an unpleasant object or event is presented after a response, which decreases the likelihood of that response in the future
Should be swift, consistent, and aversive but not too aversive

Question 22

Primary reinforcers

Answer 22

Events or objects that are inherently reinforcing. Examples: food water and relief from pain

Question 23

Secondary reinforcers

Answer 23

Not inherently reinforcing but instead have acquired the reinforcing value through learning
Example: attention praise money good grade promotion

Question 24

Discrimination

Answer 24

The ability to respond only to a particular stimulus and not to a similar one

Question 25

Generalization

Answer 25

The ability to transfer learned stimulus response association to a new stimulusthat is similar to the original one

Question 26

Extinction in operant conditioning

Answer 26

The fading out of the response following an initial burst of that behavior after reinforcement ceases

Question 27

Cognitive learning

Answer 27

The acquisition of information that may not be acted on it immediately but is stored for later use

Question 28

Latent learning

Answer 28

Learning that occurs without behavioral indicators

Question 29

Insight learning

Answer 29

Learning that occurs when a person or animal suddenly crashed how to solve the problem or interpret a pattern of information and incorporates the new knowledge into old knowledge

Question 30

Observational learning

Answer 30

Learning that occurs through watching others not through reinforcement